Calcium Chloride Solution Research Articles

Structural and functional optimization of egg white protein hydrogels by succinylation: Gel properties and mineral enrichment

The development of novel gel-mineral supplements is important for improving the health of patients with dysphagia. In this study, we used natural egg white protein (NEWP) and phosphorylated egg white protein (STEWP) as controls. We modified NEWP with succinic anhydride to produce varying degrees of succinylated egg white protein (SAEWP). The addition of 20 % (w/v) succinic anhydride increased the β-sheet content of SAEWP from 11.97 % to 50.60 %, which stabilized the gel structure and formed a uniformly ordered three-dimensional network, resulting in the average pore size of SAEWP could reach >80 μm. Compared to NEWP, SAEWP hydrogel with 20 % succinic anhydride showed a 22.27 % increase in water holding capacity, a 56.13 % increase in hardness, and a 173.01 % increase in elasticity. Immersion in a calcium chloride solution resulted in a 220 % increase in calcium content. This study provides new insights into the development of innovative gel mineral supplements.

Calcium alginate-encapsulated propolis microcapsules: Optimization, characterization, and preservation effects on postharvest sweet cherry

The increasing consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has led to the development of eco-friendly and active preservation materials which have slow-release effect of antioxidant/antifungal agents. The propolis microcapsules (PM), utilizing calcium alginate as the wall material, incorporating ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) as the core material, were prepared by ionic gelation method and conducted a investigation of its characteristics After optimization by single factor experiment and theoretical response models, PM which was prepared by dropping 9.3 g L−1 100 mL sodium alginate solution containing 9.8 mL EEP into 0.22 mol L−1 calcium chloride solution showed an encapsulation efficiency of 69.29±1.12 %. Prepared microcapsules were spherical with a dense surface which protected propolis well from the environment, retained a large number of bio-active compounds and improve thermal stability of propolis. Moreover, the microcapsules exhibited good slow-release effect and good inhibitory influence on the development of Alternaria Alternata growth which the colony diameter of the control was 41.38 % higher than the treatment at day six. With 5.0 g PM placed in the small non-woven bag in the application on sweet cherries with non-direct contact method, the decay rate and weight loss of fruits were reduced by 47.5 % and 17.6 %, concurrently the PM also effectively maintain the good appearance, hardness, antioxidant capacity by slowing the reduction in the content of total phenols, flavonoids and enzymatic activities. Therefore, the PM with superior antioxidant and antifungal capacity have the great potential to design as a practical active materials for fruits preservation.

PREFERENCE BEHAVIOR TOWARDS MINERAL ELEMENTS BY HONEYBEE

The study was conducted to ‎‎investigate honeybee preferences for various micronutrients and their ‎‎concentrations. throughout the summer of 2021 at the Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt, specifically at the apiary of the Bee Research Department. Forager bees showed strong avoidance responses only to high ‎mineral ‎concentrations (2, 1, 0.5%, and 0.25%) for sodium, potassium, ‎calcium, and ‎magnesium chloride‎. On the other hand, Foragers bees recorded a ‎high visitation number in low ‎concentrations (0.1, 0.05, 0.025 %, and 0.0125%) ‎for 4 minerals and tap water.‎ The honeybee ‎prefers dilute sodium chloride and ‎its low concentrations (0.0125%), which ‎recorded a higher visitation number ‎among all mineral concentrations under the ‎study. In contrast, the bees exhibited no discernible preferences for the ‎calcium chloride solutions with ‎a low visitation number of 0.1 and 0.05% ‎compared with tap water. The visitation numbers are ‎similar in magnesium and ‎potassium at 0.05, 0.025, and 0.0125% but higher ‎than tap water.‎ The solution was consumed at a ‎concentration of 0.0125 after 139 ‎minutes, a concentration of 0.025 after 142.5 min., and a ‎concentration of 0.05 after a time had passed 157.5 min. ‎The preference factor ‎for NaCl solution was recorded at a concentration of ‎‎(0.0125) Thus, the bees’ ‎preference for this concentration is higher than their ‎preference for tap water. ‎The lowest preference factor (0.4) was recorded with a ‎CaCl2 solution with a ‎concentration of (0.1). low consumption ‎ratios were recorded for 0.0125% ‎potassium chloride (indicating a preference ‎for the test solution), and higher ‎consumption ratios were reported for 0.1% ‎calcium chloride (indicating ‎avoidance of the test solution).‎

Nanocellulose‐reinforced, anti‐freezing, highly conductive ionic organic hydrogels for flexible electronic devices

