Carbohydrate Solution Research Articles

The Effect of Mouth Rinsing of Carbohydrate Solution on Physical Performance and Some Physiological Variables

The Effect of Mouth Rinsing of Carbohydrate Solution on Physical Performance and Some Physiological Variables

Development of polarizable and hydration-focused water models for the Martini 3 force field

Coarse-grained simulations have been increasingly employed in many fields of molecular chemistry. These models enable the evaluation of complex molecular structures by simplifying their description compared to all-atoms models. Specifically, the Martini 3 force field has been developed to describe biomolecular structures such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Their “building block” approach has been successfully used in modeling complex systems ranging from carbohydrate solutions, biological membranes, and even deep eutectic solvents. However, one main issue arises when considering interfacial systems: water is represented as a single particle with no effect of electrostatic interactions. In this work, we developed a polarizable water model for the Martini 3 force field, introducing charged particles to model the electrostatic interactions present in water systems accurately. Gaussian Processes were trained with simulation data for both bulk water and cross-interaction parameterization to consistently explore the parameter space and fine-tune our model to the target properties. The developed model showed good performance in reproducing the density and dielectric constant of bulk water. Regarding cross-interaction with other beads, two different sets of parameters were developed. The first, called the polarizable model, is parameterized to reproduce the hydration free energies of the original Martini 3 organic beads. This allows for a good description of free energies of transfer between water and organic phases, the main target property for the Martini 3 force field. The second, called the polarizable-hydration model, is parameterized to match the experimental hydration free energy of selected molecules. This allows for more accurate evaluation of hydration properties, which can be useful for water solutions. In particular, we show that the partitioning and interfacial behavior of nonionic surfactants is improved by the polarizable-hydration model when compared to the standard Martini 3 water model.

Effects of oral carbohydrate loading in patients scheduled for painless bidirectional endoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial

PurposeTraditional fasting causes considerable discomfort without added assurance of security, whereas oral carbohydrate beverage offers an alternative to improve medical experience. This study aims to explore the impact of different types and dosages of oral fluids loading before painless bidirectional endoscopy on the gastric emptying and wellbeing.Methods180 patients arranged for bidirectional endoscopy with intravenous anesthesia were randomized: patients in the control group (Group C) obeyed standard fasting; the 200 mL carbohydrate group (Group P1), 400 mL carbohydrate group (Group P2), 200 mL water group (Group W1) and 400 mL water group (Group W2) respectively consumed 200 mL or 400 mL corresponding clear liquids 2 h before the procedure. Gastric emptying metrics under ultrasound, subjective comfort indexes, periprocedural blood glucose and vital signs were contrasted among the groups.ResultsNo significant differences were detected in the gastric emptying including CSA (cross-sectional area), GV (gastric volume), cGV (corrected gastric volume) and the three-point grading system among groups, and none had a cGV > 1.5 mL/kg before anesthesia. Participants in Group P2 experienced less preprocedural thirst and mouth dryness, so as the postprocedural thirst, mouth dryness and hunger. Periprocedural blood glucose and MAP had the similar trend in all groups. The occurrence of hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxia, and the required norepinephrine was comparable among the groups.ConclusionsOral beverage loading with 200 mL or 400 mL can be safely applicated 2 h before painless bidirectional endoscopy without increasing the gastric volume. 400 mL carbohydrate solution effectively relieves the discomfort and could serve as a consideration.Trial registrationRegistered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on December 5, 2023 (ChiCTR2300078319).

Oral high-carbohydrate solution as an alternative dietary modality in patients with acute pancreatitis

Background/objectivesEarly enteral feeding is crucial in acute pancreatitis (AP) to preserve the intestinal mucosa, prevent bacterial overgrowth, and prevent progression to pancreatic necrosis, multi-organ failure, and death. However, the optimal early diet remains unclear. This study compared an oral carbohydrate solution (OCS) diet versus a conventional diet (CD) in patients with AP. MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 538 patients diagnosed with AP in 2018–2022: 346 received a CD and 192 received an OCS diet. Because of differences in AP severity between groups, we performed 1:1 propensity score matching to obtain comparable groups (n = 182 in each). The CD group progressed from a liquid diet to soft foods and finally solid foods. The OCS group followed the same progression but received OCS instead of a liquid diet. Primary outcomes were the rate of recurrent postprandial pain after initiating the dietary intervention and hospital length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit admission, mortality, 28-day hospital readmission, and AP-related complications. ResultsAfter propensity score matching, baseline characteristics of the OCS and CD groups were comparable. The rate of recurrent pain was significantly higher in the CD group than in the OCS group (13.2 % vs. 3.8 %, p < 0.001), but hospital LOS was similar between groups (CD vs. OCS: 9.2 days vs. 8.7 days, p = 0.533). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes between groups. ConclusionsIn patients with AP, OCS diet was associated with a lower rate of recurrent postprandial pain compared to a CD. Thus, OCS appears to be a beneficial dietary alternative for initial management of AP.

