Mitigation Solutions Research Articles

Lightning risks and mitigation solutions for vessels

Lightning risks and mitigation solutions for vessels

Microplastic removal and risk assessment framework in a constructed wetland for the treatment of combined sewer overflows

Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) release a significant amount of pollutants, including microplastics (MPs), due to the discharge of untreated water into receiving water bodies. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) offer a promising strategy for CSO treatment and have recently attracted attention as a potential solution for MP mitigation. Nevertheless, limited research on MP dynamics within CSO events and MP removal performance in full-scale CW systems poses a barrier to this frontier of application. This research aims to address both these knowledge gaps, representing the first investigation of a multi-stage CSO-CW for MP removal. The study presents one year of seasonal data from the CSO-CW upstream of the WWTP in Carimate (Italy), evaluating the correlation of MP abundance with different water quality/quantity parameters and associated ecological risks. The results show a clear trend in MP abundance, which increases with rainfall intensity. The strong correlation between MP concentration, flow rate, and total suspended solids (TSS) validates the first flush phenomenon hypothesis and its impact on MP release during CSOs. Chemical characterization identifies acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) as predominant polymers. The first vertical subsurface flow (VF) stage showed removal rates ranging from 40 % to 77 %. However, the unexpected increase in MP concentrations after the second free water surface (FWS) stage suggests the stochasticity of CSO events and the different hydraulic characteristics of the CW units have diverse effects on MP retention. These data confirm filtration as the main retention mechanism for MP within CW systems. The MP ecological risk assessment indicates a high-risk category for most of the water samples, mainly related to the frequent presence of ABS fragments. The results contribute to the current understanding of MPs released by CSOs and provide insights into the performance of different treatment units within a large-scale CSO-CW system, suggesting the requirement for further attention.

Blue Carbon as a Nature-Based Mitigation Solution in Temperate Zones

Concern for the future requires local steward-led cooperation between natural and social scientists and decision-makers to develop informed and policy-relevant nature-based mitigation solutions, including blue carbon (BC), which can help secure the future. Salt marshes, kelp forests, and seagrass meadows (and to a lesser extent mangroves) are significant BC ecosystems in temperate areas. We discuss the concept of blue carbon stocks and the scientific approaches to building BC stocks considering the variability in local conditions and the co-benefits of blue carbon ecosystems to improve climate change mitigation and adaptation mechanisms. The study examines (1) methods to assess the potential of BC ecosystems and the impact of disturbances, while (2) building relevant policy based on socio-economic assessments of impacted communities. We highlight economic and social approaches to rebuilding BC using financial tools such as blue bonds, development plans, cost-benefit analyses, cross-ecosystem restoration projects, AI and blockchain, and economic accounts of coastal ecosystems, while emphasizing that cutting carbon emissions is more important than (re)building BC stocks.

LCA- and nZER-based methodology for identifying optimal low environmental impact interventions for existing buildings

Reducing the energy demand in the building sector appears to be the most important aspect to make them energy efficient. Opting for durable minor interventions results in further reduction of embodied carbon. This paper proposes a method which combines the evaluation of the environmental impact of interventions together with the visual preservation of buildings. A new indicator, the Embodied Impact of Intervention (EII), was defined to evaluate the overall environmental impact considering three indicators within the Life Cycle Assessment: Global Warning Potential (GWP), Primary Energy Non-Renewable (PE-NRe), and net-Fresh Water (FW) offering the stakeholders a holistic view for selecting the most sustainable solutions for interventions in existing buildings. The methodology has been tested to a benchmark, (i.e., masonry wall components), considering low, medium, and high visual impact scenarios, and a lifespan of 100 years. A direct proportionality is shown between GWP and PE-NRe, whereas FW does not have a singular relationship with the other indicators as it is mainly influenced by the material production. High GWP values occur in scenarios in which Nature Based Solutions (236.82 kgCO2eq) and Building-Integrated Photovoltaic panels are implemented (798.09 kgCO2eq), being ≈2.7 and ≈9 higher than the same High Visual Impact scenarios without mitigation solutions. It was found that the visual impact of the interventions may not align with the corresponding EII, resulting in dichotomous scenarios with medium visual impact and low EII, or high visual impact and medium EII. In Low-Income Countries, using recycled materials can minimize the production phase, reducing EII, energy efficiency, energy usage and waste, to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goal in the long-term.

