Assisted Solvent Extraction Research Articles

From Waste to Wealth: Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Wine By-Products-A Review.

The present paper explores the biological potential of bioactive compounds present in wine industry wastes, highlighting their valorization to promote sustainability and circular economy. Wine by-products, such as grape pomace and vine shoots, contain a high concentration of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and other phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. Both conventional extraction methods, such as solid-liquid extraction, and emerging technologies, including enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-hydrostatic-pressure extraction, and deep natural solvent-assisted extraction (NaDES), are discussed. In addition, the preservation of polyphenolic extracts by microencapsulation, a key technique to improve the stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds, is addressed. The combination of advanced extraction methods and innovative preservation techniques offers a promising perspective for the valorization of bioactive compounds from wine residues, driving sustainability and innovation in the industry.

Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Solvent and Enzyme-Assisted Extracts of Fucus vesiculosus and Porphyra dioica.

Extraction strategies impact the efficiency and nature of extracted compounds. This work assessed the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic, hydroethanolic, and aqueous versus enzyme-assisted extracts (isolated or with the sequential use of alcalase®, cellulase®, and viscozyme®) of the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus (brown, Phaeophyceae) and Porphyra dioica (red, Rhodophyta. For both macroalgae, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) was the most efficient process compared to solvent-assisted extraction (SAE), independent of solvent. Fucus vesiculosus extraction yields were higher for EAE than for SAE (27.4% to 32.2% and 8.2% to 30.0%, respectively). Total phenolics content (TPC) was at least 10-fold higher in EAE extracts (229.2 to 311.3 GAE/gextract) than in SAE (4.34 to 19.6 GAE/gextract) counterparts and correlated well with antioxidant capacity (ABTS and ORAC methods), with EAE achieving values up to 8- and 2.6-fold higher than those achieved by SAE, respectively. Porphyra dioica followed F. vesiculosus's trend for extraction yields (37.5% to 51.6% for EAE and 5.7% to 35.1% for SAE), TPC, although of a lower magnitude, (0.77 to 8.95 GAE/gextract for SE and 9.37 to 14.73 GAE/gextract for EAE), and antioxidant capacity. Aqueous extracts registered the highest DPPH values for both macroalgae, with 2.3 µmol TE/gextract and 13.3 µmol TE/gextract for F. vesiculosus and P. dioica, respectively. EAE was a more efficient process in the extraction of soluble protein and reducing sugars in comparison to SAE. Furthermore, an improved effect of enzyme-assisted combinations was observed for almost all analyzed parameters. This study shows the promising application of enzyme-assisted extraction for the extraction of valuable compounds from F. vesiculosus and P.dioica, making them excellent functional ingredients for a wide range of health and food industrial applications.

Analysis of Metoxyl and Galacturonate Contents from Pectin of Banana Peel Waste Combined with Sappan Wood

The production of banana plants (Musaceaea sp.) ranks first in agricultural output in Indonesia, but this is not balanced by the processing of waste from banana peels, which is a large amount. Therefore, an attempt is made to use banana peel waste as raw material for making pectin. Pectin is used as a functional component in the food industry because of its ability to form thin gels and stabilize proteins. Pectin is also used as a filler in the paper and textile industries, and as a thickener in the rubber industry. This research aims to determine the effect of extraction time and temperature on the quality of pectin from Kepok banana peels. The method used is extraction through Ultrasonic Assisted Solvent Extraction (UASE) in 40 kHz. Banana peels that had been dried and ground into powder were extracted with 0.1 N HCl at temperatures of 70 oC, 80 oC and 90 oC. The variables used in this extraction are variations in extraction time, namely 60 minutes and 80 minutes. The extracted solution is filtered and thickened to half the volume of the original filtrate by heating, then the pectin is thickened using acid ethanol. The pectin precipitate was washed using 96% alcohol until it was free of chloride and the precipitate was separated using a vacuum and then dried in an oven then to analysis of pectin using methoxyl and galacturonate as method to determine pectin quality form banana peel waste. The research results showed that the pectin quality was optimum at a temperature of 90 oC for 80 minutes with a methoxyl content of 4.12% (low methoxyl) and a galacturonic acid content of 79.96%.

