Carbohydrate Solution Research Articles

Поляриметрия как метод изучения структуры водных растворов углеводов: корреляция с другими методами

Поляриметрия как метод изучения структуры водных растворов углеводов: корреляция с другими методами

Sports Drink Intake Pattern Affects Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Running.

This study aimed to determine whether the pattern of carbohydrate sports drink ingestion during prolonged submaximal running affects exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates and gastrointestinal (GI) comfort. Twelve well-trained male runners (27 ± 7 yr; 67.9 ± 6.7 kg; V˙O2peak, 68 ± 7 mL·kg·min) completed two exercise trials of 100 min steady-state running at 70%V˙O2peak. In each of the trials, 1 L of a 10% dextrose solution, enriched with [U-C] glucose, was consumed as either 200 mL every 20 min (CHO-20) or 50 mL every 5 min (CHO-5). Expired breath and venous blood samples were collected at rest and every 20 min during exercise. Subjective scales of GI comfort were recorded at regular intervals. Average exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were 23% higher during exercise in CHO-20 (0.38 ± 0.11 vs 0.31 ± 0.11 g·min; P = 0.017). Peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was also higher in CHO-20 (0.68 ± 0.14 g·min vs 0.61 ± 0.14 g·min; P = 0.004). During exercise, total carbohydrate oxidation (CHO-20, 2.15 ± 0.47; CHO-5, 2.23 ± 0.45 g·min, P = 0.412) and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation (CHO-20, 1.78 ± 0.45; CHO-5, 1.92 ± 0.40 g·min; P = 0.148) were not different between trials. Average serum glucose (P = 0.952) and insulin (P = 0.373) concentrations were not different between trials. There were no differences in reported symptoms of GI comfort and stomach bloatedness (P > 0.05), with only 3% of reported scores classed as severe (≥5 out of 10). Ingestion of a larger volume of carbohydrate solution at less frequent intervals during prolonged submaximal running increased exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates. Neither drinking pattern resulted in increased markers of GI discomfort to a severe level.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse has no effects on behavioral or neuroelectric indices of cognition

Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate solution has been suggested as a means to enhance aspects of both physical and cognitive performance. However, evidence in support of these assertions is relatively weak. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a carbohydrate mouth rinse solution on motor speed, inhibition, and sustained attention as indexed by both behavioral and neuroelectric measures. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects crossover design, 50 college-aged young adults performed a battery of cognitive tasks both before and after rinsing their mouth for 10 s with 20 mL of either a carbohydrate mouth rinse solution or a sensory-matched placebo control solution. A simple tapping task was used as a measure of motor speed, a modified Eriksen flanker task was used to index inhibition, and a rapid visual information processing task was used as a measure of sustained attention. Participants demonstrated longer reaction times in the Flanker task after rinsing their mouths with the carbohydrate mouth rinse, relative to pretest. No differences in reaction time were observed for the placebo control condition. P3 latency in the Flanker task as an index of attentional processing speed was shorter at posttest than at pretest in the placebo control – but not the carbohydrate mouth rinse – condition. These results suggest that despite claims of cognitive enhancement, carbohydrate mouth rinses do not appear to alter motor speed, inhibition, or sustained attention as compared to a placebo control in non-physically-fatigued college-aged adults.

Study of the Hydrosilicate Phases Formation Process of Portland Cement with Disaccharide Additives

The article is devoted to the study of the cement stone hydrate phases formation in the presence of significant amounts (2%) of isomeric disaccharides - sucrose, maltose and lactose. Attention to disaccharides as modifying agents of cement stone is due to their ability to influence the ratio of high and low density cement gels in the composition of cement stone. To implement Portland cement hydration process in the presence of significant amounts of disaccharides cement grinding in the presence of carbohydrate solutions was used. It was found that the molecular structure of carbohydrate does not affect the elemental and phase composition of hydration products. Hydrosilicates in the presence of carbohydrates and aside of the molecular structure of the latter form the phases of the cryptocrystalline structure. The formation of cryptocrystalline phases is accompanied by occlusion of disaccharides; the residual content of disaccharides in the liquid phase of suspensions does not exceed 0.3% of the initial amount of modifying carbohydrate.

Pectin-Alginate Does Not Further Enhance Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation in Running.