Detection and mitigation of soil salinization risk from saline/brackish water aquaculture in coastal areas: an application of remote sensing and managed aquifer recharge

This study focuses on detecting and mitigating soil salinization in four coastal areas of the Mekong Delta (Vietnam). Salinity patterns in the soils of the Mekong River Delta are not random but linked to land use practices and distance to the sea. We examine two quick yet reliable remote sensing-based techniques to detect the coastal aquaculture area and separate it from the inland freshwater farmland. These techniques can eventually be used to identify locations with an elevated risk of salinization in other coastal regions. Finally, we investigate a salinization mitigation solution based on creating a managed aquifer recharge system along the buffer zone that separates the coastal aquaculture area from the inland freshwater agriculture area. The implementation of an infiltration pond system is technically feasible in the Mekong Delta provided that hydrogeological characteristics, the fresh-saline interface position, and freshwater demands are considered. The transitional zone between freshwater agriculture and brackish water aquaculture in Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh and Ben Tre provinces is optimal for implementing an aquifer recharge/freshwater barrier scheme.

New Acoustic Design for the Piscina Mirabilis Located nearby the Port of Misenum

Many heritage buildings from ancient Rome are being refurbished based on their original plan’s structure. One of them is the piscina mirabilis located nearby in Naples, which was a cistern used by the Romans to collect drinkable water for the navy waiting in the port of Misenum. The piscina mirabilis has similar architectural characteristics to a “cathedral”; however, its current precarious architectural state is the result of high levels of humidity that have caused the proliferation of mold on its vertical and horizontal surfaces over the centuries. Acoustic measurements were conducted inside the piscina mirabilis, highlighting an existing condition of the room being very reverberant, not suitable for occasional speech and conversations. The design proposed by the authors involves some mitigation solutions for the acoustics, mainly focused on controlling the low–medium frequencies and the realization of a restoration project consisting of a raised timber-floored walkway that runs along the perimeter walls, with the addition of water covering the existing floor as a natural element dominating the room volume, which represents the primary function of the building in antiquity. A waterfall was designed to be on the northern side wall. Acoustic studies were an important part of the refurbishment strategy, and a mitigation solution was devised to control medium–low frequencies by using inflated balloons of different sizes that were suspended from the ceiling vaults instead of widely used acoustic panels. The proposed strategy lowered the reverberation time by 3–4 s to accommodate a minimal level of conversational understanding. Such a solution is appropriate for this heritage building as well as other future conservation projects.

Addressing the Causes and Effects of Climate Change in Afghanistan: Mitigation Strategies and Solutions for a Sustainable Future

The goal of this research is to address the causes and effects of climate change in Afghanistan and to develop strategies and solutions for a sustainable future. A qualitative approach was utilized, employing semi-structured interviews with climate change experts selected via snowball sampling. These interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed through thematic analysis. The study identified various causes of climate change in Afghanistan, such as deforestation, fossil fuel combustion, urbanization, ongoing conflicts, industrial activities, inefficient waste management, and poor water management practices. These factors have culminated in escalating droughts, melting glaciers and snow, floods and storms, as well as adverse effects on agriculture and livestock, and an increase in diseases among humans, animals, and plants. The research underscores the urgent need for mitigation strategies and sustainable solutions for Afghanistan’s future. Proposed strategies and solutions include seeking foreign aid, collaborating with national and international organizations, raising public awareness, preventing deforestation and smuggling, implementing water storage measures, learning from other countries’ experiences, conducting further assessments and research, expanding greenery, and formulating comprehensive policies and strategic plans for water management. The findings are significant for the Afghan government, national and international organizations engaged in climate change efforts, and policymakers. Given Afghanistan's heightened vulnerability to climate change, it is essential to take proactive measures and prioritize mitigation and adaptation efforts to ensure a sustainable future for the country. Addressing these critical issues will require coordinated action and sustained commitment from all stakeholders involved.

A Comprehensive Integration and Synthesis of Methane Emissions from Canada's Oil and Gas Value Chain.

