Sodium Bisulfite Solution Research Articles

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Larutan Natrium Bisulfit Terhadap Karakteristik Manisan Pala Basah (Myristica fragrans Houtt)

Since long ago nutmeg was a popular commodity with high economical value, especially as spices. Nutmeg fruit could be processed into candied nutmeg, as an effort of food diversification. Problem in candied nutmeg production was the browning reaction. After having peeled, the color of flesh will change brown. This condition can lower the quality of nutmeg as raw material in food industry. One of the methods can be applied to prevent the browning reaction is by soaking nutmeg flesh in sodium bisulfite solution. Research had been conducted to find out the effect of soaking nutmeg flesh in sodium bisulfite at Chemistry Laboratory Agriculture Faculty Ma’soem University. The objective of the research was to determine the right solution of sodium bisulfite to produce the finest characteristic of candied nutmeg. The experimental method was applied in this research with six treatments; 500 ppm (A), 750 ppm (B), 1000 ppm (C), 1200 ppm (D), 1500 ppm (E), dan 1750 ppm (F), and each of the treatments was repeated four times. Monitoring was held on total soluble solid, vitamin C, sulfite residue, and organoleptic test on color, aroma, flavor and texture. Statistic analysis used variance analysis and proceeded by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Result of the research showed that sodium bisulfite solution gave a significant effect on total soluble solid, sulfite residue, color and aroma. Vice versa, sodium bisulfite solution had no effect on vitamin C, flavor and texture. The 1500 ppm of solution produce the finest characteristics of candied nutmeg.

Determination of 32 oxidative dyes by high performance liquid chromatography and confirmation by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

染发类产品中氧化型染料种类多,实际样品测定时干扰多,建立染发类产品中多种常用染料的测定方法,为该类产品的有效监管提供技术手段十分必要。该研究根据染料使用频率分组,采用能够屏蔽硅羟基和金属离子影响的C18柱,优化了《化妆品安全技术规范》(2015年版)中32种染料的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)并建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)确证方法。样品以10 g/L亚硫酸氢钠水溶液为抗氧化剂,用无水乙醇-水(1∶1, v/v)混合溶液冰浴超声提取10 min。HPLC方法采用甲醇、乙腈和磷酸盐缓冲液为流动相分两个液相色谱条件进行梯度洗脱分离,于280 nm波长下检测,其中一个HPLC条件中的相互干扰组分均在另一个HPLC条件下完全分离,避免了实际样品检测时组分间的干扰,并排除了32种以外的其他15种常用染料的干扰。HPLC-MS/MS方法分别采用5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液-乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸水溶液-乙腈为正离子和负离子模式下的流动相,电喷雾离子模式下用多反应监测(MRM)模式进行定性和定量分析。HPLC和HPLC-MS/MS两个方法中,日内精密度和48 h内稳定性的相对标准偏差(RSD)<10%,回收率为82.6%~114.9%(RSD<10%)。HPLC方法中32种染料在大约10~500 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r2>0.99),检出限为9.7~40.1 μg/g; HPLC-MS/MS方法中氢醌线性范围为2.0~79.7 mg/L,检出限为8.0 μg/g,其他组分线性范围约为0.1~4 mg/L,检出限为0.01~0.4 μg/g。采用HPLC、HPLC-MS/MS两个方法和《化妆品安全技术规范》方法同时测定实际样品,共检出16种染料,检出含量范围为58~25160 μg/g。3个方法检测结果的RSD为1.9%~10.1%。该研究增加了HPLC-MS/MS确证方法,适应化妆品法定检验中的未知物确认程序;方法简便快速,结果准确,专属性强,具有较好的通用性和可操作性。

Synthesis Strategy of Cinnamaldehyde Derivate Compound from Cinnamon Bark Oil (Cinnamomum burmanii) to 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde

Cinnamaldehyde is the major secondary metabolite of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) that has various benefits in medical fields. One of the cinnamaldehyde derivatives, 2-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HC), has been shown to have good anticancer activity. In contrast to its activity, the synthesis method of HC from pure cinnamaldehyde has not been studied before. This research studies the synthesis of HC with a semisynthetic approach from the natural ingredient cinnamaldehyde. This study was initiated by purifying cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon bark oil with the salting method using a saturated sodium bisulfite solution. Cinnamaldehyde is converted into HC through the synthesis design in three-reaction steps, including nitration using nitric acid-acetic acid anhydride at 0-5 °C, reduction in mild condition by reflux using NH4Cl-Fe in methanol-water solution, and diazotation-hydrolysis using NaNO2-HCl at 5 °C. Optimization of the synthesis was evaluated to get the best method according to yield and characterized using TLC, UV-Vis, FTIR, and GC-MS/LC-MS. The isolated CD has a purity of up to 100% with a yield of about 36%. The 2-nitrocinnamaldehyde (NC) product from nitration was analyzed with ethanol and n-hexane (1:1) Rf = 0.84 and showed high purity with a 26% yield. The reduction product 2-aminocinnamaldehyde (Rf = 0.48) and 2-hydroxycinamaldehyde (Rf = 0.19) as a product from diazotation-hydrolysis obtained in moderate yield.

Evaluation of some analytical methods for determination of calcium oxalate in Amorphophallus muelleri flour

The presence of calcium oxalate is the major obstacle in flour processing of Amorphophallus muelleri tuber since the calcium oxalate can induce skin irritation and is harmful to kidneys. The development of a rapid analytical method to detect calcium oxalate in Amorphophallus flour is required. This research was intended to evaluate the use of some analytical methods (FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF, and titration methods) in calcium oxalate detection in Amorphophallus muelleri flour prepared from different treatments (soaking in water (W), solution of sodium bisulfite 1000 ppm (B), solution of sodium chloride salt 3% (S), solution of sodium bisulfite 1000 ppm and sodium chloride salt 3% (BS)). Results showed that the presence of oxalate in Amorphophallus flour can be detected in the FTIR spectra from the C=O group at a wavenumber of 1610 cm-1. SEM images confirmed that calcium oxalate in Amorphophallus flour existed as raphide crystals in which their quantity can be estimated by the EDS feature of SEM. The presence of calcium oxalate crystals in Amorphophallus flour can be differentiated from other salts present in the flour by XRD. XRF can be used as a rapid analytical tool to detect the presence of calcium oxalate in Amorphophallus flour. The potassium permanganate titration technique can be used as a reference method for other rapid analytical methods in detecting calcium oxalate in Amorphophallus flour.

KARAKTERISTIK TEPUNG KULIT KENTANG (Solanum tuberosum) SEBAGAI BAHAN PANGAN SUMBER KALIUM

Potato peel flour (Solanum tuberosum) is a flour that has a potential to be developed as a food source of potassium. This research was conducted to determine the chemical properties of potato peel flour. Potato peel flour is carried out in several stages: peeling potatoes; soaking in 0.3% sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) solution for 60, 90 and 120 minutes; drying; milling; and sifting. Parameters observed were water content, ash content, protein, fat, carbohydrates and potassium (K). Potato peel flour with various immersions produced has the characteristics of water content (7.84 – 9.03%), ash content (4.15 – 4.67%), protein (11.35 – 11.60 %), fat ( 0.74 – 0.87%), carbohydrates (74.63 – 75.26%), and potassium (1231.32 – 1671.86 mg/100 g). Based on the potassium content, potato skin flour with the highest potassium content was soaked for 120 minutes.

Determination of 40 dyes in oxidative hair dye products by high performance liquid chromatography

氧化型染发产品中的多种染发剂具有不同程度的致敏性及其他毒性,建立快速、准确检测多种染发剂的方法,为该类产品监管提供有效的技术手段,十分必要。该研究建立了氧化型染发类产品中40种染发剂的高效液相色谱测定方法。染发产品经含70%乙醇的亚硫酸氢钠水溶液涡旋、超声提取,并经亚硫酸氢钠水溶液稀释后,以0.02 mol/L乙酸铵水溶液(含4%乙腈)和乙腈为流动相,采用Waters Atlantis® T3 MV Kit色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)分离,配合柱温变化进行梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器检测,检测波长为235 nm和280 nm,外标法定量。结果表明,40种染发剂在各自范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999; 40种染发剂的检出限为5~168 μg/g,定量限为16~504 μg/g;各染发剂在3个添加水平下的平均回收率为81.4%~109.6%, RSD均小于5%;各染发剂标准溶液在24 h内稳定性良好,RSD为0.2%~2.2%。与现行标准检验方法相比,该方法较大程度地增加了单一液相色谱条件下可测定的染发剂,特别是准用染发剂种类(36种),提高了检测效率,并可保证检测结果的灵敏度与准确性,适用于氧化型染发产品中多种染发剂的检测分析。

Formation of Oxazolidine Derivatives by Reaction with Ephedrines and Aldehyde Impurities in Ethyl Acetate.