Recovery of organic acids from lactic acid-enriched fermentation broth via salting-out assisted solvent extraction

The organic acids (OAs) market has been expanding due to their versatility and wide range of uses in several industrial applications, thus prompting a transition from chemical to biological approaches to generate such high-value products. Nevertheless, downstream processes to separate OAs from the fermentation broth represent, to date, the main cost in biological OAs manufacturing. With the goal of limiting this issue, the present study investigated OAs separation from a lactic acid (LA)-rich fermentation broth through physical, i.e., using ethyl acetate (EA), and physico-chemical, i.e., using tributyl phosphate (TBP), solvent extraction. In addition, the salting-out effect of different salts on OAs recovery was investigated. Among the investigated conditions, a combination of pure TBP and 40% ammonium sulfate ensured the highest LA extraction efficiency of 65%. Besides, mixing TBP with EA (50:50) enabled to maintain the same LA extraction efficiency while reducing the process costs, limiting the toxicity of the chemicals involved, and obtaining an extracted OAs mix with lower co-metabolites, i.e. volatile fatty acids, compared to using pure TBP. Overall, solvent extraction assisted by salting-out agents were shown to be a promising method to separate OAs from a fermentation broth in liquid form, especially for fermentation processes operated at low pH.

Rapid determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in water chestnut based on vortex assisted solvent extraction coupled with dispersive filter extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), originating from the production and use of halogenated indigo dyes, photoelectric materials, and p-chloraniline structure herbicides, pose a threat to water environments, aquatic products, and consequently human health. Therefore, establishing an accurate detection method for PHCZs in aquatic products is of paramount importance. In this study, trace PHCZs (36-CCZ, 36-BCZ, and 1368-BCZ) in water chestnut were detected for the first time using the prepared polyvinyl alcohol-functionalized graphene aerogel (PGA) as a novel adsorbent for dispersive filter extraction (DFE), coupled with vortex assisted solvent extraction (VASE), followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The extraction process (VASE-DFE) has the advantages of good purification effect, short extraction time (<15 min), and low adsorbent dosage (1.0 mg). This method demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 0.10/0.50/1.00–200 ng/g for the three PHCZs (R2 ≥ 0.9995), and the recoveries at three spiked levels (2, 20, 100 ng/g) ranged from 82 % to 93 %, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 7.4 %. Notably, the method outperforms previously reported adsorbents in terms of RSDs, adsorbent dosage, and extraction time. The VASE-DFE-GC–MS/MS method provides a new approach for the detection of trace pollutants in complex samples, introduces a novel technology for environmental and food safety monitoring, and contributes to enhancing food safety supervision.

Electrophysiological Response of &lt;i&gt;Chilo partellus&lt;/i&gt; to Maize Volatiles

In the present study maize plant volatiles were collected by solvent assisted extraction (SAE) using hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) solvents. The evaluation of volatile extracts against male individuals of Chilo partellus through Gas Chromatography-Electroantennogram Detector (GC-EAD) revealed the presence bioactive compounds. The identification of these bioactive compounds through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed that male individuals of C. partellus elicited response to 20 maize volatile compounds, out of which benzyl alcohol and myristic acid were detected in both the solvent extracts. These bioactive volatile compounds can be further explored for developing lures either of plant volatiles or in combination with pheromone.

Redox assisted solvent extraction to enable highly efficient separation of cerium from other lanthanides: Experimental studies and DFT calculations

Cerium (Ce) has become an important strategic resource in high-tech fields owing to its excellent optical, magnetic, acoustic, and electrical properties. The recovery of non-natural Ce derived from nuclear fission through spent fuel reprocessing is of potential significance for the reservation of extremely precious resources. In the present work, Ce3+ was oxidized to Ce4+ by NaBiO3 and then extracted by alkyl phosphate ligands. The extraction efficiency can be enhanced by increasing acidity, raising extractant concentration and decreasing temperature. By taking the advantage of the intrinsic selectivity to tetravalent lanthanides (Ln) by alkyl phosphates, highly efficient and selective extraction of Ce4+ from other trivalent lanthanides with remarkable separation factor (SF) over 103 was achieved. Meanwhile, the back extraction of Ce could be accomplished through reducing Ce4+ to Ce3+ by H2O2. Further studies on structure-property relationship by spectroscopic methods and DFT calculations revealed that alkyl substituent groups with more C atoms enhanced the complexation between Ce4+ and the ligand, while steric hindrance effect could weaken the extractability of Ce4+. Moreover, a shorter CeO bond and a stronger covalent interaction in the Ce4+ complex, as compared to the Ln3+ complex, contributed to the excellent selectivity to Ce4+ over Ln3+.