Maximizing carbohydrate availability is important for many endurance events. Combining pectin and sodium alginate with ingested maltodextrin-fructose (MAL + FRU + PEC + ALG) has been suggested to enhance carbohydrate delivery via hydrogel formation, but the influence on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation remains unknown. The primary aim of this study was to assess the effects of MAL + FRU + PEC + ALG on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise compared with a maltodextrin-fructose mixture (MAL + FRU). MAL + FRU has been well established to increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during cycling compared with glucose-based carbohydrates (MAL + GLU). However, much evidence focuses on cycling, and direct evidence in running is lacking. Therefore, a secondary aim was to compare exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates with MAL + FRU versus MAL + GLU during running. Nine trained runners completed two trials (MAL + FRU and MAL + FRU + PEC + ALG) in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. A subset (n = 7) also completed a MAL + GLU trial to address the secondary aim, and a water trial to establish background expired CO2 enrichment. Participants ran at 60% V˙O2peak for 120 min while ingesting either water only or carbohydrate solutions at a rate of 1.5 g carbohydrate per minute. At the end of 120 min of exercise, exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were 0.9 (SD 0.5) g·min with MAL + GLU ingestion. MAL + FRU ingestion increased exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates to 1.1 (SD 0.3) g·min (P = 0.038), with no further increase with MAL + FRU + PEC + ALG ingestion (1.1 (SD 0.3) g·min; P = 1.0). No time-treatment interaction effects were observed for plasma glucose, lactate, insulin, or nonesterified fatty acids, or for ratings of perceived exertion or gastrointestinal symptoms (all, P > 0.05). To maximize exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during moderate-intensity running, athletes may benefit from consuming glucose(polymer)-fructose mixtures over glucose-based carbohydrates alone, but the addition of pectin and sodium alginate offers no further benefit.

Oral Carbohydrate Administration in Patients Undergoing Cephalomedullary Nailing for Proximal Femur Fractures: An Analysis of Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of oral carbohydrate intake for cephalomedullary nailing on proximal femoral fractures and patient satisfaction.Subjects and Methods:88 patients were admitted to our hospital with proximal femoral fracture from July 2019 to December 2019. All patients were treated with closed reduction and internal fixation (CR&IF, Cephalomedullary nailing) under spinal anesthesia. The exclusion criteria included the presence of endocrine disorders including diabetes mellitus (DM), patients treated with steroids, and cognitive impairment. Additionally, those with fasting blood glucose levels above 126 mg / dl or HbA1C> 6.5% were considered as having undiagnosed DM. After obtaining informed consent, the subjects were randomized into either the preoperative oral carbohydrate (POC) group or control group. Patients who were assembled into the control group fasted including water from midnight of the day of the surgical procedure according to the conventional method. Patients assembled into the POC group received 400 ml of oral carbohydrate solution (Nucare NONPO, DAESANG, 12.8%, 1 kcal/ml)) between 21-24 hours on the day before operation and 400 ml oral carbohydrate solution 2 hours before the administration of anesthesia. Serum glucose on the day before operation at 7 am (before breakfast, baseline), immediately before anesthesia, at skin incision, 1 hour, 4 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours after anesthesia, and 3 days after surgery (before breakfast) was measured, and insulin, cortisol, and IL-6 were measured at baseline 7 am at day before operation, immediately before anesthesia, 4 hours and 24 hours after anesthesia, and 3 days after surgery (before breakfast). The patients completed questionnaires about their satisfaction (thirst, hunger, nausea and vomiting, and anxiety) in the morning (before the surgery) on the day of the surgery. Additionally, the length of hospital stay (LOS) and preoperative opioid usage was also investigated.Results:The operative characteristics of the patients did not differ between the groups except for the actual fasting time. The glucose levels were higher in the control group at skin incision; however, there were no significant differences in both groups at other time points. Additionally, insulin, insulin resistance, cortisol, and IL-6 also did not differ significantly between the 2 groups at all time-points. Among the factors related to patient satisfaction, the POC group showed significantly higher scores for thirst and hunger factors and shorter LOS than the control group.Conclusion:The intake of oral carbohydrates in patients treated with closed reduction and internal fixation for proximal femoral fractures does not affect the improvement of post-operative insulin resistance. However, there was significant improvement in patients’ thirst and hunger before surgery and LOS.