Ethyl acetate potentially contains formaldehyde and acetaldehyde as impurities. Ephedrines (ephedrine and pseudoephedrine) react with these aldehydes to give oxazolidines. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effects of aldehydes in ethyl acetate on the analysis of ephedrines by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Ephedrines dissolved in a basic solution were extracted with five lots of ethyl acetate; then, injected into a GC/MS system. Acetaldehyde in ethyl acetate was determined by headspace GC/MS. Acetaldehyde-free ethyl acetate, prepared by washing with sodium bisulfite solution, was also subjected to ephedrine extraction and acetaldehyde determination. Four of the five ethyl acetate lots produced 3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidines (formaldehyde adducts of ephedrines) and 2,3,4-trimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidines (acetaldehyde adducts of ephedrines). Acetaldehyde was detected in the range of 23-89μL/L in four lots of ethyl acetate and not detected in one lot, and the detection of acetaldehyde was associated with oxazolidine formation. Washing with sodium bisulfite solution removed ~90% of acetaldehyde and prevented oxazolidine formation. The study indicated that ephedrines reacted with aldehydes in ethyl acetate to produce oxazolidines and washing with sodium bisulfite solution prevented it. It is necessary to exercise caution when using ethyl acetate to extract ephedrines.

Synthesis of natural starch from Elaeis guineensis trunk biomass applying bisulphite steeping method: Optimization by RSM

ABSTRACT A massive quantity of Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) trunk biomass, containing a significant amount of natural starch, is available in Malaysia as biowaste because of annual replantation. The efficient extraction of this starch (carbohydrate polymer) would be worthwhile concerning the environmental sustainability and economy through conversion to bioresources. This study investigated the effectiveness of the bisulfite steeping method for starch synthesis from oil palm trunk (OPT) biowaste. The central composite design (CCD) of Design-Expert software executed an experimental model design, data analysis, evaluated the impacts of process variables and their interaction through response surface methodology to optimize the bisulfite steeping method for starch synthesis. The developed quadratic models for four factors (strength of sodium bisulfite solution, steeping hour, mixing ratio with the bisulfite solution, and ultrapure water) and one response (%Yield) demonstrated that a significant starch yield (13.54%) is achievable employing 0.74% bisulfite solution, 5.6 steeping hours, for 1.6 and 0.6 mixing ratio with the bisulfite solution and ultrapure water respectively. Experimental outcomes were consistent with the predicted model, which eventually sustains the significance of this method. Malvern Zetasizer test revealed a bimodal granular distribution for starch, with 7.15 µm of hydrodynamic size. Starch morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction investigation exhibits an A-type model, specifying persistent characteristics, while FTIR confirms the presence of hydroxyl, carboxylic, and phenolic groups like other cereal starches. Implications: Malaysia is the 2nd largest palm oil exporter in the world. About 110 million tons of palm oil trunk (OPT) biomass is available annually during replanting activities. Modification of bio-wastes into a beneficial form (only 22% presently) like starch extraction would ensure potential reuse as a natural coagulant for wastewater and leachate treatment, food source, adhesives towards boosting the country’s economy by sustainable waste management. The current study achieved better starch yield (13.54%) than previous, from the OPT biomass through the novel bisulfite steeping method. Therefore, this method will ascertain the effective implication of numerous economic activities.

HETEROCYCLIZATION OF ALICYCLIC 1,5-DIKETONES. SYNTHESIS OF N -SUBSTITUTED 5-(4,5,6,7-TETRAHYDRO-1 H -INDOL-2-YL)PENTANOIC ACIDS ON THE BASIS OF (2,2'-METHANEDIYL)BISCYCLOHEXANONE AND PRIMARY AMINES

The bisulfite adduct, formed upon treatment of (2,2'-methanediyl)biscyclohexanone with aqueos sodium bisulfite solution in the presence of acetic acid, subsequently reacted under the same conditions with certain aromatic and aliphatic primary amines, giving moderate yields of N-substituted 5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoic acids.

Heterocyclization of alicyclic 1,5-diketones. Synthesis of N-substituted 5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoic acids on the basis of (2,2'-methanediyl)biscyclohexanone and primary amines

The bisulfite adduct, formed upon treatment of (2,2'-methanediyl)biscyclohexanone with aqueos sodium bisulfite solution in the presence of acetic acid, subsequently reacted under the same conditions with certain aromatic and aliphatic primary amines, giving moderate yields of N-substituted 5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoic acids.

