Electrolyte Solution Research Articles

Role of Acoustic and Volumetric Properties in View to Estimate the Intermolecular Interactions in the Solutions of Electrolytes and l‐Isoleucine

Abstractl‐Isoleucine is subjected to density and sound velocity measurements in aqueous solutions of potassium (KCl) and sodium chlorides (NaCl) as well as water, from 288.15 to 298.15 K. Through the use of these experimental data, a variety of volumetric and acoustical parameters are calculated, including values for molar volume (Vm), available volume (Va), adiabatic compressibility (β), nonlinear parameters (B/A), Wada constant (W), Rao's constant (R), and van der Wall's constant (a). The findings shed light on many electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions within the binary system involving electrolytes, water, and amino acids. The interactions between the electrolytes and l‐isoleucine are thoroughly examined under varying electrolyte concentrations and temperatures, revealing many interactions. Positive transfer quantities demonstrate the ion‐hydrophilic and solute–solvent interaction in the aqueous medium, particularly between l‐isoleucine and NaCl and KCl. The influence of electrolyte type and temperature on these interactions is discernible. The culmination of the study's outcomes is elaborated through analyzing solute–solvent and solute–solute interactions. In particular, the interaction hierarchy is identified as l‐isoleucine + water + KCl > l‐isoleucine + water + NaCl > l‐isoleucine + swater.

Investigating the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of extruded Mg-1Zn-xCaO (x=0, 0.5, 1.0 wt%) materials

The effect of nano-CaO content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro degradation performance of extruded Mg-1Zn alloys was investigated to enhance the strength and corrosion resistance of biodegradable materials for medical implants. The results showed that the addition of CaO nanoparticles effectively refined the size of dynamic recrystallization grains in the extruded composites. During the extrusion process, Ca2Mg6Zn3 and Mg2Ca phases precipitated in the Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO and Mg-1Zn-1CaO composites, respectively. As the CaO content increased, the basal texture strength was elevated from 3.97 for the Mg-1Zn alloy to 12.05 for the Mg-1Zn-1CaO composite. Benefiting from the combined mechanisms of grain refinement, dislocation strengthening, and precipitation strengthening, the yield strength of the materials was fortified with an increase in CaO content. During the short immersion time, the matrix of the extruded Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO composite was preferentially corroded, resulting in the formation of a dense corrosion product layer that impeded the transport of ions in the electrolyte solution, thereby exhibiting the lowest annual corrosion rate. With an increase in the immersion time, galvanic corrosion destroyed the protective film, leading to a slightly higher corrosion rate in the extruded Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO composite compared to the Mg-1Zn alloy. The substantial nano-Mg2Ca phase particles were preferentially degraded, causing severe pitting corrosion in the extruded Mg-1Zn-1CaO composite, which exhibited the highest degradation rate. The extruded Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO composite exhibited superior overall properties; its yield strength, elongation, and annual corrosion rate after immersion (21 d) were 334.9 MPa, 8.9 %, and 1.06 mm/y, respectively.

Effect of charge inversion on the electrokinetic transport of nanoconfined multivalent ionic solutions

Understanding the effects of phenomena occurring at electrically charged interfaces, such as charge inversion (CI), is crucial for enabling electroosmosis as an efficient transport mechanism in nanodevices. Here, we employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to systematically analyze the effect of CI on the electrokinetic transport of multivalent ionic solutions confined in amorphous silica nanochannels. We employ mixtures of monovalent and multivalent counterions while fixing the total ionic concentration to establish correlations between observed phenomena and the amount of multivalent ionic species in the electrolyte solution. The results show that the development of CI is related to a decrease in the mobility of the fluid layers adjacent to the charged surface. In addition, we observe that interfacial overcharging disrupts the water molecular orientation in the fluid layers adjacent to the channel walls. From the non-equilibrium MD simulations of electro-osmotic flow, we disclose the influence of phenomena related to the presence of CI. In particular, flow reversal occurs in scenarios involving CI due to increased local viscosity and a higher concentration of coions within the hydrodynamically mobile and electrokinetically active region of the charged interface. We also find that the magnitude of the wall zeta (ζ) potential displays a monotonic increase with the development of CI in the system. Moreover, we explain why positioning the wall ζ potential at an imaginary (slip) plane, which separates the hydrodynamically mobile and immobile fluid, is misleading.

