Solvent Extraction Column Research Articles

Key phytochemicals contributing to the bitterness of quinoa

Despite its nutritional components and potential health benefits, the bitterness of quinoa seed limits its utilization in the food industry. Saponins are believed to be the main cause of the bitterness, but it is still uncertain which specific compound is responsible. This study aimed to isolate the main components contributing to the bitterness in quinoa seed by solvent extraction and various column chromatography techniques guided by sensory evaluation. Five compounds were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, with the dose-over-threshold factors from 29.03 to 198.89. The results confirmed that triterpenoids are responsible for the bitter taste in quinoa seed, with phytolaccagenic acid derivatives being the primary contributor. Additionally, kaempferol 3-O-(2″, 6″-di-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-galactopyranoside (namely mauritianin), was demonstrated for the first time to be associated with the bitterness of quinoa. This study could provide new insight into the bitter compound identification in quinoa.

Impurities removal from acidic solution of nickel cobalt complex hydroxide using pulsed disc and doughnut column

In this work, a 30 mm diameter pulsed disc and doughnut solvent extraction column was used for impurities removal from nickel cobalt complex hydroxide acid solution by solvent extraction. The effects of dispersed phase velocity, continuous phase velocity and pulse intensity on drop diameter, dispersed phase holdup and mass transfer were investigated. The results show that the drop size decreases gradually, and the dispersed phase holdup decreased initially and then increased with the increase of pulse intensity. The dispersed phase holdup increases with the increase of dispersed phase velocity but is independent of the continuous phase velocity. The experimental data of this study are predicted by correlations with regressed parameters. The average absolute relative error of drop size and dispersed phase holdup were 10.07 % and 18.28 %. With the increase of pulse intensity, the extraction efficiency of impurities decreased firstly and then increased. The number of mass transfer units and the height of mass transfer unit were calculated. The trend of number of mass transfer units of impurities are similar to extraction efficiency. Mass transfer results indicate that pulsed disc and doughnut column can be applied to the nickel cobalt complex hydroxide acid solution-P204/kerosene system.

AI‐Based Supervision for a Stirred Extraction Column Assisted with Population Balance‐Based Simulation

AbstractSolvent extraction as environmental benign separation technique can be modeled in physical detail by population balance of the droplet size distribution. However, much information on the droplet generation and coalescence is necessary for representative results. In this contribution, we present a comparison of AI‐evaluated experimental and simulated data on the behavior of a stirred solvent extraction column with an inner diameter of 32 mm. Lab experiments were performed using the standard test system with n‐butyl acetate, acetone, and deionized water. A digital camera is placed in front of the middle section as well as the head of the column. Droplet size evaluation is performed using a retrained neural net (Mask R‐CNN). The stirred DN32 extraction column is modeled and simulated using a 1D CFD population balance software. The simulation allows for behavior analysis, trends comparison, and validation of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer performances.

Antiglycation Effects of Adlay Seed and Its Active Polyphenol Compounds: An In Vitro Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the antiglycation effects of adlay on protein glycation using in vitro glycation assays. Adlay seed was divided into the following four parts: the hull (AH), testa (AT), bran (AB), and polished adlay (PA). A solvent extraction technique and column chromatography were utilized to investigate the active fractions and components of adlay. Based on a BSA-glucose assay, the ethanolic extracts of AT (ATE) and AB (ABE) revealed a greater capacity to inhibit protein glycation. ATE was further consecutively partitioned into four solvent fractions with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (ATE-Ea), 1-butanol (ATE-BuOH), and water. ATE-BuOH and -Ea show marked inhibition of glucose-mediated glycation. Medium–high polarity subfractions eluted from ATE-BuOH below 50% methanol with Diaion HP-20, ATE-BuOH-c to -f, exhibited superior antiglycation activity, with a maximum inhibitory percentage of 88%. Two phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid, identified in ATE-BuOH with HPLC, exhibited potent inhibition of the individual stage of protein glycation and its subsequent crosslinking, as evaluated by the BSA-glucose assay, BS-methylglyoxal (MGO) assay, and G.K. peptide-ribose assay. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the antiglycation properties of ATE in vitro that suggest a beneficial effect in targeting hyperglycemia-mediated protein modification.