The effect of sodium bisulfite immersion to the potential of Candi banana peel ethanol extract as radical scavenger and UV protection

Banana peel consists of bioactive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, tannin, carotenoids and alkaloids, preventing and reducing free radical and impeding UV-ray radiation. Banana peel immersed with sodium bisulfite solution prevents browning reaction by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reaction. This research aims to study the effect of sodium bisulfite immersion to the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of Candi banana peel. Stages conducted in this research include: sample preparation (non-immersion (E1) and immersion (E2) of samples with sodium bisulfite) as well as an extraction of Candi banana peels with ethanol solvent by ultrasonic. Afterwards, each extract is determined by the content of bioactive compounds (phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and β-carotene), antioxidant activity (IC50) and SPF value. The result of this research shows that the contents of phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and β-carotene in ethanol extract of non-immersion (E1) Candi banana peel are 2613.60 mg/kg; 59.34 mg/kg; 6895 mg/kg and 103.97 mg/kg respectively. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (IC50) is 2573.25 ppm and the SPF value is 7.34. Furthermore, the contents of phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and βcarotene in ethanol extract of Candi banana peel with immersion (E2) are 4303.40 mg/kg; 125.27 mg/kg; 4881 mg/kg and 158.36 mg/kg respectively. The antioxidant activity (IC50) is 3210.28 ppm and the SPF value is 10.67. The research result shows that the contents of phenolic, flavonoid, β-carotene and the SPF value are higher in Candi banana peel with immersion than that of non-immersion. Meanwhile, both treatments show inversed result of tannin content and antioxidant activity.

Recycling Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) from the Recirculating Waste of an Ethylene Oxide Unit

AbstractIn the ethylene glycol generation unit of petrochemical plants, first a reaction of ethylene oxide takes place which is then followed by other side reactions. These reactions include water absorption with ethylene oxide, which leads to the generation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Over the lifetime of the alpha-alumina-based silver catalyst there is an increase in side reactions, increasing the amount of the formaldehyde and acetaldehyde generated by the ethylene oxide reactor which leads to reduced MEG product purity. Given the need of a petrochemical complex to further strip the aldehyde (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) to increase the quality of the MEG and increase the lifetime of the alpha-alumina-based silver catalyst, resin beds are designed and their surface absorption capacity is investigated to optimize aldehyde (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) removal in the recirculating water flow of the ethylene oxide unit. Experiments show that the ion exchange system based on strong anionic resin pre-treated with a sodium bisulfite solution can reduce the aldehyde level from about 300ppm to less than 5ppm. After the resin is saturated with aldehyde, the resin can be recycled using the sodium bisulfite solution which is a cheap chemical substance.

Modification of urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives with blocked isocyanates using sodium bisulfite

Polymeric 4-4 diphenyl methane diisocyanate (pMDI) was blocked with an aqueous sodium bisulfite solution to obtain water-dispersible blocked pMDI (B-pMDI) resin with different HSO3/–NCO mole ratios for the modification of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the B-pMDI resin clearly showed that all isocyanate groups of the pMDI resin were successfully blocked by sodium bisulfite. As the HSO3/–NCO mole ratio increased, the de-blocking temperature of the B-pMDI resin also increased. Two addition levels (1% and 3%) of the B-pMDI resin with different HSO3/–NCO mole ratios were mixed with UF resins and used as an adhesive for plywood. The gel time of the UF/B-pMDI resins decreased to a minimum at a mole ratio of 0.9 and then increased with the HSO3/–NCO mole ratio, and was consistent with the peak temperature (Tp). However, as the HSO3/–NCO mole ratio increased, the viscosity of the modified UF resins by 1% B-pMDI resin addition slightly increased, whereas those of modified resins with 3% B-pMDI resin addition rapidly increased. The adhesion strengths of plywood bonded with the hybrid resins were greater for 1% B-pMDI resin addition than for 3% B-pMDI resin addition. Formaldehyde emission of plywood bonded with the UF/B-pMDI resins significantly decreased up to 34% by the addition of B-pMDI resin at a mole ratio of 1.8. These results suggest that the modification of UF resins by mixing with water-dispersible B-pMDI resin can be a method for improving the water resistance and formaldehyde emission of UF resins for wood-based composites.

