Raw Material Solution Research Articles

Fueling the future with fungi: Efficient lipid extraction from Ganoderma Mycelium Biomass

Ganoderma lucidum mycelial biomass produced via submerged-liquid fermentation was subjected to different lipid extraction methods; soxhlet extraction (SXE), solvent extraction (SVE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), followed by a comparison in its lipid yield. The experiment was carried out using 5 g of biomass material, with 50-300 ml hexane solvent, and the temperature was set at 60 ° C for 1-9 hours. It was observed that the lipid yield was found to be influenced by the extraction time and solvent quantity. SVE was observed to be more effective for lipid production of 20.36 % (2 h and 100 ml hexane) in comparison with SXE (18.8 %) and UAE (7.50 %). In general, G. lucidum mycelial biomass may be used as a potential raw material and cost-effective solution for an alternative biodiesel production process in the future. Hence, future research work should focus on other novel extraction techniques as well as optimizing the other extraction parameters in improving the lipid yield from G. lucidum mycelial biomass.

Influence of silica on the crystallization of sodium hydroaluminate

To extract aluminium from highly concentrated aluminate solutions of alumina-containing raw materials, decomposition is performed through the crystallization of sodium hydroaluminate. This paper presents the results of a study on the stability of aluminate solutions. To calculate the probable yield of Al2O3 in the solid phase, it is necessary to determine the crystallization rate of sodium hydroaluminate according to the composition of the initial solutions and the conditions of the process. The influences of SiO2 content on the decomposition of aluminate solutions with Na2Ok concentrations of 540 g/dm3 and 590 g/dm3 with and without inoculum were studied. In addition, the influence of silica on the appearance of precipitating crystals of sodium hydroaluminate was considered. A sharp increase in the stability of the aluminate solutions at rest in the presence of silica was observed. Different crystallization conditions for sodium hydroaluminate have been investigated. Silica slows the crystallization process of sodium hydroaluminate, affecting both the nucleation and crystal growth rates. The effect of SiO₂ on the rate of decomposition is similar to the reduction in the degree of supersaturation.

Method for predicting the size of Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3(OH)2 particles precipitated in a stirred-tank semi-batch crystallizer using CFD and particle agglomeration models

NixMnyCoz(OH)2 is widely used as a precursor for the cathode active material LiNixMnyCozO2 in lithium ion batteries, and the precursor size, which determines the size of the active cathode material, affects the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. This paper proposes a method for predicting the particle size of Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3(OH)2 precipitated by semi-batch reaction crystallization. The distribution of supersaturated components formed in the reactor varies with the reactor scale, feed conditions of the raw material solution, and agitation conditions. Therefore, the method presented in this paper considers the effects of these conditions on particle growth. First, to identify the turbulent dispersion and concentration distribution of the supersaturated components formed in the reaction crystallizer, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was constructed consisting of the governing equations of hydrodynamics and the mass balance equations of the supersaturated components considering the production by neutralization and consumption by precipitation. Next, a model of agglomeration was constructed that focused on the balance of the binding and breaking up energies for the particle pairs. The binding energy was quantified based on the bridging between particle pairs by surface deposition. The breaking up-energy was quantified based on the hydrodynamic forces when the agglomerate passes through the impeller. These models were fitted using experimental results for the final average size of the Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3(OH)2 secondary aggregate, which was precipitated in a small-scale stirred-tank type semi-batch reaction crystallizer. The models predicted the experimental results of the final average size in a large-scale crystallizer, with the feeding conditions of the raw material solution and stirring conditions as experimental parameters, within ±20%. The models may be used to analyze semi-batch reaction crystallization systems of NixMnyCoz(OH)2 of any composition by adjusting the model parameters according to the procedure developed in this study.

Dysprosium hydroxide nanoparticle-embedded photoluminescent composite films

Dy(NO3)3 was dissolved in water–ethanol complex solvent, and the obtained solution was used to fabricate composite films wherein Dy compound particles were embedded in a transparent urethane resin. All the resulting composite films exhibited photoluminescence properties attributed to the Dy-based compounds. When the composite films were prepared by varying the water/ethanol ratio of the raw material solution, the PL intensity was stronger when the water content of the composites was higher. Further ultraviolet irradiation of the resulting films caused the disappearance of the Dy–OH bonds and decrease in the PL intensity of the films. The increase in the PL intensity with increasing water content was attributed to the presence of Dy–OH bonds in the films. In addition, we investigated the presence and PL properties of Dy–OH bonds in Dy-based particle composite films.