Syringin exerts anti-breast cancer effects through PI3K-AKT and EGFR-RAS-RAF pathways

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with the highest mortality in the world. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Syringin has an inhibitory effect on many tumors, but its anti-BC efficacy and mechanism are still unclear.MethodsFirst, Syringin was isolated from Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms (ASH) by systematic solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography column. The plant name is composed of genus epithet, species additive words and the persons’ name who give its name. Then, the hub targets of Syringin against BC were revealed by bioinformatics. To provide a more experimental basis for later research, the hub genes which could be candidate biomarkers of BC and a ceRNA network related to them were obtained. And the potential mechanism of Syringin against BC was proved in vitro experiments.ResultsSyringin was obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bioinformatics results showed that MAP2K1, PIK3CA, HRAS, EGFR, Caspase3, and PTGS2 were the hub targets of Syringin against BC. And PIK3CA and HRAS were related to the survival and prognosis of BC patients, the PIK3CA-hsa-mir-139-5p-LINC01278 and PIK3CA-hsa-mir-375 pathways might be closely related to the mechanism of Syringin against BC. In vitro experiments confirmed that Syringin inhibited the proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis of BC cells through the above hub targets.ConclusionsSyringin against BC via PI3K-AKT-PTGS2 and EGFR-RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathways, and PIK3CA and HRAS are hub genes for adjuvant treatment of BC.Graphical

Modeling the axial distribution of mass transfer coefficient in an agitated‐pulsed extraction column

AbstractThe dispersed phase holdup and drop size in solvent extraction columns vary along the column height and this affects the mass transfer coefficient and interfacial area. In this article, mass transfer study was performed experimentally using a 25 mm diameter agitated pulsed column. The axial distribution of mass transfer coefficient was determined by coupling population balance equation and axial dispersion model by taking the longitudinal variation in hydrodynamic performance into consideration. Feasibility of different mass transfer models in predicting concentration profiles was evaluated and a novel correlation based on effective diffusivity was developed. The results showed that both overall and volumetric mass transfer coefficients have significant change along the column height and greatly depends on the agitation speed and pulsation intensity. Increasing dispersed phase velocity also augments the overall mass transfer coefficient. The maximum number of transfer unit was measured to be 10 m−1 at agitation speed of 1000 rpm.

Reactive extraction of zinc ions in the Scheibel column; A case study by applying the mathematical modelling of mass transfer with forward mixing

An experimental and modeling study on the feasibility of the Scheibel extraction column is presented for heavy metal separation from chloride solution. In continuous experiments, the chemical reaction systems are considered zinc extraction by D2EHPA and stripping from the loaded organic phase by chloride solutions. The experimental results represent that the best extraction and stripping rates in the agitation speed of 155 rpm and the rate of inlet phases of 28 L/h are equal to 99.56% and 98.11%, respectively. The mass transfer modeling by applying the forward mixing is interpreted for solvent extraction systems in this column with the fitting technique. The calculated results from theoretical models compared with the experimental data, which good agreement was obtained using this model. The mathematical modeling on the reactive mass transfer data expresses that the axial dispersion coefficients based on the dispersed phase improve with increased agitation speed and dispersed phase rate. In contrast, these coefficients have an inverse relation with the continuous phase flow rate. This paper's experimental and numerical study provides beneficial information about the metallurgical industry to design solvent extraction columns.

Review: Gallotannins; Biosynthesis, Structure Activity Relationship, Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial Activity

Tannins are one of the main compounds in plants with potential health benefits. Gallotannin is one of the biologically active tannins groups produced by some medicinal plants. Gallotannins is a hydrolyzable tannin compound biosynthesized through gallic acid, shikimic acid, and pentagalloylglucose pathways. Gallotannins can be separated by cascade solvent extraction procedures, column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. This review focuses on the discussion of biosynthesis and structure-activity relationship of tannins as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) and biological activity of gallotannins is caused by the molecular bonds between gallotannins and certain other compounds, especially proteins, which make complex compounds, change physiological and morphological processes in bacterial cells or tissues. The biological activities of gallotannin include anti-inflammatory, anticancer or antitumour, antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic. This review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method approach in a short, concise, and clear summary about tannins through various references.
 Keywords: Biological activities, Biosynthesis, Gallotannins

Study on Dispersed-Phase Axial Dispersion in an Agitated–Pulsed Solvent Extraction Column with a Step Tracer Injection Technique