Efficient extraction of pectic polysaccharides from thinned unripe kiwifruits by deep eutectic solvent-based methods: Chemical structures and bioactivities

To promote the potentially industrial applications of thinned unripe kiwifruits, two deep eutectic solvent-based methods, including deep eutectic solvent-assisted extraction (DAE) and microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (MDE), were optimized for the extraction of polysaccharides from thinned unripe kiwifruits (YKP). Results showed that the yields of YKP-D prepared by DAE and YKP-DM prepared by MDE were extremely higher than YKP-H prepared by hot water extraction. Furthermore, YKP-H, YKP-D, and YKP-DM were mainly composed of pectic polysaccharides, including homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) domains. Besides, both YKP-D and YKP-DM exhibited stronger antioxidant, anti-glycosylation, and immunomodulatory effects than those of YKP-H, and their higher contents of uronic acids and bound polyphenols as well as lower molecular weights could partially contribute to their bioactivities. Overall, these results revealed that the developed MDE method could be utilized as a promising method for highly efficient extraction of YKP with superior beneficial effects.

Sexual behavior and chemical signaling in Opsiphanes cassina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Behavior modification using chemical stimuli is a promising tactic for integrated management of lepidopteran pests. Therefore, this approach was evaluated for the management of the butterfly Opsiphanes cassina Felder 1862, a defoliating pest in oil palm plantations. To achieve this aim, we observed adults’ sexual behavior under laboratory conditions and identified glandular structures in the abdomen and hind wings of males that are associated with the production of sexual pheromones in taxonomically related insects. It was also determined that male calls to females occur at 18:00 h when they fill their glandular structures, tremble, and make abdominal movements while possibly releasing pheromones. The hairpencils of the hind wings are also exposed during this time. Furthermore, the analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) on the samples obtained by Solvent Assisted Extraction (SAE) revealed the identification of three male-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including (E)-nerolidol, vanillin, and (Z)-7-heptadecene. The Electroantennographic (EAG) evaluation demonstrated that females respond to the compounds, indicating their likely involvement in intraspecific interactions of the species. However, the behavioral evaluation did not confirm their attractive effect under the conditions employed. Nevertheless, the identified male-specific semiochemicals could be an alternative for inclusion in integrated pest management (IPM) of this pest in oil palm crops. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate them under field conditions.

Quality by design in the optimization of the ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction for the GC-MS determination of plasticizers in sediments and shells

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are the most widely used plasticizers worldwide and are considered as ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Due to both their ubiquity and potential health and environmental risks, their determination is a matter of worldwide concern. In the present study, an efficient method based on ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is proposed for the simultaneous determination of PAEs and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate in estuarine sediments and shells. Method optimization was successfully carried out according to Quality by Design principles. Shaking time, ultrasonic time, extractant volume, and solvent type were selected as Critical Method Parameters. Validation proved method reliability for the determination of the investigated analytes, achieving detection limits in the 0.1–0.7 ng g–1 and 0.1–0.5 ng g–1 range for sediments and shells, respectively. A good precision was obtained with RSD < 20% and trueness (recovery) in the 73(±7)–120(±10)% and 70(±10)–111(±3)% range, for sediments and shells, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to analyze sediment samples and mollusc shells, collected from the Curonian Lagoon (Southeast Baltic Sea). Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was present in all the analyzed samples, thus pointing out its ubiquity in estuarine environment. PAEs were also found in shell debris or living mussels, highlighting them as a hotspot of organic contaminants, especially in transitional environments, where accumulation of organic rich deposits is limited.

Characteristics of Betacyanin Natural Food Coloring from Red Dragon Fruit Peel (Water Bath Assisted Solvent Extraction Method)

Natural food color are now widely used in food products because they have no side effects that are harmful to the health of the human body. Red dragon skin is one of the sources of natural food coloring. Red dragon skin contains betasianin pigment which produces red-violet. Research aims to determine the effect of the type of solvent and extraction temperature on the characteristics of the Betasianin pigment extract. Betasianin pigment is extracted using the decox method. The parameters measured are colors (L, a, b), pH, and betasianin pigment content. Research uses a randomized group design. Betacyanin pigment from red dragon fruit skin can be extracted using the water bath assisted solvent extraction method. An effective solvent used for the extraction of betacyanin pigment is distilled water and NaCl. Betacyanin pigment can be a natural colorant in food products.&#x0D; Highlights: &#x0D; &#x0D; Optimal Solvent Selection: Distilled water and NaCl are effective solvents for betacyanin pigment extraction, enhancing natural food colorant potential.&#x0D; Influence of Extraction Temperature: Study investigates how extraction temperature impacts betacyanin pigment content and color characteristics.&#x0D; Application in Food Industry: Betacyanin pigment from red dragon fruit skin offers a safe and vibrant natural coloring option for food products.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : betacyanin, extraction, red dragon fruit peel

An automated accelerated salting-out assisted solvent extraction (A-ASASE) of stilbenoids from Vitis vinifera L. branches: False proof or a proof of concept?