Preparing of N-P dual-doped auricularia auricula carbon host by yeast fermentation and its application in Li-S batteries

A nitrogen-phosphorus dual-doped auricularia auricula carbon (NP-AC) matrix was prepared through hydrothermal treatment using natural auricularia auricula as raw material and medium solution. Yeast was introduced and cultured by the auricularia auricula liquid medium. The NP-AC/S composite was prepared through further freeze-drying, carbonization, activation and compounding with sulfur procedures. The composition and microstructure of samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphology was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method. The specific surface area was analyzed using nitrogen adsorption/desorption test. The weight ratio of sulfur was measured through thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The original structure and composition of biomass were improved by yeast fermentation and the auricularia auricula block structure with low porosity was modified. The electrochemical performance of NP-AC/S composite in Li-S batteries was systematically explored. After 100 cycles at 0.2C current density, there was still nearly 1000 mAh g−1 reversible capacity, holding a capacity retention rate of more than 84 %. The cycle performance and rate performance were both far better than the ordinary activated carbon materials.

Ceramic traditions on the territory of the Permian Urals during the Great Migration of Peoples: application of technical, technological and statistical analyses

The article presents the results of technical, technological and statistical analyses of ceramics from the epoch of the Great Migration of Peoples found on the monuments of the Permian Urals. The technical and technological analysis was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach developed by A.A. Bobrinsky. Statistical analysis of the sample, including 136 vessels from 10 archaeological sites, using the k-means method allowed us to talk about a motley and diverse cultural palette of the population of the studied territory. The authors identified 8 clusters, each of which can be identified with a particular cultural tradition of pottery making. The analyzed ceramic material allows us to talk about the mixing of at least two groups of the population, one of which is associated with the tradition of using crushed shells in the production of ceramics, and the second – manure, organic solution, chamotte and dry processing of the initial plastic raw materials. The intertwining of traditions is clearly recorded by the facts of the identification of mixed multicomponent compositions of molding masses (clay + crushed shell + organic solution; clay + crushed shell + chamotte; clay + crushed shell + chamotte + organic solution). According to the results of the analysis, local ceramic traditions were also recorded, demonstrating the high dependence of ceramic production technology on available raw materials (sanded clay raw materials; silty clays). In the course of the study, the tradition of using crushed raw materials in the production of ceramics was described and interpreted, the origins of which may be associated with the area of distribution of the Mazunin culture.

Influence of Process Parameters in Three-Stage Purification of Aluminate Solution and Aluminum Hydroxide

The influence of process parameters in the three-stage purification of aluminate solution from the Bayer process and aluminum hydroxide was considered in this paper. One of the ways of purification is treating the aluminate solution in order to reduce the concentrations in the starting raw material (solution) and then treating the aluminum hydroxide at a certain temperature and time in order to obtain an alumina precursor of adequate quality. The purification process itself is divided into three phases. The first phase involves the treatment of sodium aluminate with lime in order to primarily remove Ca2+ and (SiO3)2− impurities. Phase II aims to remove impurities of Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ by treatment with controlled precipitation using specially prepared crystallization centers. In Phase III, Na+ is removed by the process of hydrothermal washing of Al2O3 ∙ 3H2O. In this work, parameters such as temperature (T), reaction time (t), and concentration of lime (c) were studied in order to remove the mentioned impurities and obtain the purest possible product that would be an adequate precursor for special types of alumina.

Preparation and characterization of all-particle SiC ceramic filters

All-particle porous SiC ceramic filters were prepared by injection moulding and pressureless sintering methods. All-particle porous SiC ceramic filters were successfully prepared by using 1 mm SiC large particles as the main raw material and alcohol solutions of Al2TiO5, MgO, CeO2 and Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) as slurry. Highly pure Al2TiO5 was successfully prepared at 1600 °C and a holding time of 2 h. The effect of the PVB content of the paste on the morphology and properties of the samples after demoulding was investigated. The effects of sintering temperature, holding time, MgO content, and CeO2 content on the mechanical properties of all-particle porous SiC ceramic filters were discussed. It was finally determined that 69 wt% of Al2TiO5, 6 wt% of MgO, 3 wt% of CeO2, and 2 wt% of PVB was the best performance of the samples. The experimental results show that the final sintering temperature for all-particle porous SiC ceramic filters was 1400 °C and the holding time was 20 min. At this time, the flexural strength, apparent porosity, and density of the sample were 6.6788 MPa, 42.1242 %, and 1.8319 g cm−3, respectively.

AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA COMO FERRAMENTA PARA MEDIR A EFICIÊNCIA AMBIENTAL DO HIDROGÊNIO RENOVÁVEL

Renewable hydrogen has gained a prominent position in the current global energy transition landscape due to its potential to be used as a raw material, fuel, or clean energy carrierand storage solution to balance electricity supply and demand. However, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of renewable hydrogen is necessary to quantify the potential reductions of environmental impacts of its large-scale implementation, including in comparisonto existing technologies. Thus, thispaper applies a systematic review with a bibliometric approach of studies on LCA applied to green hydrogen. The results show that studies on the subject are very current and present several practical applications, whichare limited by data availability and information generalizations.

Extracting Li+ from high Na/Li solution and comparing the affinity of nonylphenol oxygen anion to Na+ and Li+

Lithium extraction has become a hot topic because of global efforts to control carbon emissions. However, the efficient separation of Li/Na is a great challenge. In this study, the lithium carbonate precipitation mother liquor with Li+ content of 1.7910 g/L and Na+ content of 111.2438 g/L was used as the raw material solution. Due to its high Na/Li ratio, we found that the affinity of nonylphenol oxygen anion with Li+ is stronger than that with Na+ through quantum chemical analysis. And through the optimization of the effects of saponification degree, pH, temperature, and phase ratio, after twelve rounds of a five-stage countercurrent extraction, the ELi (%) reached 99% and the maximum βLi/Na reached 114799.73. After scrubbing with 0.5 mol/L HCl + 0.5 g/L LiCl solution and stripping with 2 mol/L HCl solution, Li+ and Na+ could be effectively separated. This study proved that nonylphenol oxygen anion had a significant effect on the extraction of Li+, and could effectively separate Li+ from Na+, which brings a new idea for the treatment of high Na/Li solution.

Investigation of the extraction of samarium and gadolinium from leaching solutions of phosphorus-containing raw materials using solid extractants

In accordance with the State Program of the Russian Federation «Development of Industry and Its Competitiveness», as well as the absence of balance deposits of rare earth metals on the territory of the Russian Federation, it is urgent to study methods for the extraction and separation of rare earth metals from technological solutions obtained during the processing of apatite concentrates. The article is devoted to the study of the kinetic features of solid-phase extraction of samarium (III) and gadolinium (III) from simulated industrial phosphoric acid solutions. Levextrel resine (co-polymerization product of styrene and divinylbenzene) containing Di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) – was used as a solid-phase extraction agent. Significant dependence of samarium (III) and gadolinium (III) extraction rate constant on the stirring rate was revealed using the formal first-order kinetic equation. Based on the linear dependences of the logarithm of the reaction rate constant on the reciprocal temperature, the activation energies for the extraction of Gd and Sm from phosphate model solutions were established, which, respectively, were 42.47 and 28.48 kJ/mol. The obtained values of the activation energies indicate that the limiting stage of the extraction process on a solid extractant can be considered a chemical reaction between ions of rare-earth metals and functional groups of the extractant. Separation of elements at the extraction stage is possible at temperature of 333 K under non-equilibrium conditions with separation coefficient up to 1.8 in 5 min.

Shearing friction behaviour of synthetic polymers compared to a functionalized polysaccharide on biomimetic surfaces: models for the prediction of performance of eco-designed formulations.

The substitution of natural, bio-based and/or biodegradable polymers for those of petrochemical origin in consumer formulations has become an active area of research and development as the sourcing and destiny of material components becomes a more critical factor in product design. These polymers often differ from their petroleum-based counterparts in topology, raw material composition and solution behaviour. Effective and efficient reformulation that maintains comparable cosmetic performance to existing products requires a deep understanding of the differences in frictional behaviour between polymers as a function of their molecular structure. In this work, we simulate the tribological behaviour of three topologically distinct polymers in solution with surfactants and in contact with hair-biomimetic patterned surfaces. We compare a generic functionalized polysaccharide to two performant polymers used in shampoo formulations: a strongly positively charged polyelectrolyte and a zwitterionic copolymer. Topological differences are expected to affect rheological properties, as well as their direct interaction with structured biological substrates. Using a refined Martini-style coarse-grained model we describe the polymer-dependent differences in aggregation behaviour as well as selective interactions with a biomimetic model hair surface. Additionally, we introduce a formalism to characterize the response of the solution to shear as an initial study on lubrication properties, which define the sensorial performance of these systems in cosmetics (i.e., manageability, touch, etc.). The tools and techniques presented in this work illustrate the strength of molecular simulation in eco-design of formulation as a complement to experiment. These efforts help advance our understanding of how we can relate complex atomic-scale solution behaviour to relevant macroscopic properties. We expect these techniques to play an increasingly important role in advancing strategies for green polymer formulation design by providing an understanding for how new polymers could reach and even exceed the level of performance of existing polymers.