Methane emissions from the global oil and gas value chain are a major contributor to climate change, and their mitigation could avoid 0.1 °C of warming by 2050. Here, we synthesize nearly a decade of research encompassing thousands of multiscale methane measurements along the oil and gas value chain (production to end use) to better constrain estimates of methane emissions from Canada's energy sector and to identify research gaps contributing to uncertainty in current estimates. We find that total value chain methane emissions are 2,600 (2,100-3,700) kt, which broadly agrees with Canada's latest official inventory that now includes atmospheric measurement data in some of their oil and gas methane estimates. Accurate understanding of emission magnitudes is critical because Canada committed to a 75% reduction of oil and gas methane emissions by 2030. We also identify and discuss information gaps in both emissions and activity data, namely, from the midstream, downstream, and end-use sectors. While they make up a smaller portion of the total inventory, accurate quantification of these emissions is still important and could point to more cost-effective mitigation solutions. This work emphasizes the need for frequent, comprehensive measurements to better constrain the climate impacts of the oil and gas sector and to validate reductions and commitments pledged by industry and governments.

Lunar simulant behaviour variability and implications on terrestrial based lunar testing

The detrimental effects and challenges of Lunar dust for Lunar exploitation were first identified during the Apollo missions. During the extra vehicle activities (EVAs) undertaken by astronauts, the dust clogged mechanisms, disrupted sensors, and caused several health issues for the astronauts. Despite numerous studies, there is no definite understanding as to why different Apollo missions experienced varying levels of dust disruptions. The variations in dust behaviour could be attributed to the amount of radiation the Lunar soil is exposed to, as well as mineralogy and particle sizes. To enhance our understanding of Lunar dust behaviour this study investigated Space Recourse Technologies, formally known as Exolith, simulant at different mineral compositions, and their surface detachment characteristics were measured. Experiments measuring the individual minerals and their mixed simulant-like counterparts were conducted using electrostatic fields. Inclusive to this, non-dried and dried samples were compared by measuring adhesion to target plates when subject to electrostatic forces. The results found that Highlands simulant exhibited a higher buildup on a target plate than its Mare counterpart by an average of 33% under the same conditions, likely due to particle size differences. In addition to these findings, evidence of particle reactivity decay was observed under repeated tests with up to 60% less Mare simulant and 36% Highlands deposition being measured compared to the first set of experiments. A possible explanation may be particle reactivity. Microscope images identified that particles are transported in groups as opposed to individual grains. These results will help researchers in tailoring dust mitigation solutions based on different regions on the Lunar surface and influence mission planning from the perspective of dust mitigation and contamination.

On the operational similarities of bladed rotor vibrations with casing contacts

AbstractRotor-to-stator rubbing in rotating machinery, resulting from tight clearances, introduces complex dynamics that can potentially lead to high vibrations and machine failure. Historically, the rubbing models were addressed using cylinder-to-cylinder contacts; however, recent attention has shifted towards examining blade-tip contact in turbines, which affects the systems dynamics and efficiency. This study investigates the impact of the variations in blade number on bladed rotor systems, emphasizing on the types of motion that occur as function of the operational speed in the sub-critical range. A simplified bladed rotor model has been developed, using a Jeffcott rotor with blades represented as damped elastic pendulums. The equations of motion are derived and numerical simulations are performed to explore the system’s behaviour with varying blade numbers (3, 5, 7, and 10) in order to analyse displacements, contact forces and bifurcation diagrams as function of the rotating speed. Results reveal distinct regions: periodic motion (I and III) and chaotic motion (II and IV) appear alternatively in the bifurcation diagram, with the chaotic regions occurring at specific fractions of the natural frequency and the number of blades. The study concludes that chaotic motions are associated with larger displacements and higher contact forces, and the vibrational behaviour becomes less hazardous as the number of blades increases. In addition, the appearance of periodic and chaotic motions occur in the same regions by scaling the rotating speed with the number of blades and natural frequency of the system. From an operational perspective, this dynamic investigation offers valuable insights into the severity of blade rubbing in industrial systems. It can guide the implementation of mitigation solutions to prevent worst-case failure scenarios and help to perform adjustments to either operational or design parameters.