Can Milk Affect Recovery from Simulated Team-Sport Match Play?

This study investigated the effects of cow’s milk on recovery from repeated simulated team games (STGs) in females. Twenty female team-sport athletes completed an STG circuit (2x ~ 30 min, with 10 min ‘half-time’). Measures of muscle function, soreness and tiredness, symptoms of stress and serum markers of muscle damage and oxidative stress were determined pre- and 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h following the circuit. At 48 h, a second STG was completed. Sprint performance (5 m, 15 m), lap time, countermovement jump (CMJ), heart rate and RPE were recorded during each STG. Immediately following each STG, participants consumed either 500 mL of cow’s milk (MILK) or 500 mL of an energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO) solution. Compared to CHO, MILK had a beneficial effect in attenuating losses in peak torque for knee extension (60°/s) (likely; effect size (ES) = 0.26 to 0.28) knee flexion (60°/s) (likely; ES = 0.45 to 0.61). A benefit for MILK was observed for 5 m sprint (possible-likely; ES = 0.40 to 0.58), 10 m sprint (likely; ES = 0.30 to 0.53) and symptoms of stress (likely–very likely, small). Mostly unclear outcomes for other variables were observed. For STG variables, trivial (HR, CMJ) and unclear (5 m sprint, 15 m sprint, lap-time, RPE) outcomes were recorded. In conclusion, the consumption of 500 mL of milk attenuated losses in muscle function and perceptions of stress following repeated simulated team-sports games. However, further investigation is warranted to determine whether MILK can influence subsequent team-sport performance.

Оцінка екзогенної дії розчинів вуглеводів та етанолу на печінку щурів

The results of studies of exogenous action of glucose and ethanol solutions on the rat organism with description and demonstration of pathological changes of the liver are presented in the article. Prolonged action of ethanol and its metabolism products on the liver, especially acetaldehyde, and under conditions of enhancement by other factors (for example, carbohydrate solutions), leads to impaired function and causes significant morphological changes. Morphofunctional disorders of the liver, in turn, can provoke some serious animal complications, one of which is type 2 diabetes. This is due to the crucial role of the liver in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Type 2 diabetes became a widespread disease in pets in recent years, which is primarily related to their diet. The effects of this disease are reduced productivity, stunted growth and high early mortality in animals. A study of one of the most important indicators of carbohydrate metabolism - serum glucose content, showed that animals that regularly consumed a carbohydrate solution (by drinking way) for 23 days had a 54% increase in blood glucose, while in rats with additional alcohol load in the diet (ethanol solution in combination with glucose solution) - by 77% compared to control. Carrying out histological studies in experimental animals revealed the development of pathological changes, which depending on the conditions of the experiment had different severity. In particular, when consuming carbohydrate solution by drinking way, the animals developed: granular hepatocyte dystrophy and histiocytic infiltration of the interparticle connective tissue. In animals treated with a carbohydrate solution in combination with ethanol, granular and hyaline-drip hepatocytes, histiocytic infiltration of the interparticle connective tissue, and cholestasis in the bile ducts were detected.

Hydrolysis and transgalactosylation catalysed by β-galactosidase from brush border membrane vesicles isolated from pig small intestine: A study using lactulose and its mixtures with lactose or galactose as substrates.

Enzymatic transgalactosylation, in different concentrated carbohydrate solutions, was investigated using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from the pig small intestine. When lactulose was incubated with BBMV, the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme towards the disaccharide was observed to be very low compared to that towards the lactose, but the linkage specificity β-(1→3), previously observed in lactose solutions, was not significantly affected. As in the case of lactose, lactulose transgalactosylation by BBMV synthesizes the corresponding 3'-galactosyl derivative (β-Gal-(1→3)-β-Gal-(1→4)-β-Fru). Fructose released during lactulose hydrolysis was found to be good acceptor for the transgalactosylation reaction, giving rise to the synthesis of the disaccharide β-Gal-(1→5)-Fru. When incubating an 80/20 mixture of lactulose/galactose, the presence of galactose did not affect the qualitative composition of the transglycosylated substrate but enhanced the synthesis of β-Gal-(1→5)-Fru and decreased the synthesis of β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds. The marked tendency for synthesizing this linkage indicates that under hydrolytic conditions, β-Gal-(1→3)-Gal- and β-Gal-(1→5)-Fru glycosidic bonds would be preferentially digested.