Effects of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinsing Methods on Repetitive Kick Force and Duration, and Hand Reaction Time in Karate Athletes

The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) solutions rinsing in the mouth in combat sports where high-intensity movements are performed intermittently despite fatigue is unknown. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of rinsing CHO and CAF solutions in the mouth on kick force, duration, and hand reaction time in karate athletes. 16 male trained karate players (average age 21.6 years, weekly training time 8.4 hours, training experience 7.8 years) voluntarily participated in the study. In a replicated, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover design study, after the 10 seconds mouth rinsing of CHO (6.4% maltodextrin), CAF (1.2%), and placebo (water) solutions in sessions, repeated sprint test (6sec sprint ×10 repetitions, with 30sec rest) on a bicycle ergometer, after light stimuli kick test (consecutive 5 times), hand reaction time test (consecutive 5 times), kick test (consecutive 5 times), hand reaction time test (consecutive 5 times) were performed respectively. The results obtained from the tests in the constructed protocol by causing fatigue (peak power, average power, minimum power, power drop; kicking reaction time, strength, power, and time; hand reaction time) were compared between sessions. The highest peak power and average power outputs (W/kg) obtained from the repeated sprint test were obtained in the CAF session, and the best kick and hand reaction times (ms) were obtained in the CAF session in the 2nd set of tests. The results obtained from this study suggest that the CAF mouth rinsing method can improve kick and hand reaction time despite fatigue in karate competitions.

The Effect of Carbonhydrate Mouth Rinse on the Endurance Performance in Football Players

The presence of carbohydrates (CHO) in the mouth can enhance performance by stimulating the reward center of the brain. Mouth rinsing with CHO does not cause a potential side effect of gastrointestinal discomfort associated with CHO consumption. Numerous studies have demonstrated that using a carbohydrate solution via mouth rinsing can improve performance in endurance sports. However, research on football is limited, and the effectiveness of this approach in football is uncertain. This placebo-controlled and double-blind study was conducted to evaluate the impact of rinsing the mouth with a 15% CHO solution on endurance performance among football players. Twenty healthy male football players, aged between 20 and 25, participated in the study. Endurance performance was indirectly measured using the results of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (IR) test. Blood glucose and lactate levels of the football players were measured before and after the Yo-Yo IR test. They were given either a placebo or a 15% carbohydrate solution to rinse their mouths three times, including before warming up, before the Yo-Yo IR test, and in the middle of the test. There was no significant difference found in the levels of blood lactate, blood glucose, and VO2max values between the two groups (p&amp;gt; 0.05). The study concluded that rinsing the mouth with a 15% CHO solution had no significant impact on the endurance performance of football players.

In ovo injection of bee pollen extract on hatchability, chick quality, glycogen reserves and production performance in broiler chickens

This study aimed to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of bee pollen (BP) extract on some hatching traits, glycogen reserves and production performance in broilers. A total of 886 eggs was randomly assigned to 5 treatments: the 0.9% NaCl diluent-injected control group, and the groups that were injected with BP extract at 3 different concentrations: BP-1.5%, BP-2.5% and BP-5.0% (7, 12 and 25 mg/egg, respectively). The last group received a carbohydrate solution (CS). At 18 d of incubation, 500 µL of each solution was injected into the air sac of each egg of the injected groups. After hatching, a total of 570 one-day-old chicks were distributed into 5 groups (in ovo injection) with 3 replicates with 38 birds. The in ovo injection of BP at a dose of 5% and CS resulted in lower hatching rates (P < 0.05) as compared with the control group. The level of glycogen in the muscle tissue of newly hatched birds was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Supplementation of embryos with BP extract also caused a significant increase in the length of chicks in the BP-1.5% group (P < 0.001). Hatched chicks from the injected eggs had a lower liver glycogen content than that of the control. Based on the results, it was concluded that high-quality day-old chicks could be obtained by in ovo injection. Supplementation of chicks with 1.5% BP extract had a beneficial effect on BW during the first rearing period and showed a hypocholesterolemic effect in young chicks. At the same time, an adverse effect of a high dose of BP (5%) and a carbohydrate solution administered in ovo on the hatchability level of chicks was shown. The implementation of the carbohydrate mixture resulted in a deterioration of biochemical indices in the plasma of newly hatched chicks, especially in the case of transaminase activity.