An automated accelerated salting-out assisted solvent extraction (A-ASASE) was developed. This approach made full use of the advantages of both the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) technique and salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE), without any modifications at the level of the ASE machine. The A-ASASE combined an automated extraction at high temperature/pressure and an enrichment step using eco-friendly solvents (e.g., water and ethanol) in a fully integrated and simple way that required only low volumes of solvents. The A-ASASE was successfully applied to extract three stilbenoids, namely E-resveratrol, E-ε-viniferin and E-vitisin B, present in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) by-products as a proof-of-concept compound. First, factors affecting the yield of stelbenoids by SALLE were investigated by means of a design of experiment model (DOE). The SALLE was then incorporated into ASE. Various ASE operational parameters such as temperature and number of cycles were also investigated. The highest yield was obtained using a mixture of ethanol-water, 70:30 (v/v) at 60 °C, using three extraction cycles and with 5 min of contact each. The highest yields of stilbenoids were 5.87 ± 0.28 g kg−1 dry weight, 3.27 ± 0.72 g kg−1 dry weight and 1.81 ± 0.2 g kg−1 dry weight for resveratrol, E-ϵ-viniferin and vitisin B, respectively. The A-ASASE was then successfully applied to extract the same stilbenoids from the roots of Vitis vinifera L. These results highlight the applicability of A-ASASE methodology to the extraction and enrichment of the extract in compounds of medium-high polarity in an easy and fully automated way.

Comparative Study on Assisted Solvent Extraction Techniques for the Extraction of Biologically Active Compounds from Sideritis raeseri and Sideritis scardica.

The plants in the Sideritis genus are postulated to exhibit several important medicinal properties due to their unique chemical composition. To isolate the targeted phytochemical compounds, the selection of a suitable extraction method is of primary importance. In this work, a comparative study on the phytochemical profiles of various Sideritis raeseri and Sideritis scardica extracts has been carried out. An untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to investigate the metabolic differences between extracts obtained by conventional extraction and extractions assisted by microwaves, ultrasounds and high pressure. Additionally, the influence of extraction solvents on HPLC antioxidant profiles obtained following the derivatization of analytes with ABTS reagent was evaluated. A total of 102 metabolites have been putatively identified. The major secondary metabolites groups were classified as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolic acids. The main antioxidants in the extracts were isoscutellarein and hypolaetin derivatives as well as verbascoside and chlorogenic acid. The results showed that 70% ethanol was the most effective extractant for different classes of phytochemicals including antioxidants. In addition, extraction supported with microwaves, ultrasounds or high pressure improved the overall recovery of metabolites by about 3 times compared to the conventional extraction method.

Membrane assisted process intensification and optimization for removal and recovery of phenol from industrial effluents

The best method of preserving the environment is not to discharge any contaminant but to recover them as value from the effluent streams thereby adopting circular economy. This calls for developing new strategies including intensification of conventional processes to make the recovery of contaminants cost effective and environmentally friendly. In this context, experimental studies are reported with respect to conventional solvent extraction and membrane assisted solvent extraction for recovering phenol from effluent streams. Initial studies are carried out with aqueous solutions of phenol with concentrations up to 500 mg/L using hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride based hollow fiber membrane element in tandem with conventional solvent extraction using 1- hexanol as solvent. The operating parameters for the membrane assisted solvent extraction were optimized in parallel with conventional solvent extraction using the statistical tool, response surface methodology to provide a comparative assessment highlighting the advantages of membrane assisted solvent extraction in terms of energy consumption, operational simplicity and environmental friendliness. The studies were validated using real effluents obtained from a formaldehyde resin manufacturer. The comparative study highlights the specific advantages and demonstrates the superiority of membrane assisted solvent extraction using a real industrial effluent. It was observed that more than 98 % of phenol could be removed from effluent in membrane assisted solvent extraction and recover about 90 %, continuously allowing the recycle of the solvent. Being closed loop operation, no solvent is exposed to the environment making the process environmentally friendly operation. The mechanism of mass transfer in membrane contactors follows resistance in series model and the experimental values of mass transfer coefficient were estimated to be between 1.7 × 10 −7 and 2.2 × 10 −7 m/s, whereas the empirical values were around 1.3 × 10 −7 m/s.