Study on the interactions of drug isoniazid in aqueous-D-xylose/L-arabinose solutions at different temperatures using volumetric, acoustic and viscometric approaches

Volumetric, acoustic and viscometric properties of drug isoniazid in water and aqueous solutions of carbohydrates, D-xylose and L-arabinose (5% and 10% D-xylose/L-arabinose in water, w/w) were studied at various temperatures, T = (293.15–318.15) K and at atmospheric temperature. The apparent molar volumes, Vϕ and apparent molar compressibilities, Ks,ϕ were calculated from the experimentally measured densities and ultrasonic speeds. Limiting apparent molar volumes, Vϕ°, limiting apparent molar compressibilities, Ks,ϕ°, limiting molar expansibilities, Eϕ° and their corresponding transfer volumes, Vϕ,tr° and transfer compressibilities, Ks,ϕ,tr° of drug isoniazid from water to aqueous carbohydrate solutions were also evaluated. Falkenhagen Coefficients, A, Jones-Dole coefficients, B, variation of B with temperature, dB/dT, free energies of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°# and per mole of solute, Δμ2°#, enthalpies, ΔH°# and entropies, ΔS°# of activation of viscous flow were calculated from the viscosity measurements. The negative sign of dB/dT indicated the structure making ability of the drug isoniazid. The results obtained have been discussed in terms of solute-solvent interactions in order to understand the solvation behaviour of isoniazid in these aqueous-carbohydrate solutions.

Solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions of drug sodium salicylate in aqueous-glucose/sucrose solutions at temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K: A physicochemical study

Physical properties like ultrasonic speed and compressibility give us an idea about the type of interactions prevailing in the solutions. Keeping this in view, we have measured the densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of the drug sodium salicylate in water and in aqueous−D-glucose/d-sucrose (5 wt% and 10 wt% glucose/sucrose in water) solvents at different temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. These experimental values have been used to calculate apparent molar volumes, Vϕ and apparent molar compressibilities, Ks,ϕ, limiting apparent molar volumes, Vϕ° and limiting apparent molar compressibilities, Ks,ϕ°. The transfer volumes, Vϕ,tr° and transfer compressibilities, Ks,ϕ,tr° of sodium salicylate from water to aqueous carbohydrate solutions were also calculated. The co-sphere model has been used to interpret the transfer molar properties. Using the η data, the viscosity A and B coefficients have been calculated. The variation of viscosity B coefficient with respect to temperature, i.e., dB/dT have been investigated, the sign of which is indicative of the structure making/breaking ability of the drug in these media. The free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°# and per mole of solute, Δμ2°#, enthalpies, ΔHο# and entropy, ΔSο# of activation of viscous flow, were also obtained from the viscosity data. The results obtained are discussed in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions prevailing in these solutions.

The Effects of Sintering Conditions on Selective Inhibition Sintering Process for Bronze

Selective inhibition sintering (SIS) process is a relatively new additive manufacturing technology that builds parts on a layer-by-layer basis. This new process has been of high interest in recent years. The principal idea of the SIS process for metallic parts is based on the retardation of selected segments of each powder layer from sintering. In this process, the inhibitor, which is an inorganic salt solution or a carbohydrate solution (sucrose), is printed on the boundary of each metal powder layer cross-section to form the green part. During bulk sintering, the inhibitor decomposes to second-phase particles. The decomposed solid particles cover the surface of affected metal powder particles and exert a retarding force on the surface movement, which results in sintering retardation in the printed sections. In this article, the effects of inhibitor and sintering conditions on the SIS process for bronze were investigated. Retardation from sintering was studied for bronze inhibited by sucrose through the SIS process. The mechanical properties of the printed and nonprinted sections under different sintering conditions were characterized by the aid of design of experiments methodology. The characterizations were conducted by measuring the mechanical properties of metallic parts under different sintering temperature and sintering time. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques were used to study the printed sections after sintering.

Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Upper Body Resistance Exercise Performance.