Adherence to the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Improving patients' outcomes using enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) during the surgical period has significant economic savings and increases organizational productivity. We evaluated the effects of ERAS protocol on outcomes including high sensitive-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, feeding tolerance and pain score of cardiac surgical patients. Methods: A total of 260 patients were randomly assigned to the ERAS and control groups according to stratified block randomization. Fasting time in the ERAS group reduced from the conventional 12 h to 6 h with light meals. Also, on the day of the operation, 2 hours before the surgery, they received 250 mL of oral carbohydrate solution containing 25 g glucose. The control group received conventional standard care. Serum hs-CRP was measured before and after the operation. Results: Out of 260 participants, 107 patients received protocolized care (ERAS group), and 103 patients received conventional standard care. Recommendations to follow the ERAS resulted in a significant reduction in hs-CRP relative to the control group (p = 0.001). Complaints about thirst, hunger, anxiety, and pain were significantly less in the intervention group than the control group (All p-values = 0.001). In addition, the length of hospitalization, ICU stay, ventilation time, and first mobility were significantly shorter in the ERAS group (All p-values = 0.001). Besides, the first postoperative meal started earlier in the intervention group than the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion: ERAS approach can lead to improvement in postoperative inflammation, thirst, hunger, anxiety, pain, duration of hospitalization, duration of ICU stay, first mobility, and ventilation time.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse failed to reduce central fatigue, lower perceived exertion, and improve performance during incremental exercise.

We examined if carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse may reduce central fatigue and perceived exertion, thus improving maximal incremental test (MIT) performance. Nine recreational cyclists warmed up for 6 min before rinsing a carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (PLA) solution in their mouth for 10 s in a double-blind, counterbalanced manner. Thereafter, they performed the MIT (25 W·min-1 increases until exhaustion) while cardiopulmonary and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) responses were obtained. Pre- to post-MIT alterations in voluntary activation (VA) and peak twitch torque (Tw) were determined. Time-to-exhaustion (p = 0.24), peak power output (PPO; p = 0.45), and V̇O2MAX (p = 0.60) were comparable between conditions. Neither treatment main effect nor time-treatment interaction effect were observed in the first and second ventilatory threshold when expressed as absolute or relative V̇O2 (p = 0.78 and p = 0.96, respectively) and power output (p = 0.28 and p = 0.45, respectively) values, although with moderate-to-large effect sizes. RPE increased similarly throughout the tests and was comparable at the ventilatory thresholds (p = 0.56). Despite the time main effect revealing an MIT-induced central and peripheral fatigue as indicated by the reduced VA and Tw, CHO mouth rinse was ineffective in attenuating both fatigues. Hence, rinsing the mouth with CHO was ineffective in reducing central fatigue, lowering RPE, and improving MIT performance expressed as PPO and time-to-exhaustion. However, moderate-to-large effect sizes in power output values at VT1 and VT2 may suggest some beneficial CHO mouth rinse effects on these MIT outcomes.

Carbohydrate Co-Solutes Stabilize Collagen Triple Helices.

Carbohydrates are common co-solutes for the stabilization of proteins. The effect of carbohydrate solutions on the stability of collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is, however, underexplored. In this work, we studied the thermal stability of collagen triple helices derived from a molecularly defined collagen model peptide (CMP), Ac-(Pro-Hyp-Gly)7 -NH2 , in solutions of six common mono- and disaccharides. We show that the carbohydrates stabilize the collagen triple helix in a concentration-dependent manner, with an increase of the melting temperature of up to 17 °C. In addition, we show that the stabilizing effect is similar for all studied sugars, including trehalose, which is otherwise considered a privileged bioprotectant. The results provided insight into the effects of sugar co-solutes on collagen triple helices and can aid the selection of storage environments for collagen-based materials and probes.