The Poisson–Boltzmann equation in micro- and nanofluidics: A formulary

The Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation provides a mean-field theory of electrolyte solutions at interfaces and in confinement, describing how ions reorganize close to charged surfaces to form the so-called electrical double layer (EDL), with numerous applications ranging from colloid science to biology. This formulary focuses on situations of interest for micro- and nanofluidics, and gathers important formulas for the PB description of a Z:Z electrolyte solution inside slit and cylindrical channels. Different approximated solutions (thin EDLs, no co-ion, Debye–Hückel, and homogeneous/parabolic potential limits) and their range of validity are discussed, together with the full solution for the slit channel. Common boundary conditions are presented, the thermodynamics of the EDL is introduced, and an overview of the application of the PB framework to the description of electrokinetic effects is given. Finally, the limits of the PB framework are briefly discussed, and Python scripts to solve the PB equation numerically are provided.

Composite electroforming of precision Ni-P-PTFE mold inserts with low internal stress and self-lubricating properties

An electrolyte solution incorporating sodium saccharin and an alkynyl compound was provided to electroform Ni-P-PTFE mold inserts with both low internal stress and good self-lubricating properties. The results showed that with 5 g·L−1 sodium saccharin and 1 mL·L−1 alkynyl compound, the internal stress reached a minimum of −114 MPa, an 82 % reduction from the −646 MPa observed without additives. The presence of sodium saccharin and alkynyl compound in the electrolyte solution reduced the hydrogen evolution reaction current from 15.2 to 12.9 mA at the operating cathode potential of −1 V and decreased the RTC(111) from 100 % to 90 %. The reduction of internal stress in the electrodeposited Ni-P-PTFE composites was attributed to the decreased hydrogenation strain, diminished Ni (111) texture intensity, and the partial incorporation of alkynyl compound reaction products into the cathode surface, which weakened the connections between crystallites. Finally, 5 g·L−1 sodium saccharin and 1 mL·L−1 alkynyl compound was applied to electroform Ni-P-PTFE mold insert with micro features. Only slightly pile-up defects at the corner of grooves were observed on the polymer chips demolded from Ni-P-PTFE mold insert, demonstrating its good self-lubricating property.

Unsupervised detection and mapping of sparks in the Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) process

Material removal in electrochemical discharge machining is caused by sparks generated in a tool immersed in an electrolytic solution. Being the primary machining agent in this non-contact machining process, mapping the locations of microscopic sparks is of great interest. The distribution of sparks around the tool surface could give insights into the machined hole properties like the size, surface finish, and depth as compared to the machining parameters such as applied voltage, tool size, rotation speed, and feed rate. This paper is focused on detecting sparks in photographs of the ECDM process captured using a high-speed camera. A novel approach of using a tri-planar reflective surface for capturing the location of sparks in 3D space using a 2D camera output is attempted. Traditional spark detection methods use neural network classifiers that need labeled data for training. This labeled data often comes from human intervention and contains inherent biases that could lead to misclassification. In this paper, an unsupervised spark detection methodology is demonstrated, which eliminates the need for human intervention and relies on the number of neighboring pixels detected in regions of interest (ROIs). The feasibility of using adaptive background modeling to classify thousands of images and identify the ones with sparks is demonstrated in this work. The masking technique combining effects of erosion followed by dilation is used to determine the exact boundaries of the spark contours in every image. Centroids for each of these contours are then transformed from the skewed coordinate system as observed in camera images, to a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinates system centered around the tool. The same procedure is repeated for various voltages to benchmark the distribution of sparks around a tool tip in an ECDM process.