In this work, the residence time distribution (RTD) of the dispersed phase (aqueous phase) and continuous phase (organic phase) in an agitated-pulsed extraction column (APC) was measured online with a step tracer injection technique and the axial dispersion was subsequently calculated via RTD analysis. It was found that both the agitation speed and the pulsation intensity had noticeable effects on the axial dispersion of the dispersed phase, which escalates with the increase in the agitation speed and this is especially authentic at high pulsation intensity. The dispersed-phase axial dispersion coefficient also becomes higher with the increase in the dispersed-phase velocity. Compared with the dispersed-phase axial dispersion in the APC, the continuous-phase axial dispersion is 2-3 times higher. Empirical equations have been proposed to correlate the dispersed- and continuous-phase axial dispersion coefficients for variation of both agitation and pulsation conditions in APC. This study could be valuable for assessing the dispersed-phase axial dispersion in liquid-liquid extraction columns.

Dispersed‐Phase Holdup and Characteristic Velocity in an Agitated‐Pulsed Solvent Extraction Column

AbstractThe agitated‐pulsed column (APC) is expected to exhibit good transfer. The dispersed‐phase holdup and characteristic velocity were measured using a 25‐mm diameter APC. The holdup declined at first and then escalated with the increase of pulsation intensity which was in contrary to the trend of the characteristic velocity change. The pulsation intensity corresponding to minimum holdup was found, and it increased with higher agitation speed. The interfacial area was also calculated. Correlations were developed for the holdup and characteristic velocity prediction within 5.34 % and 9.54 % deviation, respectively. Flooding lines were calculated by the characteristic velocity method and operating regimes were determined by the experimental results.

Anti-inflammatory property and functional substances of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLonicerae Japonicae Caulis, the dried stem and branch of Lonicera japonica Thunb., is a Chinese Materia Medica known as Ren Dong Teng in Chinese with long use history in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions. Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis possesses heat-clearing and detoxifying functions according to the TCM theory. In recent years, a large amount of experimental and clinical studies proved good anti-inflammatory effects of some heat-clearing and detoxifying herbs. The present study aims to reveal the anti-inflammatory property and functional substances of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis. Materials and methodsFor anti-inflammatory activity test, LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, DSS-induced SPF male C57BL/6J mice model, and LPS-induced SPF male ICR mice model were used in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The behavioral changes, organ damage, and the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNT-α and IL-6 mRNA expression were measured for activity evaluation. Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis samples were prepared by solvent extraction and subsequent column chromatography. The main components were identified and determined using UPLC-UV analysis as well as NMR interpretation after purification. To testify the contribution of main components for the anti-inflammatory activity, different samples were also prepared by compound-knockout strategy. ResultsEthanol extract of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis could attenuate sickness symptoms in mice such as diarrhea, less activity, and depression. It could also alleviate multiple organ damage, and significantly inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ in mice. Furthermore, the isochlorogenic acid-rich and biflavonoid-rich fractions and isochlorogenic acids A and C, and ochnaflavone could significantly down-regulate the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. ConclusionsLonicerae Japonicae Caulis possesses anti-inflammatory property. Its isochlorogenic acid-rich and biflavonoid-rich fractions do the major contribution. And their main components, isochlorogenic acids A and C, and ochnaflavone, take main responsibility for the anti-inflammatory property.

Arbutin Content in the Far-Eastern Species Serratula komarovii Iljin

The biologically active compound arbutin (hydroquinone β-D-glucopyranoside) was isolated for the first time from leaves of Serratula komarovii Iljin growing in Primorsky Krai by solvent extraction (EtOH, 70%) and preparative column chromatography using silica gel (L 230 – 400 mesh) and gradient elution by mixtures of solvents (CCl4 and EtOH). The isolated compound was identified by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The arbutin contents in aerial organs (leaves, stems) of S. komarovii were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC). The mass fraction of arbutin in leaves was 3.31 ± 0.30%; in stems, 0.49 ± 0.09%. This compound was not detected in aerial organs (leaves, stems) of S. manshurica Kitag.