Fabrication of gelatin nanofiber webs via centrifugal spinning for N95 respiratory filters

Due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, the usage of numerous protective face masks has faced an explosion in demand around the world. Therefore, the need to reduce the environmental pollution caused by disposable single-use face masks has become vital. Recently, alternative raw material solutions have been discussed to eliminate the consumption of single-use plastics. Within this research, gelatin nanofibers were fabricated via centrifugal spinning technique, and filtration media were investigated in terms of air permeability and filtration efficiency. In addition, morphological properties were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Fabricated fibers have a changing average diameter range from 232 to 778 nm, and targeted 95% filtration efficiency was achieved in several compositions. It was proven that biodegradable gelatin nanofibers could be a sustainable alternative for disposable N95 respiratory filters.

The modern phase of the polysilicon market

The current condition and outlooks of the world semiconductor and polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) markets have been analyzed. A long period of low PS prices which hindered the growth of investments into the industry has now changed for price recovery to an investment attractive level. Demand and offer balance for the period until 2024 and for the long term has been analyzed, and the main currently used PS processes have been reviewed. The current poly-Si market proficiency is expected to remain in the near and medium terms. However the “green turn” of the energy industry announced by all the governments, the development of local markets and the price recovery to an investment attractive level have promoted the development of new PS fab projects. Of special importance for Russia is the choice of Siemens trichlorosilane process parameters. A specific feature of the Russian market is the presence of several very important fields (solar energy, microelectronics, high-power electronics, photonics and fiber optics) which are small by international standards and equally face raw material shortage. It appears that Russia will greatly benefit from integral projects delivering solutions of multiple raw materials supply problems.

The modern phase of the polysilicon market

The current condition and outlooks of the world semiconductor and polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) markets have been analyzed. A long period of low PS prices which hindered the growth of investments into the industry has now changed for price recovery to an investment attractive level. Demand and offer balance for the period until 2024 and for the long term has been analyzed, and the main currently used PS processes have been reviewed. The current poly-Si market proficiency is expected to remain in the near and medium terms. However the “green turn” of the energy industry announced by all the governments, the development of local markets and the price recovery to an investment attractive level have promoted the development of new PS fab projects. Of special importance for Russia is the choice of Siemens trichlorosilane process parameters. A specific feature of the Russian market is the presence of several very important fields (solar energy, microelectronics, high-power electronics, photonics and fiber optics) which are small by international standards and equally face raw material shortage. It appears that Russia will greatly benefit from integral projects delivering solutions of multiple raw materials supply problems.

The modern phase of the polysilicon market

The current condition and outlooks of the world semiconductor and polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) markets have been analyzed. A long period of low PS prices which hindered the growth of investments into the industry has now changed for price recovery to an investment attractive level. Demand and offer balance for the period until 2024 and for the long term has been analyzed, and the main currently used PS processes have been reviewed. The current poly-Si market proficiency is expected to remain in the near and medium terms. However the “green turn” of the energy industry announced by all the governments, the development of local markets and the price recovery to an investment attractive level have promoted the development of new PS fab projects. Of special importance for Russia is the choice of Siemens trichlorosilane process parameters. A specific feature of the Russian market is the presence of several very important fields (solar energy, microelectronics, high-power electronics, photonics and fiber optics) which are small by international standards and equally face raw material shortage. It appears that Russia will greatly benefit from integral projects delivering solutions of multiple raw materials supply problems.

Deposition of Arsenic from Nitric Acid Leaching Solutions of Gold–Arsenic Sulphide Concentrates