An Examination of the Transport and Acoustics Properties of B3 Vitamins and Aqueous MgCl2 Salt at Various Temperatures and Concentrations

AbstractForecasting various forms of intermolecular contact and the degree to which the solute and solvent are bonded is highly advantageous when using thermo‐acoustical and volumetric data. Both salts and vitamins are abundant in the human body. A variety of thermo‐acoustical and volumetric properties (viz. velocity [U], density [ρ], adiabatic compressibility [β], surface tension [σ], specific heat ratio [γ], acoustic impedance [Z], relative association [RA], relaxation strength [r], isothermal compressibility [kT], and nonlinearity parameter [B/A]) are investigated in this study. Of the vitamin B3 + H2O and vitamin B3 + H2O + MgCl2 systems have been examined. Through solvation and hydrogen bonding, these characteristics are utilized to describe the interactions between solutes and solvents. Compressibility explains the qualitative intermolecular elastic forces that exist between the molecules of the solvent and the solute. The electrostatic field of ions has formed the basis for discussions on the structural arrangement of molecules in electrolyte solutions. The volumetric and thermoacoustic characteristics exhibit concentration‐dependent changes, suggesting the existence of molecular interactions in both systems. The vitamin B3 molecule shows stronger molecular contact at higher solvent concentrations, although it interacts most molecularly with MgCl2 solvents. This suggests that magnesium molecules are more suited for the attachment of vitamin B3 molecules than are water molecules.

Strong adsorption Fe[sbnd]N[sbnd]C catalytic cathode for 50,000 cycles aqueous zinc-iodine batteries

Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries have garnered increasing attention due to their low cost and high safety. However, their practical application is impeded by sluggish iodine redox reaction kinetics and the “shuttle effect” of polyiodides, which result in poor rate performance and limited cycled life. Here, we developed N-doped porous carbon fiber derived from Prussian blue and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a self-supporting cathode material for zinc-iodine batteries. The material demonstrates a high iodine adsorption capacity in the electrolyte solution. Density Function Theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the prepared materials demonstrate good catalytic activity. Furthermore, the interconnected carbon fiber network, characterized by high conductivity and a large specific surface area, facilitates rapid electron transport and ion diffusion. Consequently, the zinc-iodine battery demonstrates outstanding rate performance (148mAh g−1 at a high current density of 10 A/g) and a long cycling life of 50,000 cycles, with a capacity retention rate of 72.1 %. Additionally, the battery achieves an impressive calendar life of 8 months and 23 days.

Predictive potentialities of the Quasi-Random Lattice model for electrolyte solutions, discussion and improvement strategies

This article focuses on the predictive potentialities of the Quasi-Random Lattice (QRL) model, developed for describing the activity behaviour of electrolytic solutions, and elaborates strategies for their improvement.First, the study critically discusses the computational-experimental procedure (previously published) for determining the QRL parameterization, whose convergence within few iterations is counterbalanced by known experimental issues concerning, in particular, the mean activity coefficient. An alternative procedure is proposed, that makes use of osmotic data at medium-high concentrations, so as to make QRL more interesting from a practical point of view.Second, the study explores the applicability of the model beyond the concentration ranges earlier considered. To this purpose, the solution density is evaluated in detail. Its thermodynamic relationship with the mean activity coefficient yields a parametric Abel Equation of the Second Kind valid in the medium-high range of concentrations. A further density equation is formulated, useful in the low-medium range, based on a classical power-series combined with appropriate analytical constraints to improve estimation and prediction methods.QRL theory, methods and procedures are applied to binary aqueous solutions at 25°C.

Effect of Aqueous Electrolyte Composition on Efficiency of Electrochemical Post-Processing of Additive Manufacturing Products from Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Obtained by Selective Electron Beam Melting

The influence of the anionic composition of an aqueous electrolyte on the efficiency of the electrochemical leveling of the initial microgeometry of samples obtained by the selective electron beam melting (SEBM) at the following mode parameters was studied: current density – 20 A/cm2, initial interelectrode gap – 0.3 mm, average speed of electrolyte pumping – 12 m/c. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, nitrate, perchlorate and bisalt electrolytes based on them were studied. It was that aqueous solutions of sodium perchlorate have the best microleveling properties among the studied working media, which provides the ability to reduce the parameters Ra and Rz from values of 35 and 180 μm, respectively, to values of 3.2 and 20 μm during electrolysis of 30 s in a direct-flow electrolyzer. It was established that the microgeometry leveling corresponds to the model of the secondary distribution of dissolution rates; two main factors were identified that significantly influenced on the result: polarization of the electrodes and a decrease in the oxidation state of metal ions passing into the solution during electrochemical machining in the vicinity of the depression in relation to the protrusion due to changes in the local conditions of electrolysis. Microetching along grain boundaries in the studied electrolytes was not detected at the accepted parameters of the electrolysis mode.