Effects of woodchip biochar on temperature sensitivity of greenhouse gas emissions in amended soils within a mountain vineyard

The utilization of biochar as a soil amendment holds promise for long-term carbon sequestration due to its elevated carbon content and persistent chemical structure. This characteristic has positioned biochar as a proposed nature-based solution for climate change mitigation. Nevertheless, the impact of biochar on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remains a subject of ongoing debate. In the present investigation, we evaluated the influence of conifer wood biochar on the fluxes of three GHGs, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4), in a vineyard soil subjected to biochar-alone treatments (at rates of 25 and 50 t ha−1) and in combination with green waste compost (at a rate of 45 t ha−1). The experimental field was situated in northern Italy and was organized in a randomized block design. Soil GHG fluxes were monitored for two and a half years. Monthly flux measurements were conducted using a high-resolution multi-gas analyzer for 24 hours. Fluxes were, therefore, correlated with soil temperature to assess the influence of treatments on the sensitivity of GHG emissions to this pivotal environmental parameter. The findings demonstrated diminished temperature sensitivity in the initial experimental year across all GHG fluxes in soils amended with biochar and biochar-compost combination, in contrast to treatments lacking biochar (i.e., control and compost-alone treatments). Notably, the attenuation was most pronounced for N2O emissions, suggesting a potential role of biochar in mitigating the release of this gas. However, this effect did not persist in the second and third years of the experiment. Overall, biochar significantly contributed to a reduction in N2O fluxes and an increase in CO2 fluxes, but the effect was limited and temporary. Furthermore, biochar had no impact on CH4 fluxes. The discerned fluctuation in the impact of biochar over time can be attributed to the processes of biochar aging and/or the interannual variability in soil moisture.

Beam coupling impedance of the main extraction kickers in the CERN PS

In view of the High Luminosity (HL) upgrade of the LHC, the beam intensity must be doubled in the injector chain. To perform reliable beam dynamics simulations, the beam coupling impedance in the injectors, such as the Proton Synchrotron (PS), must be followed closely by including all contributing elements into the impedance model. The existing kicker magnets of the PS had been optimized for large kick strength and short rise/fall times, but not necessarily to minimise beam coupling impedance. Hence, unwanted beam induced voltage can build up in their electrical circuits, with an impact on the beam. The beam coupling impedances of the two main kicker magnets used for the fast extraction from PS, the KFA71 and KFA79, are extensively characterized in this study. In particular, electromagnetic simulation results for the longitudinal and transverse coupling impedance are shown. The critical impedance contributions are identified, and their effect on beam stability with a possible mitigation solution is discussed. Moreover, the impact of the cable terminations on the electromagnetic field pattern and possible mitigation techniques are presented, providing a complete impedance evaluation of the entire kicker installation.

Fire prevention and mitigation technologies in high-rise buildings: A bibliometric analysis from 2010 to 2023

PurposeThis study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis for research in the area of fire prevention and mitigation in high-rise buildings, an emerging crucial subject. The analysis covers the period between 2010 and 2023, with the main goal of classifying and evaluating the efficacy of fire prevention and mitigation technologies. MethodsThe current study contributes a methodological approach for analyzing fire safety measures and highlighting the critical necessity for multidisciplinary approaches in enhancing fire safety protocols, with a special focus on the integration of advanced fire detection, suppression, and evacuation technologies. The investigation indicates a steady 10 % growth rate in scholarly production on this topic. ResultsResearch on active fire prevention technologies has focused on the technologies including; 1) water mist suppression, 2) unmanned aerial vehicles, 3) Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, and 4) Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks, while research on passive technologies has trended toward fire compartmentation and fire-resistant materials. The study identifies 6 passive technologies and 14 active technologies, with active technologies focusing on water mist suppression, AI algorithms, and IoT frameworks. On the other hand, passive technologies focus on risk assessment, fire protection, and management. ConclusionsThe current study analyzes the role of risk assessment, fire protection, and management in the development of the field of fire mitigation and prevention. The study highlights research collaboration toward reducing risk and fatalities by fire prevention and mitigation solutions. The US and China have the highest collaboration in these technologies, while the UK and the US have the highest publications. Research implicationsThe provided analysis ultimately serves as guidance for stakeholders involved in the design, policy-making, and implementation of fire safety measures in urban high-rise environments, and can give insight on future research direction toward effective strategies and technologies for fire mitigation and prevention in high-rise buildings.