AbstractCurrently, flexible electronic devices based on ionic conductive hydrogels are receiving widespread attention in the field of human health detection. In this paper, a facile one‐pot method is proposed for the preparation of ionic organic hydrogels, in which polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cellulose nanofiber (CNF), and graphene oxide (GO) are dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide‐water (DMSO/H2O), and the organic hydrogel is obtained by a freezing–thawing process. The ionic organic hydrogel with excellent properties is then prepared by soaking the hydrogel in a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution using a salting‐out strategy. The ionic organic hydrogel possesses good tensile (283%) and strength (0.3 MPa), super electrical conductivity (7.72 S/m), and high strain sensitivity [gauge factor (GF) up to 5.22]. Meanwhile, it has excellent anti‐freezing and moisturizing properties. In addition, the ionic organic hydrogels can be used in flexible strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators to realize real‐time monitoring of human motion, traceless writing, and energy conversion. It is foreseen that the prepared ionic organic hydrogels provide a feasible method for realizing the long‐term use of wearable electronic devices in extreme environments and daily life.

Dynamic impact analysis of solution droplets in frost-free air-source heat pumps: Transition from droplets to liquid film

This study investigates the dynamic propagation of solution droplets in frost-free air source heat pump systems, focusing on calcium chloride and ethylene glycol solutions. The research examines three key stages: droplet impact on a surface, collision with stationary droplets, and impact on a stabilized liquid film. Key findings include that increased surface contact angle and solution concentration inhibit droplet spreading, while higher impact velocity enhances it. Droplet retraction is influenced by surface tension and adhesion, with calcium chloride droplets showing variable retraction and ethylene glycol droplets consistently retracting less as concentration increases. Collisions with stationary droplets lead to behaviors such as merging, spreading, and rebound, with higher velocity accelerating these processes. In the final impact stage, a stable liquid film formation results in crown sputtering and oscillation, where sputtering height is inversely related to concentration but increases with impact velocity. These insights contribute to optimizing droplet management in air treatment systems.

The collection and application of autologous amniotic fluid to cesarean delivery closure – a feasibility study

Amniotic fluid and amnion membranes have been used in surgery specialties to improve wound healing. The objective was to determine if amniotic fluid could be collected at cesarean delivery and then reapplied to the layers of the closure using the CeaLogic Specimen Collection and Ratio Applicator Kit. Autologous amniotic fluid from 20 subjects was collected at cesarean delivery using the collection kit, and then transferred to the applicator kit, mixed with calcium chloride solution, and applied directly to each of the surgical repair layers during closure. The Modified Hollander Cosmesis Score was used to assess wound appearance from photographs of the incision taken in the postpartum setting. The median (IQR) Modified Hollander Cosmesis Score (range 0-best, to 6-worst) at the one week and four-week postpartum visits was 0 (0,1) and 0 (0,2), respectively. There were no wound complications nor surgical site infections. The CeaLogic Specimen Collection and Ratio Applicator Kits can be used to collect and reapply autologous amniotic fluid at cesarean delivery. Future studies can determine if the application of autologous amniotic fluid to cesarean delivery closure can improve cosmesis and wound healing, as well as decrease the risk for the development of intraabdominal adhesions.

Alginate/clinoptilolite beads as a novel adsorbent for reducing the salinity of industrial wastewater: adsorption kinetics and isotherm study

ABSTRACT Treatment and desalination of unconventional water are considered important alternatives to combat water scarcity in Tunisia. This study demonstrates a viable approach to the increasing possibility of the salinity reduction of industrial effluent through adsorption. In this work, a novel alginate complex was developed for reducing the salinity of the industrial wastewater to be reinjected and reused again within the industrial process and even in agriculture. The Calcium alginate/clinoptilolite beads (Ca-Alg/Clino beads) were prepared using sodium alginate (2%) solution and calcium chloride (4%) solution as the crosslinking agent with clinoptilolite. Batch experiments were carried out to test the adsorption capacity of the synthetised Ca-Alg/Clino beads. It was found that the salinity reduction process depends strongly on the pH, the adsorbent mass, the interaction time, and the initial salt concentration. The highest reduction efficiency and salinity reduction were achieved at pH (6-7). Batch adsorption experiments indicated that Ca-Alg/Clino beads allow an excellent salinity reduction of up to 96.83% for a dosage adsorbent/water of 2 g/L and a salinity of 6 g/L at a contact time of 20 min. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was 30.1 mg/g. The optimal adsorption pH was 7. The adsorption isotherms data follow well the Langmuir model. The separation factor, RL = 0.74, indicates that the adsorption process is favourable. The kinetics data favour the pseudo-second-order model. The fabricated beads can be reused 5 times without any weight loss. This material has excellent efficiency when applied to real environmental water.