Different FeS Concentrations for Encapsulating ZIF-67 Nanomaterials toward the Enhanced Oxidation Evolution Reaction.

Due to the slow kinetic nature of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the development of electrocatalysts with high efficiency, stability, and economy for oxygen production using metal-organic framework (MOF) materials is still a challenging research topic. In this work, we chose the different concentrations of FeS adsorption to encapsulate metal cobalt-based ZIF-67 MOF for preparing a series of electrocatalysts (ZIF1FeSx, x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, and 1), which were mainly explored for the electrocatalytic OER. Among them, ZIF1FeS0.5 has excellent electrocatalytic activity for OER, which can be driven by low overpotentials of 276 and 349 mV at 10 and 50 mA cm-2 current densities, and more than 92% of the initial overpotential can be maintained after 100 h of continuous OER at 10 mA cm-2 current density. This is mainly due to the electronic interactions between the cobalt-based MOF and the FeS, which shift the electronic state of the active metal center to a higher valence state for increasing the number of active sites and enhancing the efficiency of electron transfer to facilitate the OER course. This work may contribute to the design of effective catalysts for the OER during the electrolysis of alkaline solutions.

Direct Synthesis of Ti-Al Compound Powders by Electrolysis in Molten LiCl-KCl

The deposition potential difference between Ti and Al is only 70 mV. The deposition reaction of Ti-Al compound happens at the potentials slightly higher than that of metallic Ti and Al. Through galvanostatic electrolysis of mixture solution of Al and Ti ions, all kinds of titanium aluminides can be directly synthesized. The composition of the product compound can be selected through adjusting the combination of Ti and Al ions in the electrolyte.

Unraveling the exceptional kinetics of Zn||organic batteries in hydrated deep eutectic solution

Intuitively, the solvation structure featuring stronger interacted sheath in deep eutectic solution (DES) electrolyte would result in sluggish interfacial charge transfer and intense polarization, which obstructs its practical application in emerging Zn based batteries. Unexpectedly, here we discover a Zn||organic battery with exceptional kinetics properties enabled by a hydrated DES electrolyte, which can render higher discharge capacity, smaller voltage polarization, and faster kinetics of charge transfer in comparison with conventional aqueous 3 M ZnCl2 electrolyte, though its viscosity is two orders of magnitude higher than the latter. The improved kinetics of charge transfer and ion diffusion is demonstrated to originate from the local electron structure regulation of cathode in hydrated DES electrolyte. Furthermore, the DES electrolyte has also been shown to restrict parasitic reaction associated with active water by preferential urea-molecular adsorption on Zn surface and stronger water trapping in solvation structure, giving rise to long-term stable dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping. This work provides a new rationale for understanding electrochemical behaviors of organic cathodes in DES electrolyte, which is conducive to the development of high-performance Zn||organic batteries.

Correlation between Electrolyte Concentration and Lithium Morphology during Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide–Tetraglyme Electrolyte Deposition–Dissolution Reactions

Electrodeposition and chemical dissolution reactions of Li are strongly affected by the electrolyte concentration at the electrode surface. In this study, we investigated the processes involved in the formation of Li deposits at various electrolyte concentrations and different numbers of deposition–dissolution cycles. Growth of the deposits during the cycles was assessed using a digital microscope. The thickness of the fibrous layer was strongly dependent on the electrolyte solute–solvent molar ratio. The thickness of the fibrous layer increased as the number of cycles increased when the electrolyte solute–solvent molar ratio was low but decreased when the molar ratio was high. Temporal changes in the electrolyte concentration and in the diffusion layers near the electrode were identified using a laser interference microscope. The results led us to conclude that there are three fibrous Li deposit growth models that occur at different solvent–solute molar ratios.