Physico-chemical Indicators of food color pigments derived from Ocimum basilicum (Rahon) vegetation

At this work the physico-chemical Indicators of food color pigments derived from Ocimum basilicum vegetation is presented. This is known that in addition to color pigments, natural food coloring substances contain other biologically active components: vitamins, trace elements, organic acids. The raw material of the plant was extracted for 18 hours and the obtained solution was filtered, solid particles were separated in a centrifuge. The dry matter content of the purified natural dye-preserving solution,pH medium, specific density was determined. The solution was concentrated in a vacuum rotor evaporator for condensation, and its physical and chemical parameters were determined. The amount of fructose in the dye extract obtained in a 20% carbohydrate solution was 5.94 mg/l, the maximum value was 9.12% in the 40% extract, and the fructose content in the dye obtained in a 50% solution was 7.14%. - organized. It was found that the amount of vitamins in the concentrate is higher in 40% and 50% alcohol solution. The safety of the natural dye was analyzed. Heavy metals and their salts, dangerous substances for humanhealth were analyzed.

Oral stimulation with glucose and fructose, but not sucrose, accelerates gastric emptying in humans.

Postprandial regulation of the gastric emptying (GE) rate plays an important role in food intake. Although oral sweetening with glucose may accelerate GE, the effects of different sweetness intensities of glucose (10% and 20%, w/v) and other energy sweeteners (e.g. fructose and sucrose) remain uncertain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different glucose concentrations (Experiment 1) and different sugars with the same sweet taste intensity (Experiment 2) on postprandial GE. In both experiments, after ingesting a 200 kcal carbohydrate solution containing 50g of maltodextrin, participants repeatedly sipped, but did not swallow, one of three (water, 10% and 20%, w/v glucose) or four (water and equally sweet 20%, w/v glucose, 12%, w/v fructose, and 14%, w/v sucrose) solutions for 1min every 5min over a 30min period. GE was evaluated by measuring the temporal change in the cross-sectional area of the gastric antrum using ultrasound. In Experiment 1, oral stimulation with 20% (w/v) glucose resulted in greater GE than the control stimulus (i.e. water), but the effect of stimulation with 10% (w/v) glucose on GE was not different from that of the control stimulus. In Experiment 2, stimulation with 20% (w/v) glucose or 12% (w/v) fructose resulted in greater GE than the control stimulus. However, the effect of stimulation with 14% (w/v) sucrose on GE did not differ from that of the control stimulus. Consequently, oral stimulation with glucose or fructose solutions of moderate to high sweetness following a meal facilitates postprandial GE.

Central effects of mouth rinses on endurance and strength performance.

Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been shown to enhance exercise performance while reducing neuromuscular fatigue. This effect is thought to be mediated through the stimulation of oral receptors, which activate brain areas associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Consequently, corticomotor responsiveness is increased, leading to sustained levels of neuromuscular activity prior to fatigue. In the context of endurance performance, the evidence regarding the central involvement of mouth rinse (MR) in performance improvement is not conclusive. Peripheral mechanisms should not be disregarded, particularly considering factors such as low exercise volume, the participant's fasting state, and the frequency of rinsing. These factors may influence central activations. On the other hand, for strength-related activities, changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) and electromyography (EMG) have been observed, indicating increased corticospinal responsiveness and neuromuscular drive during isometric and isokinetic contractions in both fresh and fatigued muscles. However, it is important to note that in many studies, MEP data were not normalised, making it difficult to exclude peripheral contributions. Voluntary activation (VA), another central measure, often exhibits a lack of changes, mainly due to its high variability, particularly in fatigued muscles. Based on the evidence, MR can attenuate neuromuscular fatigue and improve endurance and strength performance via similar underlying mechanisms. However, the evidence supporting central contribution is weak due to the lack of neurophysiological measures, inaccurate data treatment (normalisation), limited generalisation between exercise modes, methodological biases (ignoring peripheral contribution), and high measurement variability.Trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42021261714.

Engineering an Antifouling Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on an All-in-One Peptide and a Hierarchical β-Bi2O3-Au Microsphere for Vancomycin Detection in Food.