Drop size correlation and population balance model for an agitated‐pulsed solvent extraction column

AbstractAgitated‐pulsed column (APC) is a newly designed extraction column with excellent mass transfer performance. In this work, Sauter mean drop diameter d32 and drop size distribution was investigated under different operation conditions in a 25 mm diameter APC. The results show that with an increase in pulsation intensity and agitation speed the drop size distribution is narrowed and d32 is decreased significantly. With increasing dispersed‐phase velocity, d32 increased and drop size distribution become narrow, while there was no noticeable change with continuous velocity. The cumulative size distribution was found to be predicted well using the Inverse Gaussian function. A new correlation was proposed to predict the experimental d32 data of the APC column used in this study. Furthermore, population balance model was applied to predict the drop size distribution with refitted parameters in the breakage, coalescence kernels functions.

Содержание арбутина в дальневосточном виде <i>Serratula komarovii</i> Iljin

Из листьев Serratula komarovii Iljin, произрастающей в Приморском крае, методом жидкостной экстракции (70 % этиловым спиртом) и препаративной колоночной хроматографией с использованием силикагеля (L 230 – 400 меш) в режиме градиентного элюирования смесью растворителей (четырехлористого углерода и этилового спирта) впервые выделено биологически активное соединение — арбутин (β-D-глюкопиранозид гидрохинона). Идентификацию выделенного соединения проводили методами ЯМР-, ИК-спектроскопии. Содержание арбутина в надземных органах (листья, стебли) Serratula komarovii определяли методом обращенно-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ОФ ВЭЖХ). Массовая доля арбутина в листьях составляет (3,31 ± 0,30) % и стеблях (0,49 ± 0,09) %. В надземных органах (листья, стебли) Serratula manshurica Kitag. это соединение не обнаружено.

CFD Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in a Hybrid Pulsed Sieve-Plate Solvent Extraction Column: Prediction of Holdup and Axial-dispersion Coefficients

ABSTRACTTwo-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for a hybrid pulsed sieve-plate solvent extraction column, as well as a standard pulsed sieve-plate column, have been developed with commercial software ANSYS FLUENT. Hydrodynamic performance including two-phase distribution and velocity fields are generated with the models and comparisons are made between two columns. Important parameters including holdup and axial-dispersion coefficients are studied systematically, and CFD successfully predicts the higher holdup and lower axial-dispersion coefficients for the hybrid pulsed sieve-plate column as measured in the experiments. CFD also gives reasonable predictions for the effect of pulsation intensity, dispersed-phase velocity, and continuous-phase velocity on holdup, except for the effect of pulsation intensity in low pulsation region, and the cause has been discussed from the perspective of droplet breakage and coalescence. Comparison with literature data shows that CFD underestimates the holdup of hybrid pulsed sieve-plate column and standard pulsed sieve-plate column by 23.3% and 31.4%, respectively, and the cause has been discussed from the perspective of drag law. CFD gives good prediction of axial-dispersion coefficients for the hybrid pulsed sieve-plate column and the standard pulsed sieve-plate column with ARD of 12.0% and 14.3%, respectively. This study shows CFD to be a useful tool to predict performance for the novel hybrid pulsed sieve-plate column as well as the standard pulsed sieve-plate column.Abbreviations: CFD: computational fluid dynamics; RDC: rotating-disc contactor; ARD: average relative deviation

Gibbs Energy Minimization Model for Solvent Extraction with Application to Rare-Earths Recovery.

The emergence of technologies in which rare-earth elements provide critical functionality has increased the demand for these materials, with important implications for supply security. Recycling provides an option for mitigating supply risk and for creating economic value from the resale of recovered materials. While solvent extraction is a proven technology for rare-earth recovery and separation, its application often requires extensive trial-and-error experimentation to estimate parameter values and determine experimental design configurations. We describe a modeling strategy based on Gibbs energy minimization that incorporates parameter estimation for required thermodynamic properties as well as process design for solvent extraction and illustrate its applicability to rare earths separation. Visualization analysis during parameter estimation revealed a linear relationship between the standard enthalpies of the extractant and respective organo-metal complexes, analogous to the additivity principle for predicting molar volumes of organic compounds. Establishing this relationship reduced the size of the parameter estimation problem and yielded good agreement between model predictions and reported equilibrium extraction data, validating the property estimates for the organic phase species. Design exploration and optimization results map the space of feasible solvent extraction column configurations and identify the set of optimal design parameter values that meet recovery and purity targets.