Effect of decortication and protease treatment on physicochemical and functional characteristics of red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and yellow maize (Zea maiz) starches

Sorghum is a cereal from which starch is not commonly isolated; however, its functional characteristics are similar to other cereal starches such as maize. Red sorghum kernels were processed with and without mechanical decortication followed by steeping in a sodium bisulfite solution to 50% solids, with and without a commercial protease following by wet milling. For comparison purposes, yellow maize kernels were also protease treated and wet milled. Results indicate a significant increase on starch yield in both cereals when the decorticated sorghum or maize flours were treated with the protease from 59.11 to 63.21% and 43.59 to 58.89%, as well as purity from 96.52 to 98.45 and 95.95 to 98.75% for maize and sorghum, respectively. The combination of mechanical decortication and protease treatments increase starch gelatinization temperature from 77.5 to 81.5°C, as well as a decrease on the final viscosity, indicating that the protein associated to the starch granules restricted swelling and amylose leaching during pasting. Isolated starch from decorticated sorghum kernels was lighter in color due to the removal of pericarp rich in phenolics. The mechanical decortication prior to wet milling presented the advantage of the removal of stable sorghum bran that contains an array of nutraceutical and antioxidant compounds, whereas the use of the proposed decortication followed by enzyme treatment promote higher yields of refined starch.

Size-Controlled Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Water-Dispersible Cd(Se,S) Quantum Dots for Potential Biological Applications

ABSTRACTNanomedicine is fostering significant advances in the development of platforms for early detection and treatment of diseases. Nanoparticles (NPs) like quantum dots (QDs) exhibit size-dependent optical properties for light-driven technologies, which might become important in bio-imaging, sensing and photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) applications. The present research addresses the synthesis of water-stable Cd-based QDs via a Microwave-Assisted synthesis approach using cadmium sulfate salt, and thioglycolic acid as Cd- and S-precursors, respectively. Selenide ions were available by reductive leaching of metallic Selenium in Sodium bisulfite solution. The size control and the tunability of the optical properties were achieved by a suitable control of the reaction temperature (in the 140°C- 190°C range) and reaction time (10 minutes-40 minutes). X-ray diffraction analyses suggested the development of a CdSe,S face cubic centered structure; the broadening of the diffraction peaks indicated the presence of very small nanocrystals in the samples. The average crystallite size was estimated at 5.50 nm ± 1.17nm and 3.72 nm ± 0.04 nm, for nanoparticles synthesized at 180°C after 40 minutes or 10 minutes of reaction, respectively. HRTEM images confirmed the crystalline nature and the small size of the synthesized nanocrystals. In turn, the exciton was red-shifted from 461nm to 549 nm when the reaction temperature was prolonged from 140°C to 190 °C, suggesting the crystal growth. The corresponding band gap values were approximately 2.2 eV, confirming the quantum confinement effect (bulk value 1.74eV). This red shift was also evidenced in PL measurements where the main emission peak was shifted from 507 nm to 564 nm when the samples were excited at 420 nm. A narrow size-tunable emission also was supported by the full width at half maximum (∼ 45 nm) for the synthesized nanocrystals. The reactive oxygen species generation capability of as-synthesized QDs was also investigated. The correlation between the particle size and the generation of (ROS) by the degradation of methylene blue was evident with a reduction of MB concentration from 10μM to 7.5μM and 6.7μM after 15 minutes of UV irradiation for reaction time of 10 min. and 40 min. respectively. No additional degradation was noticed after 60 minutes of irradiation.

Effect of Dipping in Sodium Bisulfite Solution and Packaging under Nitrogen on Fresh Sweet Corn during High Temperature Sterilization and Shelf-Life

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dipping in 1% sodium bisulfite solution and packaging under nitrogen on qualitative properties of fresh sweet corn (Zea mays L.) sterilized at 121°C for 15 min and stored at 30°C for 90 days. Water content in all samples was maintained well during the storage. The samples either dipped in 1% sodium bisulfite solution or packaged under nitrogen all could better keep the content of soluble and reducing sugar than control and inhibit the browning caused by Maillard reaction during the sterilization.