Challenges associated with interference aroused by nonspecific attachment of foulants in the food matrix steered the development of sensor surfaces capable of antifouling capacity. In this study, an antifouling electrochemical sensing platform based on an all-in-one peptide (DOPA3-PPPPEKDQDKKaa) with anchoring, antifouling, and recognition functions and a hierarchical β-Bi2O3-Au microsphere was proposed for vancomycin (Van) detection in food. The β-Bi2O3-Au with excellent conductivity was synthesized and introduced as an electrode modifier to accelerate electron transfer on the sensor surface, enhancing sensing response. Mussel organism-inspired oligo DOPA, that is, oligo 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, was employed as the anchoring segment of the all-in-one peptide, which is versatile for surfaces with different materials. PPPPEKDQDK and Kaa as antifouling and recognition segments confer abilities to resist nonspecific adsorption of foulants and specifically bind Van on the sensor surface, respectively. Notably, the excellent antifouling performance of the proposed sensor has been verified in protein solutions, carbohydrate solutions, and even in diluted milk and honey. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to explain the antifouling mechanism of the all-in-one peptide. The proposed sensor can detect Van sensitively and selectively with a relatively wide linear range (0.1-100 ng mL-1) and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.038 ng mL-1 and support the quantification of Van in milk, milk powder, and honey samples with satisfactory recoveries within 105.3-110.8%. This antifouling electrochemical sensing platform offers a feasible strategy to reduce matrix interference, which guarantees the accurate detection of Van in food samples.

Sugar responsiveness could determine foraging patterns in yellowjackets

Sympatric-related species often exhibit resource partitioning. This can occur through different mechanisms, such as behavioral, morphological, and sensory variations, leading to qualitative, temporal, or spatial differences in resource exploitation, such as consuming different types of food. Sensory-based niche partitioning could be the underlying mechanism through which closely related species effectively reduce niche overlap. Here we ask whether variations in sensory responses to carbohydrates could reflect differences in the foraging patterns of two Vespula species present in Patagonia. For this, we established (i) the response thresholds toward carbohydrate solutions of foraging V. germanica and V. vulgaris in the laboratory, (ii) the sugar concentration of foraged carbohydrates in the field, and (iii) possible effects of incoming sugar concentration and performance at individual and colony levels. Results indicate a higher sucrose response threshold in V. germanica than V. vulgaris. Field results indicate that higher carbohydrate concentrations foraged by V. germanica, with 57% of V. germanica foragers returning with concentrations above 50% w/w, while only 23% of V. vulgaris foragers did so. These differences in sucrose sensitivity and foraging patterns positively correlate with colony size, irrespective of the species. Our results suggest that competition could be reduced in these closely related invasive social wasp species through sensory differences in their sugar perception levels, which would lead to them foraging different carbohydrate sources. This study suggests that sensory niche partitioning could promote species coexistence in these social wasps.

The Effects of Rhizophagus irregularis Inoculation on Transcriptome of Medicago lupulina Leaves at Early Vegetative and Flowering Stages of Plant Development.

The study is aimed at revealing the effects of Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation on the transcriptome of Medicago lupulina leaves at the early (second leaf formation) and later (flowering) stages of plant development. A pot experiment was conducted under conditions of low phosphorus (P) level in the substrate. M. lupulina plants were characterized by high mycorrhizal growth response and mycorrhization parameters. Library sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiseqXTen platform. Significant changes in the expression of 4863 (padj < 0.01) genes from 34049 functionally annotated genes were shown by Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE-Seq). GO enrichment analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, and 244 functional GO groups were identified, including genes contributing to the development of effective AM symbiosis. The Mercator online tool was used to assign functional classes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The early stage was characterized by the presence of six functional classes that included only upregulated GO groups, such as genes of carbohydrate metabolism, cellular respiration, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, and solute transport. At the later stage (flowering), the number of stimulated GO groups was reduced to photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis. All DEGs of the GO:0016036 group were downregulated because AM plants had higher resistance to phosphate starvation. For the first time, the upregulation of genes encoding thioredoxin in AM plant leaves was shown. It was supposed to reduce ROS level and thus, consequently, enhance the mechanisms of antioxidant protection in M. lupulina plants under conditions of low phosphorus level. Taken together, the obtained results indicate genes that are the most important for the effective symbiosis with M. lupulina and might be engaged in other plant species.

Acute Ingestion of a Ketone Monoester without Co-ingestion of Carbohydrate Improves Running Economy in Male Endurance Runners.

Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester, with and without co-ingestion of carbohydrate, was investigated for effects on running economy (RE), time to exhaustion (TTE), and other related indices of endurance running performance. Using a three condition, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design, 11 male middle- and long-distance runners ran at five submaximal speeds (10-14 km·h -1 ) on a motorized treadmill for 8 min each, immediately followed by a ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Participants consumed either a 10% carbohydrate solution (CHO), a 10% carbohydrate solution with 750 mg·kg -1 body mass of an ( R )-3-hydroxybutyl ( R )-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester (CHO + KE), or 750 mg·kg -1 body mass of the ketone monoester in flavored water (KE) before (two-thirds of the dose) and during (one-third of the dose) exercise. β-hydroxybutyrate concentration averaged 1.8 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.3 mM during exercise in CHO + KE and KE, respectively. RE was lower at each submaximal running speed (effect size = 0.48-0.98) by an average of 4.1% in KE compared with CHO, but not between CHO + KE and CHO. TTE did not differ between CHO (369 ± 116 s), CHO + KE (342 ± 99 s), or KE (333 ± 106 s) ( P = 0.093). Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester without carbohydrate, but not when coingested with carbohydrate, improved RE in middle- and long-distance runners at a range of submaximal running speeds and did not alter TTE in a short-duration ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Further investigation is required to examine if these differences translate into positive performance outcomes over longer durations of exercise.