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to enhance aerobic exercise performance, but there is limited research with resistance exercise (RE). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinsing during a high-volume upper body RE protocol on performance, heart rate responses, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal. Recreationally experienced resistance-trained males (N = 17, age: 21 ± 1years, height: 177.3 ± 5.2cm, mass: 83.5 ± 9.3kg) completed three experimental sessions, with the first serving as familiarization to the RE protocol. During the final two trials, the participants rinsed a 25-ml solution containing either a 6% carbohydrate solution or an artificially flavored placebo in a randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blinded fashion. The participants rinsed a total of nine times immediately before beginning the protocol and 20s before repetitions to failure with the exercises bench press, bent-over row, incline bench press, close-grip row, hammer curls, skull crushers (all completed at 70% one-repetition maximum), push-ups, and pull-ups. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal were measured at the baseline and immediately after each set of repetitions to failure. There were no differences for the total repetitions completed (carbohydrate = 203 ± 25 repetitions vs. placebo = 201 ± 23 repetitions, p = .46, Cohen's d = 0.10). No treatment differences were observed for heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, or felt arousal (p > .05). Although carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to be effective in increasing aerobic performance, the results from this investigation show no benefit in RE performance in resistance-trained males.

GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION: EFFECTS ON GROWTH HORMONE AND TIME-TRIAL PERFORMANCE AFTER PROLONGED EXERCISE

Dietary glutamine supplementation has been proposed as a potential aid to athletic performance. The purpose of the investigation was to determine if glutamine supplementation might improve cycling performance, perhaps by stimulating growth hormone release, in athletes consuming a high-carbohydrate diet. Six trained young adult men participated in two four-day supplementation trials. In both trials, the subjects underwent an identical carbohydrate-loading regimen of controlled diet (75% carbohydrate) and exercise. The only difference in the trials was whether the subjects ingested dietary supplements of glutamine or glucose placebo. During the first three days of each trial, the diets were supplemented with either glutamine or glucose placebo at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight (~10.4 g/d). On the fourth day, the supplements were dissolved in a sports drink (4 g/L). The sports drink initially contained a 6% solution of carbohydrate. On the fourth day the subjects ingested 7 ml/kg of the supplemented sports drink 2 h before exercise, 5 ml/kg 1 h before exercise, and 3 ml/kg after 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min of exercise. The total amount of glutamine supplement or placebo consumed on the fourth day was 108 mg/kg or about 7.4 g, of which 3.3 g were consumed before and 4.1 g during exercise. On the fourth day, subjects completed 90 min of cycle ergometry, divided into six 15-min periods, each of which included in sequence 12 min @75% VO2max, 1 min @ 120% VO2max, and 2 min @ 50% VO2max. The 90 min exercise session was immediately followed by 15 min of rest and then a final 20-km time trial at ~85% VO2max. Plasma concentrations of glycerol and free fatty acids and serum growth hormone concentrations were measured before and during exercise, and time-trial performance was recorded. Times (± SEM) to complete the 20-km performance rides were 31.03 ± 0.58 min for the placebo trial and 30.93 ± 0.60 min for the glutamine trial and were not significantly different (P>0.05). There were also no significant effects on serum growth hormone or on plasma glycerol or free fatty acids attributable to glutamine supplementation at any sampling time. In summary, we found no evidence that glutamine supplementation in moderate dosages has any effect on circulating growth hormone, glycerol, or free fatty acids or on time-trial performance in athletes who consume a high-carbohydrate diet

Licking microstructure and hedonic changes after flavour preference learning in rats.

Pairing a neutral flavour conditioned stimulus (CS) with a nutrient reward will create a learned preference for that CS. Prior studies suggest that this is accompanied by an increase in the hedonic value of the CS, although the reliability of this effect is yet to be fully established. Here, flavour CS+s were mixed with either 16% sucrose or maltodextrin (with control CS-s mixed with 2% solutions of the same carbohydrate). While a reliable preference for the CS+ was seen in every case, and there was a learned increase in lick cluster size when all conditions were considered together, this difference was significant in only one experimental condition considered alone. A meta-analysis of these results and similar published licking microstructure analysis studies found that the Cohen's dav effect size for changes in licking microstructure after flavour preference learning was 0.16. This is far smaller than the effect sizes reported when assessing learned hedonic changes in flavour preference based on other test or training methods. Although this confirms that flavour preference learning produces hedonic changes in the cue flavours, the analysis of licking microstructure with training based on voluntary consumption of CS and unconditioned stimulus (US) compounds may be an insensitive means of assessing such effects.