On the Role of the Building Envelope on the Urban Heat Island Mitigation and Building Energy Performance in Mediterranean Cities: A Case Study in Southern Italy

The urban heat island (UHI) effect is one of the largest climate-related issues concerning our cities due to the localized temperature increase in highly urbanized areas. This paper aims to investigate the impact of UHI mitigation techniques in promoting climate resilience, by reducing urban air temperatures and cooling energy consumption in buildings. To this end, four mitigation solutions regarding the building envelope—green roofs, green walls, cool roofs, and cool walls—were investigated for the city of Bari in Southern Italy and compared with the current baseline scenario. Hence, five scenarios were simulated—using the ENVI-met microclimate software—during three representative summer days, and the resulting microclimate changes were assessed. Based on these analyses, new climate files—one for each scenario—were generated and used as input to run energy simulations in EnergyPlus to estimate the building cooling consumption. Coupling the microclimate and the consumption outcomes, the mitigation strategies were evaluated from both an urban and building point of view. The study shows that urban characteristics, mainly geometry and materials, are crucial for the UHI phenomenon. All the applied technologies seem to be effective. However, green walls proved to be more efficient in reducing outdoor temperatures (1 °C reduction in daily temperatures), while cool walls performed better in reducing cooling energy consumption, with an overall saving of 6% compared to the current scenario.

Implementing Scalable Solutions for Space Debris Mitigation

Abstract: Collision of space debris present in the LEO (Low Earth Orbit) poses a serious threat to the current operational space missions as well as to the future utilization of the LEO space. These also result in major environmental impairment and significant economic losses due to damage to satellites and space stations. It thus becomes imperative to develop effective strategies and design and build systems which can aid in the removal of both small and large debris. This paper investigates the various existing space debris mitigation models such as ElectroDynamic Debris Eliminator (EDDE), ESA’s Space Harpoon, Laser Ablation, and JAXA’s Electrodynamic tether. A useful comparison is drawn amongst these different techniques while evaluating their efficiency within the framework of methods for space debris capture and removal. The advantages and drawbacks of these technologies are discussed through examples, previous and ongoing projects. The paper also aims to briefly introduce a novel concept for debris mitigation and to motivate more rigorous research in this area.

Theater as a means of communicating research on climate change: The case of “Cambiare il clima”

Between 2018 and 2023, the Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI) at the Polytechnic University of Turin (PoliTo) implemented a project to advance research and education on climate change monitoring, adaptation and mitigation solutions. As part of their communication efforts,DIATI partnered with Faber Teater to create the play "Cambiare il clima" (in Italian, this means "Change the Climate"). This involved a collaboration between DIATI researchers, communication officers, and Faber Teater. The documentary theater that resulted was premiered at Biennale Tecnologia in 2020 and performed at various venues in Northern Italy, targeting both the general public and students.

CFD simulation of the wind flow under lift-up buildings using a porous approach

Modeling the urban climate using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is essential for assessing urban thermal comfort and developing heat wave mitigation solutions. One mitigation strategy may rely on the enhancement of urban ventilation and the use of porous urban environments, as the lift-up, or on pilotis, buildings. Lift-up buildings have their ground floor in whole or in part supported by columns and shear walls, allowing wind flow through the building at pedestrian level. CFD modeling of these intricate geometries is computationally challenging for large urban neighborhoods. Simplifications, such as removing columns to obtain an acceptable computational cost, lead to erroneous results in the global flow pattern. To balance accuracy and computational cost, the impact of complex ground floor geometry on wind flow is modeled using a porosity sink term in the Navier-Stokes equations based on the Darcy-Forchheimer law. The improved CFD modeling of a simple lift-up building is validated with wind tunnel measurements. Simulations of wind flow around a realistic lift-up building for different wind directions determine the Forchheimer coefficients required for the porosity approach. Comparison of reference and numerical porosity results demonstrates a very good agreement in mean velocity patterns. The study demonstrates that oversimplifications, such as removing all columns, leads to an unacceptable overestimation of the wind velocity at pedestrian level. The paper highlights the benefits of the numerical porosity approach and its necessity for accurate urban-scale simulations.