Transferable united atom model for carbohydrates with explicit water: Glucose and sucrose

Understanding the role that molecular interactions have in aqueous solutions of carbohydrates is important in several technological applications, such as in the pharmaceutical industry. It is developed a force field for glucose and sucrose from a united atom model of methanol and ethanol parameterized with explicit water. The simulation results of liquid density, dielectric constant, surface tension, self-diffusion coefficient and shear-viscosity of glucose and sucrose in aqueous solutions are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The model improves the results of several all atoms models evaluated in this work. The surface tension increases with concentration of both carbohydrates because the molecules are dissolved within the liquid. It is also developed an all atoms model of glucose where dielectric constant is increased by changing the Lennard-Jones parameters. That model predicts that glucose is adsorbed at the liquid-vapor interface decreasing the surface tension as the concentration increases but the transport properties are not well reproduced. It is shown that the dielectric constant depends linearly on the molecular dipole moment of a mixture. The dihedral distribution on the hydroxymethyl group has a small effect on thermodynamic and transport properties. The systems are homogeneous and no evidence of phase separation is observed in the range of studied concentrations.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse is no more effective than placebo on running endurance of dehydrated and heat acclimated athletes.

To determine whether carbohydrate mouth rinsing would improve endurance running performance of tropical natives in a warm-humid (30°C and 70% relative humidity) environment. Twelve endurance male runners [age 25 ± 3 years; peak aerobic capacity ([Formula: see text]O2peak) 57.6 ± 3.6mL.kg-1.min-1] completed three time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials at ~ 70% [Formula: see text]O2peak while swilling 25ml of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) or taste-matched placebo (PLA) as well as no mouth rinse performed in the control (CON) trial. TTE performance was significantly longer in both CHO and PLA trials when compared with the CON trial (54.7 ± 5.4 and 53.6 ± 5.1 vs. 48.4 ± 3.6min, respectively; p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively), but was not significantly different between CHO and PLA trials (p = 1.000). The rating of perceived exertion was not different between the CHO and PLA trials, however, was significantly affected when compared to the CON trial (p < 0.001). A similar effect was observed for perceived arousal level between the CHO and PLA trials to the CON trial. Core temperature, mean skin temperature and skin blood flow were not significantly different between the three trials (all p > 0.05). Similarly, plasma lactate and glucose as well as exercise heart rate were not influenced by the trials. The present study demonstrates that mouth rinsing, whether carbohydrate or placebo, provides an ergogenic benefit to running endurance when compared to CON in a heat stress environment. Nevertheless, the results do not support the notion that rinsing a carbohydrate solution provides a greater advantage as previously described among non-heat acclimated individuals within a temperate condition.

Effect of Oral Carbohydrate Solution Administered Before Hip Arthroplasty on Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Patient Comfort: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effect of oral carbohydrate solution (OCS) administered before hip arthroplasty (HA) on preoperative anxiety and postoperative patient comfort. DesignThe study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. MethodsFifty patients undergoing HA were randomized into two groups: The intervention group (n = 25) received OCS before surgery, and the control group (n = 25) fasted from midnight till surgery. The patients' preoperative anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), symptoms affecting postoperative patient comfort parameters using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and comfort levels specific to HA surgery using the Post-Hip Replacement Comfort Scale (PHRCS). Pre- and post-operative blood glucose levels of the patients were measured. FindingsIn intragroup and intergroup assessments, the decrease in the preoperative and postoperative anxiety, pain, thirst, hunger, and nausea/vomiting levels were statistically significant (P < .05) in the OCS group. The OCS group's comfort levels specific to hip replacement were higher than those of the control group (P ≤ .001). In the intergroup and intragroup assessment of the patients' blood glucose levels, there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the OCS group (P < .05). ConclusionsThe results of this study provide evidence supporting OCS administration before HA surgery.