An efficient hydrothermal transformation approach for construction of controllable carbon coating on carbon fiber from renewable carbohydrate

Abstract Smooth, uniform and controllable hydrothermal carbon coatings (HTCCs) had been successfully constructed on the carbon fibers through the efficient hydrothermal transformation approach from renewable carbohydrate. The thickness of HTCC could be effectively tailored from nano-scale to micro-scale by just adjusting the concentration of carbohydrate solution and the oxygen content in the HTCC could be significantly controlled through the high-temperature treatment. As for the growth model of the HTCC, FeCl3 played a critical role in improving the transformation from glucose to the dehydrated intermediate, mainly composed of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and promoting the conversion from HMF to carbonaceous structure, subsequently. The efficient and scalable preparation route not only offered promising prospects for radically substituting the traditional methods to prepare the carbon coating, but also provided a novel surface modification strategy of carbon fibers in the fields of carbon fiber reinforced composites and flexible textile electronic devices.

Does Pattern of Drink Intake Affect Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation During Prolonged Submaximal Running?

Marathons and half-marathons usually position drink stations every 5 km, providing opportunity for fast runners to consume fluid and carbohydrate approximately every 15-20 min. In recent attempts to break the marathon world record, drinks have been provided at more frequent intervals, often in smaller volumes. PURPOSE: To determine how the pattern of carbohydrate ingestion during running affects exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates and measures of gastrointestinal (GI) comfort. METHODS: Twelve well-trained male runners (27 ± 7 y, 67.9 ± 6.7 kg, V̇O2peak: 68 ± 7 mL/kg/min) completed three exercise trials of 100 min steady state running at 70% V̇O2peak. During the first trial, 200 mL water was consumed every 20 min and results were used for background correction of 13CO2 breath enrichment. In the final two trials a 1 L volume of a 10% dextrose solution, enriched with [U-13C] glucose, was consumed at a rate of either 200 mL every 20 min (CHO-20) or 50 mL every 5 min (CHO-5). Expired breath and venous blood samples were collected at rest and every 20 min during exercise. Subjective scales of GI comfort were recorded at regular intervals. RESULTS: Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were higher after 80 (0.58 ± 0.16 v 0.48 ± 0.16 g/min; P =0.020) and 100 min (0.67 ± 0.14 v 0.58 ± 0.15 g/min; P =0.016) of running in CHO-20 compared to CHO-5. During exercise, total carbohydrate oxidation rates were similar between trials and remained within a range of 2.0 to 2.5 g/min (P>0.168). Oxidation of endogenous carbohydrate was lower in CHO-20 (1.87 ± 0.37 v 2.08 ± 0.44 g/min; P<0.05). Serum glucose concentration increased above 5 mmol/L after drink ingestion, remaining elevated throughout exercise with no difference between trials (P =0.095). There were no differences in reported symptoms of GI comfort (P >0.05), with no subject reporting severe symptoms (all < 6) in either trial. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of a larger volume of carbohydrate solution at less frequent intervals increased exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates, resulting in similar rates of total carbohydrate oxidation but with reduced contribution from endogenous carbohydrate stores.

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Decreases Time to Complete a Simulated Cycling Time Trial.