Source apportionment of PM10 and health risk assessment related in a narrow tropical valley. Study case: Metropolitan area of Aburrá Valley (Colombia)

This study investigates spatio-temporal variations of PM10 mass concentrations and associated metal(oid)s, δ13C carbon isotope ratios, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total organic carbon (TOC) and equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentrations over a half year period (from March 2017 to October 2017) in two residential areas of Medellín (MED-1 and MED-2) and Itagüí municipality (ITA-1 and ITA-2) at a tropical narrow valley (Aburrá Valley, Colombia), where few data are available. A total of 104 samples were analysed by using validated analytical methodologies, providing valuable data for PM10 chemical characterisation. Metal(oid)s concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acid digestion, and PAHs concentrations were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) after Pressurised Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) and Membrane Assisted Solvent Extraction (MASE). Mean PM10 mass concentration ranged from 37.0 µg m−3 to 45.7 µg m−3 in ITA-2 and MED-2 sites, respectively. Al, Ca, Mg and Na (from 6249 ng m−3 for Mg at MED-1 site to 10,506 ng m−3 for Ca at MED-2 site) were the major elements in PM10 samples, whilst As, Be, Bi, Co, Cs, Li, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl and V were found at trace levels (< 5.4 ng m−3). Benzo[g,h,i] perylene (BghiP), benzo[b + j]fluoranthene (BbjF) and indene(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IcdP) were the most profuse PAHs in PM10 samples, with average concentrations of 0.82–0.86, 0.60–0.78 and 0.47–0.58 ng m−3, respectively. Results observed in the four sampling sites showed a similar dispersion pattern of pollutants, with temporal fluctuations which seems to be associated to the meteorology of the valley. A PM source apportionment study were carried out by using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, pointing to re-suspended dust, combustion processes, quarry activity and secondary aerosols as PM10 sources in the study area. Among them, combustion was the major PM10 contribution (accounting from 32.1 to 32.9% in ITA-1 and ITA-2, respectively), followed by secondary aerosols (accounting for 13.2% and 23.3% ITA-1 and MED-1, respectively). Finally, a moderate carcinogenic risk was observed for PM10-bound PAHs exposure via inhalation, whereas significant carcinogenic risk was estimated for carcinogenic metal(oid)s exposure in the area during the sampling period.

Milk Thistle Oil Extracted by Enzyme-Mediated Assisted Solvent Extraction Compared with n-Hexane and Cold-Pressed Extraction.

Silymarin and milk thistle oil have unique biological benefits; however, applying silymarin to milk thistle oil remains a challenge. In this research, the content of silymarin in milk thistle oil conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction was investigated and optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction were as follows: the enzyme-added content was 3.06 mg/mL, the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 55.09 °C, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 66.28 min. Oil extracted by the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent was further compared with those extracted with n-hexane and cold pressing. Results indicated that the oil extraction using the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent had a lower acid value (2.20 ± 0.01 mg/g) and the highest α-tocopherol content (0.62 ± 0.00 mg/g), total phenols (7.67 ± 0.01 mg/g), and flavonoids (1.06 ± 0.13 mg/g). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of milk thistle oils was further investigated. The results showed that the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent-extracted oil had the strongest antioxidant capacity with lower lipid oxide content. Therefore, enzyme-mediated solvent extraction is an excellent method for extracting milk thistle oil.

Isolation and quantification of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in human urine using membrane-assisted solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The global market for new psychoactive substances (NPSs) continues to expand, and the range of drugs available on the market has probably never been wider. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCRAs) constitute the largest family of NPSs, and they go unnoticed during illicit drug market control and during routine toxicological-forensic analysis. Membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) has been a novelty proposed for the simultaneous extraction of SCRAs, and urine has been selected as a model forensic-clinical sample. Isolated SCRAs were further determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An optimised sample pre-treatment procedure consists of using 400 μL of n-hexane as an extraction phase placed inside a polypropylene (PP) membrane, adjusting the donor phase (urine) at a pH value of 5.9. Extraction was assisted by mechanical (orbital-horizontal) stirring in a temperature-controlled chamber at room temperature for 20 min. n-Hexane extracts were evaporated to dryness and re-suspended in 100 μL of mobile phase, which leads to a pre-concentration factor of 50. Method validation showed analytical recoveries higher than 80% for most SCRAs and repeatability (inter-day and intra-day assays) with RSD values lower than 20%. The proposed method was found to be selective and sensitive and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.10 and 1.0 μg L-1 were achieved.