Revisiting the catalytic activity of single horseradish peroxidase clusters through electrochemical collision technique: Effect of electrolyte and substrate

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a versatile biosensing label and signal reporter owing to its broad-spectrum catalytic ability. In present work, we characterized HRP's catalytic performance with various substrates using electrochemical collision technique and analyzed the associated electron transfer processes. Different electrolyte solutions greatly affected enzyme dispersibility and zeta potential, thereby impacting HRP collision dynamics in single H2O2 substrate system. The maximum turnover number (kcat) for single HRP molecules was calculated to be 3.611 ± 0.149 × 103 s−1 in 0.85 % NaCl and 2.967 ± 0.286 × 103 s−1 in 0.1 M PBS solution, reflecting differences in cluster size induced by the electrolyte conditions. More severe agglomeration of HRP molecules was observed in double-substrate systems, where the hydrophilic mediator (K4Fe(CN)6) and lipophilic mediator (ABTS) served as electron donors and signal reporters. The calculated kcat value of single HRP molecules in ABTS-H2O2 was 7.6 times higher than that in K4Fe(CN)6–H2O2. This difference is attributed to mediators' solubility, lipophilicity, and HRP's affinity for different substrates, with HRP demonstrated stronger affinity for ABTS-H2O2 substrates, which realized more efficient electron transfer and compensated for the low diffusion coefficient of ABTS. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of electrolytes and substrates on HRP collision and catalytic behavior, offering valuable insights for the advanced design of HRP-based biosensors and diagnostic platforms.

Generation of superoxide ions in the electrochemical reduction of molecular oxygen in concentrated lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide aqueous solutions

Electrolytic generation of superoxide ions (O2•-) from the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) was previously successful only by the formation of a hydrophobic reaction field on an electrode surface. However, in our study, O2•- was generated in concentrated lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) aqueous solutions that can be confirmed electrochemically or spectroscopically. In the concentrated LiTFSI aqueous solution, O2•- was more stable than it is in normal aqueous solutions, but it was not as stable as it is in organic solvents. When other related-concentrated electrolyte solutions are used, the electrolysis of O2•- greatly varies depending on the types of cations and anions used as electrolytes. Thus, a synergistic effect of reducing free water with cations and creating a hydrophobic atmosphere with anions was achieved.

Efficient sensitive detection of nitrite with Binary Y/Fe-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite by electrochemical approaches

Low-dimensional metal nanoparticles (MNPs) intercalated with three-dimensional multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) materials may be combined to produce new nanocomposites for enhancing their chemical, structural, and morphological features. These composites have interesting physical and chemical characteristics that can be used in electrochemical sensing systems that work significantly well. This research presents a new method for detecting nitrite using an electrochemical sensor that utilizes a flat-electrode made of GCE fabricated by nanocomposite of MWCNTs intercalated with yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) as Y/Fe-MWCNT at higher temperature. FT-IR, UV–vis., SEM, powder XRD, EDS, BET, and TEM were significantly used to characterize in detail the nanocomposite after its preparation by the solid-state chemical approach. Using CV, LSV, and EIS techniques, the electrochemical attributes of both the bare and Y/Fe-MWCNT fabricated electrodes (with the help of 5 % Nafion as conducting coating binder) were investigated. In addition, the linear relationship between nitrite concentration and peak current of LSV was seen between 1.0 and 1.6 M, with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.027 M. When compared to modified electrodes with nitrite, the electrocatalytic behavior of the nanocomposite electrode is enhanced significantly. At applied potential window of −0.1 to +1.8 V, the Y/Fe-MWCNT sensor shows good selectivity even when there are a lot of interfering chemicals and metal ions. In addition, different PBS electrolyte solutions with pH values ranging from 6.5 to 8 were used to study the prepared sensor. The standard addition method was employed to detect the unidentified nitrite concentration in various real samples including sea water, industrial wastewater, and well water. It introduced a new route for the development of noble sensor probe with nanocomposite materials by electrochemical approach for the safety of environmental and health care field in a broad scale.