At present, the processing of refractory gold–arsenic sulphide concentrates is becoming more relevant due to the depletion of rich crude ore reserves. In the process of the nitric acid leaching of arsenic sulphide minerals, solutions are formed containing 20–30 g/L of arsenic (III). Since market demand for arsenic compounds is limited, such solutions are traditionally converted into poorly soluble compounds. This paper describes the investigation of precipitating arsenic sulphide from nitric acid leaching solutions of refractory sulphide raw materials of nonferrous metals containing iron (III) ions using sodium hydrosulphide with a molar ratio of NaHS/As = 2.4–2.6, which is typical for pure model solutions without oxidants. The work studied the effect of temperature, the pH of the solution and the consumption of NaHS and seed crystal on this process. The highest degree of precipitation of arsenic (III) sulphide (95–99%) from nitric acid leaching solutions containing iron (III) ions without seed occurs with a pH from 1.8 to 2.0 and a NaHS/As molar ratio of 2.8. The introduction of seed crystal significantly improves the precipitation of arsenic (III) sulphide. An increase in seed crystal consumption from 0 to 34 g/L in solution promotes an increase in the degree of transition of arsenic to sediment from 36.2 to 98.1% at pH = 1. According to SEM/EDS and XRF sediment data, from the results of experiments on the effect of As2S3 seed crystal consumption, acidity and molar ratio of NaHS/As on the precipitation of arsenic (III) sulphide and the Fetotal/Fe2+ ratio in the final solution, it can be concluded that the addition of a seed accelerates the crystallisation of arsenic (III) sulphide by increasing the number of crystallisation centres; as a result, the deposition rate of As2S3 becomes higher. Since the oxidation rate of sulphide ions to elemental sulphur by iron (III) ions does not change significantly, the molar ratio of NaHS/As can be reduced to 2.25 to obtain a precipitate having a lower amount of elemental sulphur and a high arsenic content similar to that precipitated from pure model solutions.

A Study on Lithium Hydroxide Recovery Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis

Bipolar electrodialysis was used in a process of desalting a lithium sulfate solution, converting it to lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, and concentrating and recovering them. The effects of the experimental variables such as applied voltage, the concentration of electrode solution, the concentration of raw material solution, volume ratio, and impurity were confirmed. The optimum conditions were investigated by comparing the conversion(%) of lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, the process time, and energy consumption. As the applied voltage was increased, the energy consumption tended to increase, but the processing time decreased significantly. As the concentration of lithium sulfate in the raw material solution increased, the conversion(%) of lithium hydroxide decreased. As the concentration of lithium sulfate increased, the energy consumption did not increase linearly, and energy consumption increased significantly. When a raw material solution of 0.5 M Li2SO4 or more is used in the bipolar electrodialysis process, an applied voltage of 25 V is preferable. As the applied voltage increased at a constant process time, the conversion(%) of LiOH and H2SO4 increased. Regarding the effect of the electrode solution concentration, when a 5.0 wt% electrode solution was used rather than a 3.0 wt% electrode solution, energy consumption decreased by more than 10%. When the volume of the raw material solution was increased, the processing time required for desalting increased. By using a low concentration raw material solution, it was confirmed that it was simultaneously possible to recover and concentrate lithium hydroxide and sulfuric acid through volume ratio control. When the raw material solution contained Na as an impurity, it was converted to NaOH with a surface LiOH, and it was not possible to separate the lithium and sodium.

An application of continuous flow microreactor in the synthesis and extraction of rabeprazole

Abstract The oxidation of rabeprazole sulfide is a key step in the synthesis of rabeprazole, a drug for the treatment of stomach acid-related disorders. The current rabeprazole production process adopts one pot batch process, which has low reaction efficiency and poor stability. A continuous process can greatly improve the production efficiency and solve the above problems. Therefore, the reaction parameters of rabeprazole in microreactor were explored through laboratory experiments to explore the possibility of continuous production of rabeprazole. Rabeprazole sodium was synthesized by using rabeprazole thioether as a raw material and sodium hypochlorite solution as the oxidant. Oxidation, quenching, acid-base regulation and extraction were completed continuously in the microreactor. Rabeprazole solution with a purity of 98.78% (±0.13%) can be obtained continuously in 56 s, whereas intermittent production lasted for at least 2 h. Thus, the microreactor can effectively improve the oxidation synthesis efficiency of rabeprazole, and provide reference for the realization of other reactions in the microreactor.

In situ microwave heating fabrication of copper nanoparticles inside cotton fiber using pressurization in immiscible liquids with raw material solutions.

We developed a method for in situ fabrication of copper nanoparticles inside cotton fibers. Copper nanoparticles can be fabricated mainly in the central part of the fiber by absorbing a raw material solution and by applying microwave heating in a state where the raw material solution is pressed with immiscible liquids. Surface SEM images and cross-sectional EDS mapping for the fabricated fibers clarified that copper nanoparticles fabricated on the cotton surface were suppressed considerably more by the hydrophobic raw material solution than by the hydrophilic raw material solution. These cotton fibers containing copper nanoparticles were found to have antiviral properties against the influenza A virus.