Rinsing carbohydrate solutions in the mouth can produce positive effects on the central nervous system via mouth/tongue receptors, ultimately increasing cycling performance. However, previous investigations on this topic have used complex carbohydrate solutions and time trials on a cyclergometer to complete a set amount of work. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on physical performance by using a commercially available drink during a cycling time trial with varying slopes. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized manner, 16 well-trained cyclists (37.6 ± 3.5 years; 76.9 ± 7.9 kg) performed two simulated cycling time trial (25.3 km) with their own bikes on a 3D virtual trainer. In one occasion, participants mouth-rinsed a 6.4% carbohydrate mixed solution for 5 s each 12.5% of total completion of the trial; in other occasion participants rinsed with a taste-matched placebo with 0.0% of carbohydrate. During the trials, participants were instructed to perform as fast as possible at a self-chosen pace while time, cycling power output and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained during the trials. When compared to the placebo, carbohydrate mouth rinse decreased the time employed to complete the distance (2,960 ± 412 vs. 2,888 ± 396 s; P = 0.04, respectively), while it increased overall cycling power (222 ± 51 vs. 231 ± 46 w, P = 0.04) and cycling power during the climbing sections (238 ± 46 vs. 248 ± 47 w, P = 0.03). Carbohydrate mouth rinse also increased the rating of perceived exertion at the end of the trial (18.3 ± 1.7 vs. 18.9 ± 1.1 arbitrary units, P = 0.04). In summary, mouth rinsing with a commercially available carbohydrate drink might be considered as an effective strategy to increase physical performance during cycling time trials. However, due to the performance downsides of breaking the aero-position or interrupting the breathing pattern for rising during a time trial, carbohydrate mouth rinse protocols might be more suitable for high-intensity training sessions, particularly those sessions intentionally performed with low carbohydrate intake.

The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on physical performance during a 24.5 km cycling time trial

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinse on physical performance during a 24.5 km cycling time trial. Twenty trained cyclists (41.0±10.5 years; 76.9 ± 7.9 kg of body mass) performed two indoor trainer cycling time trials in a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind and crossover experimental design. In one occasion participants mouth-rinsed a 6.4% carbohydrate mixed solution (CHO) and in other occasion participants rinsed with a taste-matched placebo (PLA) for 5 seconds each 12.5% of total completion of the trial. During the trials, participants were instructed to perform as fast as possible at a self-chosen pace. Time, cycling power output and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained during the trial. There were no statistical differences in the time employed to complete the distance with CHO and PLA (2941 ± 391 vs 2986 ± 383 s; p = 0.252, respectively) with an effect size (ES) of 0.12. Similarly, average power output during the trial presented no difference between treatments (223.8 ± 50.69 vs. 218.4 ± 47.3 W, p = 0.280; ES = 0.12). CHO was ineffective to improve climbing power output (241.6 ± 45.5 vs. 234.1 ± 42.6 W, p = 0.116; ES = 0.18), peak power output during the sprint (729.4 ± 270.5 vs. 695.8 ± 235.4 W, p = 0.375; ES = 0.14) and the ratings of perceived exertion (16.00 ± 1.34 vs. 15.35 ± 1.76, p = 0.061; ES = 0.37%). Mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate solution did not improve physical performance during cycling time trial in trained male cyclists.

Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates on patients undergoing ESD surgery under general anesthesia: A randomized control study.

Background:Preoperative oral carbohydrate (POC) has been recommended as an important element of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol, but its effect on patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains unclear. Our study aims to investigate the effects of POC for ESD surgery, with particular focus on perioperative well-being and gastric peristalsis.Methods:A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of patients undergoing ESD was conducted. Seventy-three patients were assigned to 2 groups: experiment (36 patients) and control (37 patients). The experiment group received oral carbohydrate solution 710 mL the night before and 355 mL 2 hours prior to operation. The control group fasted for 10 hours prior to operation. Gastric empty assessment, peristaltic score, and operation score were measured. In addition, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for 6 parameters (thirst, hunger, mouth dryness, nausea, vomit, and weakness) of wellbeing were compared perioperatively. Preoperative basic conditions of patients, postoperative complications, and their clinical outcomes were also recorded.Results:Before anesthesia induction, gastric sonography score was higher in experiment group, while sucked fluid by gastroscopy was similar between 2 groups. And no patient had regurgitation. Moreover, gastric peristaltic score and operation score before operation were both lower in experiment group. Importantly, VAS scores for 3 parameters (thirst, hunger, and mouth dryness) were significantly lower in experiment patients. In addition, clinical outcomes including first time exhaust, first time for drinking water, the usage of hemostasis, postoperative complication, lengths of hospital stay, and in-hospital expense were not significantly different between 2 groups.Conclusions:Oral administration of carbohydrates preoperatively instead of fasting improves the feelings of thirst, hunger, and mouth dryness in patients following ESD surgery without enhancing risk of regurgitation. And, avoiding preoperative fasting with POC can decrease the degree of gastric peristalsis that may facilitate the successful completion of ESD surgery.