Tuning Electrochemical Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Films through Metal Oxide Incorporation

AbstractWith the escalating global energy demand, the exploration of alternative, easily accessible, and cost‐effective energy sources has become imperative. The diminishing reserves of conventional energy resources underscore the urgency to transition towards renewable energy. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have gained prominence for energy storage electrochemical devices due to their high flexibility and favorable electrode–electrolyte interactions. This study focuses on synthesizing nano cuprous oxide (CuO) semiconductors via the precipitation method. The prepared CuO nanofiller is homogeneously dispersed into a polymer electrolyte solution. Utilizing the solution cast method, free‐standing polymer electrolyte films are fabricated, exhibiting commendable mechanical stability. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) serves as the host material, with potassium iodide (KI) salt, forming the basis for the polymer electrolyte. The resultant electrolyte films underwent comprehensive characterization for their electrical and optical properties. The investigation aims to identify the optimal composition of the electrolyte film with superior conductivity. The selected composition will be employed in the fabrication of various electrochemical devices, demonstrating the potential for enhanced energy storage applications. This work not only contributes to the synthesis of advanced solid polymer electrolyte films but also paves the way for the development of efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions in the realm of renewable energy technologies.

Co-effect of perchlorate anions and hydrated protons on the electrochemical formation of Adams’ catalyst

The structure and morphology of oxide on the metal electrodes are strongly linked with the activity and stability of the electrocatalysts. Herein, the novel co-effect of anion and hydrated proton on structure of PtO2 formation is observed during the oxidation of water on Pt(100) preferentially oriented nanoparticles with in situ Raman spectroscopy and XPS. Higher concentrations (≥1.5 M) of non-specifically adsorbed perchlorate in 0.1 M perchloric acid solution facilitated the formation of crystalline α−PtO2 during the electro−oxidation of Pt(100), and no crystalline α−PtO2 was obtained without acid. Higher acidity electrolyte solution favors the formation of crystalline α–PtO2, indicating that proton plays a key role since specifically adsorbed sulfate without sulfuric acid did not lead to the formation of crystalline α–PtO2. A model containing anions, protons, and water molecules co-adsorbed on the Pt surface is constructed during density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which well explains the formation of crystalline α–PtO2 depending on anion and proton. The study findings provide an alternate approach for environmentally friendly and controllable preparation of Adams’ catalyst and an atomic–level understanding of oxide formation on Pt electrodes, which is essential for developing the next–generation electro-catalyst with exceptional performance and stability.

Synergistic advancements in battery-grade energy storage: Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI) hybrid electrode material as a enhanced electrocatalyst for hydrogen reduction reaction

The inherent stratified arrangement, narrow energy band gap, and similar electrical conductivity of two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) have attracted considerable interest for their use in supercapacitors. Integrating Niobium Carbide (Nb2C) into the MXene framework significantly improves self-aggregation and electrochemical activity. The current work, Nb2C/MoTe2 was synthesized via a cost-effective and simple hydrothermal technique. However, the Nb2C/MoTe2 nanocomposite shows pronounced self-stacking problems during electrode fabrication, which can significantly restrict the capacity for storing charge. PANI was incorporated as a dopant to address these challenges and enhance electrochemical activity, such as Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI). The performance of supercapacitors was assessed by electrochemical measurement in an aqueous electrolytic solution with a concentration of 2 M potassium hydroxide (KOH). Based on the GCD profile, the Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI) material demonstrates a notable specific capacity (Qs) of 270 C/g, energy density of 72.2 Wh/kg, and power density of 935 W/kg at a current density of 2 A g-1. In contrast, the composite material demonstrates a specific capacity of 185 C/g, as proven by CV conducted at 5 mV/s. In addition, the nanohybrid has a high level of capacitance retention of 87.6 % after undergoing 8500 consecutive cycles. The exceptional efficiency of supercapacitor applications can be ascribed to the enhanced mechanical flexibility, active cooperation, and synergistic impacts of Nb2C/MoTe2 and PANI. The Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI) nanocomposite possesses significant potential for eco-friendly energy generation and allows for a simple single-step fabrication procedure. Consequently, it can serve as an electrode for highly efficient supercapacitors.