Comparison of mass transfer performance of pulsed columns with Tenova kinetics internals and standard disc and doughnut internals

One of the limitations to the application of columns to solvent extraction in the minerals industry is their relative inefficiency in slow kinetic systems such as those used for the separation of copper. In order to overcome this, this work examines the performance of a new kinetic internal and compares it to standard column internals for both a fast and slow kinetic system.The mass transfer performance of a pilot scale pulsed solvent extraction column with Tenova Kinetics Internals (TKI) and standard disc and doughnut internals (DDI) are compared, including the effect of pulsation intensity, continuous and dispersed phase velocities using the H2SO4 – Alamine® 336 system, a fast kinetic system, and CuSO4 – LIX® 84 system, a slow kinetic system. The height of mass transfer unit (Hoc) for the CuSO4 – LIX 84 system increased with continuous and dispersed phase velocity and decreased with the increase of pulsation intensity. The Hoc for TKI was lower than the DDI for the same operating conditions and the TKI reduced the impact of both phase velocities on mass transfer. TKI can maintain the mass transfer performance for the fast kinetics H2SO4-Alamine 336 system compared to standard disc and doughnut internals and improve mass transfer performance for slow kinetics CuSO4- LIX® 84 system. An empirical correlation to predict the height of mass transfer unit in both internals was developed with absolute relative errors of 28.0% and 19.2% for the H2SO4 – Alamine 336 system and CuSO4 – LIX 84 system, respectively.

Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine: Extraction, purification and its potential neuroprotective effect on PC12 cells

Abstract Phosphatidylcholine (PC), a main phospholipid component in egg yolk, provides nourishment and protection for the body. In this study, an attempt has been made to explore the neuroprotective effect of PC that extracted and purified from egg yolk and its corresponding molecular species profile. Egg-yolk PC was obtained by solvent extraction and silica column chromatography, and the purity reached 98%. The neuroprotective effect of egg-yolk PC was investigated via scopolamine-induced PC12 cell model. The results indicated that the pre-treatment of egg-yolk PC could inhibit scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in PC12 cells via down-regulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, and the malonaldehyde (MDA) level. This neuroprotective effect might be attributed to plentiful unsaturated fatty acids in egg-yolk PC that was identified to possess 9 kinds of molecular species including 16:0/16:0-PC, 16:0/16:1Δ9-PC, 16:0/18:0-PC, 16:0/18:1Δ9-PC, 16:0/18:2Δ9,12-PC, 18:0/18:1Δ9-PC, 18:0/18:2Δ9,12-PC, 18:1/18:2Δ9,12-PC and 18:0/20:4Δ5,8,11,14-PC by MALDI TOF-MS combined with GC-MS.

Prediction of holdup and drop size distribution in a disc-doughnut pulsed column with tenova kinetics internals for the water-Alamine 336 system

Tenova Pulsed Column Kinetics Internals (TPC-KIs) are a newly designed type of pulsed column internals with a novel structure that is expected to achieve less back-mixing, higher holdup and improved mass transfer. This study compared the hydrodynamic performance of TPC-KIs with standard disc and doughnut internals in a 2 m high, 76 mm diameter pulsed solvent extraction column with the water-Alamine 336-Shellsol 2046 system. The effects of the wettability of column internals have also been considered. Dispersed phase holdup and Sauter mean droplet diameter were measured under various pulsation intensities and velocities of both phases, and empirical correlations for holdup and drop size have been refitted within absolute average relative errors of 15%. Tenova kinetics internals have a lower holdup and larger Sauter-mean drop size compared to standard disc and doughnut internals, and these hydrodynamic parameters are predictable using the correlation developed in this study.

Comparison of the Axial Dispersion Performance of Pulsed Solvent Extraction Columns with Tenova Pulsed Column–Kinetics Internals and Standard Disc and Doughnut Internals

ABSTRACTAxial dispersion performance of a 2-m high 76-mm diameter pilot-scale pulsed solvent extraction column has been studied using two liquid–liquid systems, Alamine 336/isodecanol/Shellsol 2046 (continuous)–tap water (dispersed) and LIX 84/Shellsol 2046 (continuous)–tap water (dispersed). The pulsed column was operated with standard disc and doughnut internals and Tenova pulsed column–kinetics internals using pulsation intensities from 0.005 m/s to 0.025 m/s with polyvinylidene fluoride internal plates of 22.4% open area. The effect of pulsation intensity, dispersed phase velocity, and continuous phase velocity on axial dispersion coefficient have been investigated and compared with the two different column internals, and the experimental data has been correlated with empirical relationships.