Comparison of microwave, ultrasound and ultrasound-microwave assisted solvent extraction methods on phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of extracts from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) pulp

This study aimed to investigate the impact of different solvents (water, 60% methanol, 60% ethanol and 60% acetone) and methods (conventional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction) on the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) pulp. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and ABTS assays. The phenolic profiles in different extracts were identified using the UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique. The results showed that significant differences (p < 0.05) in TPC were found among different extraction methods, the microwave-assisted extraction with 60% ethanol had the highest TPC (2.40 mg GAE/g) compared with the extracts obtained from other methods. Meanwhile, the highest DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation was found in the 60% ethanol-MAE extracts. Correlation analysis further showed a significant positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity (R2 > 0.8, p < 0.001). Seventy-eight phenolic compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The most abundant phenolic compounds in jackfruit pulp were identified in negative mode, with 60% ethanol-MAE being the most effective. The quantity of phenolic compounds extracted varied with different extraction methods indicated that the extraction methods had effects on the phytochemical characteristics.

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Paecilomyces hepiali.

Polysaccharides, which can be affected by different preparations, play a crucial role in the biological function of Paecilomyces hepiali (PHPS) as a health food. To explore high-valued polysaccharides and reduce the negative influence of human involvement, a green tailorable deep eutectic solvent (DES) was applied to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides (PHPS-D), followed by the evaluation of the structural properties and immunomodulation by comparison with the hot-water method (PHPS-W). The results indicated that the best system for PHPS-D was a type of carboxylic acid-based DES consisting of choline chloride and succinic acid in the molar ratio of 1:3, with a 30% water content. The optimal condition was as follows: liquid-solid ratio of 50 mL/g, extraction temperature of 85 °C, and extraction time of 1.7 h. The actual PHPS-D yield was 12.78 ± 0.17%, which was obviously higher than that of PHPS-W. The structural characteristics suggested that PHPS-D contained more uronic acid (22.34 ± 1.38%) and glucose (40.3 ± 0.5%), with a higher molecular weight (3.26 × 105 g/mol) and longer radius of gyration (78.2 ± 3.6 nm), as well as extended chain conformation, compared with PHPS-W, and these results were confirmed by AFM and SEM. Immunomodulatory assays suggested that PHPS-D showed better performance than PHPS-W regarding pinocytic activity and the secretion of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) by activating the corresponding mRNA expression in RAW264.7 cells. This study showed that carboxylic acid-based DES could be a promising tailorable green system for acidic polysaccharide preparation and the valorization of P. hepiali in functional foods.

Suitability of Solvent-Assisted Extraction for Recovery of Lipophilic Phytochemicals in Sugarcane Straw and Bagasse.

Sugarcane is primarily harvested to meet up to 80% of global sugar demand. Recently, lipids recovered from their biomass (straw and bagasse) have attracted much attention due to their possible utilisation in biofuel production but also by the presence of health-promoting compounds as phytosterols (i.e., improvement of cardiovascular function) or 1-octacosanol (i.e., anti-obesity). Although this fraction is commonly obtained through solid–liquid isolation, there is scarce information about how different solvents affect the composition of the extracts. This research work aimed to study whether, in sugarcane straw and bagasse samples, Soxtec extraction with widely used dichloromethane (DCM) would be suitable to recover most of the lipid classes when compared to other available solvents such as food grade ethanol (EtOH) or solvents without regulation restrictions for food and drug applications (i.e., acetone and ethyl acetate). The obtained results allow concluding that sugarcane waxes from straw and bagasse are complex lipid mixtures of polar and non-polar compounds. According to the extraction yield, the best results were obtained with ethanol (5.12 ± 0.30% and 1.97 ± 0.31%) for both straw and bagasse, respectively. The extractant greatly influenced the lipid composition of the obtained product. Thus, DCM enriched the isolates in glycerolipids (mono-, di- and triglycerides), free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, phytosterols and hydrocarbons. On the other hand, EtOH resulted in polar isolates rich in glycolipids. Therefore, depending on the application and objectives of future research studies, the solvent to recover such lipids needs to be carefully selected.