Looking for the ecological transition of Mediterranean small ruminant sector. Characterization and main drivers of environmental performance of the Sardinian sheep farming systems

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was carried out to assess the environmental profile of the main Sardinian dairy sheep farming systems, with the scope to provide a detailed and robust baseline for the identification of effective mitigation solutions at farm level and to develop environmental strategies at regional scale. Both product- and area-based functional units (FUs) were adopted, considering sixteen impact categories and soil carbon sequestration estimates as well. Water Use, Climate Change, Land Use, Ecotoxicity Freshwater, Marine Eutrophication and Fossils Resource Use resulted the main impact categories, cumulatively contributing over 80% of the total environmental impact (single score). Environmental performances significantly varied according to the geo-pedological traits of the different sheep milk production areas and were driven by the farming systems’ structure and production level. The group of farms located in less fertile areas showed significantly worse environmental performance per kg of normalized milk for the impact categories Climate Change and Land Use, whereas no significant differences were observed for the remaining main impact categories. Considering the area-based FU, this farm group resulted less impacting for all main categories compared to the group of farms located in more plain and productive soils, with a significantly lower impact observed for Marine Eutrophication and Fossils Resource Use. Regardless of the FU used, feed supply management represented a key area of improvement, and soil carbon sequestration impact compensated the high GHG emission intensity of grassland-based farms despite the limited nutritional value of natural pasture. Regional strategies should be based on ecosystem services optimization and eco-innovative solutions tailored according to both the specific geo-pedological conditions and the production level of each farming system.

Optimizing land use for climate mitigation using nature based solution (NBS) strategy: a study on afforestation potential and carbon sequestration in Rajasthan, India

Rajasthan faces significant environmental challenges, including the pressing need for effective climate change mitigation strategies. Recognizing afforestation as a vital tool in this endeavor, this study leverages the latest in remote sensing and geospatial analysis to map out the state's afforestation potential. The goal is to assess land suitability across Rajasthan for afforestation projects and evaluate the potential carbon sequestration capabilities of different tree species. This aims to inform sustainable land management strategies that can contribute to climate change mitigation. By integrating satellite imagery, land cover data, terrain analysis, and vegetation indices, the study evaluates environmental factors such as slope, soil moisture, and vegetation health to identify areas optimal for tree planting. A carbon sequestration model was also developed to estimate sequestration rates based on species-specific growth patterns. Findings indicate that approximately 40% of Rajasthan is suitable for afforestation, with potential carbon sequestration rates ranging from 2 to 8 tons per hectare per year. Species such as Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) are identified as particularly effective for short-term sequestration, while Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Ber) are better suited for long-term carbon capture. This research highlights the importance of targeted afforestation using suitable tree species as a nature-based solution (NBS) for climate change mitigation in Rajasthan. The study offers a data-driven approach to enhancing ecosystem resilience and supports decision-making for climate adaptation in arid regions, highlighting the significant potential of Rajasthan's land for carbon sequestration through afforestation.

Algal-based biochar and hydrochar: A holistic and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment

Biochar and hydrochar are carbon-rich solid products of algal and terrestrial biomass obtained through various thermochemical processes, mainly hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization. Both are regarded as economical, potent, and environmentally friendly adsorbents for wastewater remediation. The versatile applicability of biochar and hydrochar, which is due to their enhanced surface physicochemical properties, includes efficient metal biosorption, soil fertility enhancement, and carbon sequestration. Consequently, there has been an increase in research for producing and exploiting biochar and hydrochar from algae. Both micro- and macro-algal biomass have strong potential due to their sustainability footprint and distinct properties. This review focuses on a comprehensive account of the synthesis of algal biochar and hydrochar and use in wastewater treatment to develop innovative solutions for efficient mitigation of several aqueous pollutants and heavy metal ions. The review discusses the various thermochemical production routes, biophysical characterization techniques, and modes of mechanism for wastewater bioremediation. Algal-based biochar and hydrochar are reported to have higher porosity and more diverse functional groups such as amines, hydroxyl, and carboxyl compared to their cellulosic and waste-derived counterparts, demonstrating an increased wastewater remediation efficiency. In addition, presence of inorganic metal including sodium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus in algal chars facilitates the formation of mesopores and graphite structures, improving their cation exchange capacity. Moreover, algal chars may exhibit pH buffering capacity, which could help stabilize the pH during wastewater treatment processes. Notably, the low O/C content of algal hydrochars enhances the binding and removal of organic pollutants including toxic dyes and antibiotics. The review highlights the development of modified algal chars to enhance the porosity, surface area, structural integrity, and adsorption capacity enabling a higher bioremediation potential.