Pré-tratamentos na secagem e reidratação de champignon em fatias

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de dois pré-tratamentos (pt) na desidratação osmo-convectiva: Pré-tratamento químico a 20°C por 5min em solução de ácido cítrico, bissulfito de sódio e carbonato de cálcio a 0,1% cada (pt-ABC) e por branqueamento a 80°C por 5min (pt-B), bem como a combinação pt-ABC seguido de pt-B (amostra:solução = 1:10 w/w). O pt-ABC provocou aumento de massa (13% em média) entretanto o pt-B perda (-34% em média). A desidratação osmótica a 20°C por 60min em solução de NaCl a 10% reduziu a massa de fatias não pré-tratadas em 43%. Esse nível de redução de massa não pode ser atingido com o uso do pt-ABC, mas melhorou para 49% para fatias submetidas ao pt-B. Os pré-tratamentos reduziram o tempo de secagem (70°C e com circulação de ar de 18m³ h-1) de 150min para 60min para atingir o nível de atividade de água do produto seco igual ou menor a do produto comercial. As fatias submetidas ao pt-ABC ou do controle apresentaram boa capacidade de reidratação. As fatias que foram submetidas aos dois pré-tratamentos apresentaram coloração mais clara e menos enrugadas após secagem, aparência similar foi observada às do pt-ABC. O pt-ABC pode ser usado para se obter fatias de champignon seco com aspecto visual e capacidade de reidratação adequados para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos para consumo direto ou que necessite reidratação.

Synthesis and the Study of Oil Displacement Performance of Stearate-2-Hydroxy-3-Propane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt

The stearate-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt was synthesized by using sodium bisulfite,epichlorohydrin,sodium phosphate and stearic acid.The influence factors on reaction temperature, reaction time ,the amount of catalyst and reactant molar ratio and so on to the yield were investigated.The favorable conditions of synthesizing were determined:Epichlorohydrin was dropped into the solution of sodium bisulfite of 85°C,the dropping 2h and keeping 1.5h. 3-chlorine-2-hydroxy-propane sulfonic acid sodium was synthesized. 3-chlorine-2-hydroxy-propane sulfonic acid sodium was dropped into the solution of sodium phosphate at 55°C and 4h reaction time.The 2,3-oxiranemethane sulfonic acid sodium salt was synthesized. reactant molar ratio: 1:1.1，2,3-oxiranemethane sulfonic acid sodium salt solution was dropped into the solution of stearic acid of 90°C,the dropping 0.5h and keeping 2.5h . Stearic acid-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt was synthesized. The yield was 85.1 %.The product was characterized by FTIR. The surface tensions of the surfactant product water solutions were determined, The critical micelle concentrations of 4.62mmol/L were obtained.Artificial core physical simulation flooding experiments was developed.the flooding efficiency of the surfactant is about 12.21%.

PENGARUH SUHU DAN KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT DARI TEMPURUNG KELAPA

Coconut shell is one of agricultural wastes that having low commercial value. This research is objected to use coconut shell as the base material of producing surfactant. The use of coconut shell is basically due to its content of lignin, about 29,4%. The objective of this research is to obtain isolate lignin with increasing chatalis NaOH and H2SO4 with lignin identification, the effect of temperature and agitation rate of producing surfactant. The research was done in a reactor with temperature of 100 0C, 110 0C, 120 0C, 3 hours reaction time, pH 6, 80 rpm, 90 rpm, 100 rpm agitation rate, and coconut shell as the base material. Dry coconut shell is grinded and the powder is collected to be reacted. The coconut shell powder is reacted with sodium bisulfite solution with variation in ratio of 1:0,5. The product is filtered to get filtrate and residue. The filtrate is further analyzed by using the FT-IR spectrophotometry method. From the research we get maximum purity of surfactant at sodium bisulfite with reactant ratio of 1:0,5; Speed 100 rpm and temperature 120 0C.

Chemical composition and functional properties of native chestnut starch (Castanea sativa Mill)

Starch isolation methods can change their physico-chemical and functional characteristics hindering the establishment of a starch-food functionality relation. A simple high yield and soft isolation method was applied for chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill) starch consisting in steeping and fruit disintegration in a 25mM sodium bisulfite solution and purification by sedimentation. Starch integrity, physico-chemical composition, morphology and functional properties were determined, being observed significant differences from previous described methods for chestnut starch isolation. The X-ray pattern was of B-type, with a degree of crystallinity ranging from 51% to 9%, dependent on the starch moisture content. The onset, peak, and conclusion gelatinization temperatures were 57.1°C, 61.9°C and 67.9°C, respectively. Total amylose content was 26.6%, and there was not found any evidence for lipid complexed amylose. Swelling power at 90°C was 19g/g starch, and the amount of leached amylose was 78% of the total amylose content. Native chestnut starch presents a type B pasting profile similar to corn starch but with a lower gelatinization (56.1°C) and peak viscosity (79.5°C) temperatures, making native chestnut starch a potential technological alternative to corn starch, especially in application where lower processing temperatures are needed.