Influence of shear strength parameters on loose fine sand treated with coir fiber and microbially induced calcite precipitation

In recent years, there has been an increasing use of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) technology in ground improvement. Adding fiber to bio-cemented sand leads to significant improvements in its properties. This paper examines how coir fiber and microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) might be used to improve the engineering qualities of fine sand. The sand was mixed with Coir fiber at varying Fiber Contents (FC) of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% by weight of sand. Additionally, varied Aspect Ratios (AR) of 45, 90, 136, 182, and 227 were considered. The mixture also included urease-producing bacteria (Sporosarcina Pasteurii), as well as solutions of urea and calcium chloride with 3M molarity. The untreated and treated sand samples were submitted to a Direct Shear Test (DST). The study found that the shear strength parameters, such as the angle of internal friction, increased by 1.1 times compared to standard fine sand. Additionally, the angle of internal friction (ϕ) of fiber-reinforced sand with MICP showed 1.4 times increase, while the cohesion values demonstrated a sixfold increase compared to MICP fine sand. It was determined that the optimal aspect ratio was 182, and the optimal fiber content was 0.3%. Moreover, the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was utilized to examine the calcite formations present in the treated sand samples, and calcite precipitation was observed between the pores of the soils.

Effects of Coaxial Nozzle's Inner Nozzle Diameter on Filament Strength and Gelation in Extrusion-Based 3D Printing with In Situ Ionic Crosslinking.

This study systematically investigates the effects of the coaxial nozzle's inner nozzle diameter on the strength and gelation of filaments produced via extrusion-based 3D printing with in situ ionic crosslinking. In this system, bioink (sodium alginate solution) was extruded through the outer nozzle, and the ionic crosslinking solution (calcium chloride solution) was extruded through the inner nozzle. The outer nozzle diameter was fixed at 2.16 mm, and the inner nozzle diameter was varied among 1.19, 0.84, and 0.584 mm. The results indicate that, as the inner nozzle diameter decreased, filament strength decreased, and filament gelation became poorer. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing inner nozzle diameter for improved filament strength and gelation in extrusion-based 3D printing with in situ ionic crosslinking.

Isotropic compression behavior of salinized unsaturated agricultural soil: An experimental and constitutive investigation

Salinity-induced soil degradation is a significant challenge in coastal reclamation areas, impacting agricultural productivity and infrastructure development. Variations in soil compression and deformation caused by changes in salinity warrant further investigation, particularly for agricultural applications. This study explores the relationship between soil pore water salinity and compressibility by conducting isotropic compression tests on salinized unsaturated agricultural soils treated with distilled water, 0.5 mol/L and 1 mol/L sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) solutions. The results demonstrate that the type and concentration of salts significantly affect the compression behavior of these soils. The constitutive parameters were calibrated based on the experimental data. To account for osmotic suction, Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) was adjusted. The findings indicate that as pore water salinity increases, soil compressibility decreases, reflected by a compression index (Cc), and higher pre-consolidation stress (py). This modification aimed to quantify the impact of pore water salinity on soil compression. To validate the constitutive model, a numerical analysis of an isotropic compression test was carried out. This study contributes to our understanding of the isotropic compression behavior of coastal saline soil, proposes a constitutive framework for predicting soil responses under different salt conditions, and provides theoretical support for engineering construction in coastal reclamation areas.

The Investigation of Phase Transformation Process of Nano-Citrogypsum via Recycling Saline Solution

Because citric acid may be used to preserve food, the citric acid business has grown to play a significant role in the food and beverage sector. Environmental problems with gypsum waste, or citrogypsym, resulted from the manufacture of citric acid. Calcium sulfate dihydrate (DH), with low material physical characteristics, is the primary component of gypsum. As a result, the goal of this research is to examine the phase transformation process of citrogypsum using the hydrothermal process, which is a method of recrystallizing an example solution in an appropriate setting. To do this, a recycling calcium chloride solution was used, and it was heated to 95°C for five hours under atmospheric pressure to form alpha calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH). The present of -OH at 1600 cm-1 wave numbers in the FT-IR spectra of α-HH, indicates that CaSO4 has 0.5 water molecules in its crystal. Moreover, the DSC thermograms of α-HH reveal endothermic peaks at 151.2°C and 183.14°C, respectively, which correspond to the loss of 0.5 water molecules in CaSO4. The TGA thermogram of α-HH also shows a crystal water content of 4.5 wt%. Furthermore, SEM images validate the hexagonal structure of α-HH morphology. In addition, because chloride ions have an impact on corrosive materials, the saline solution can be recycled at least four times to save money and the environment.

Deciphering the Effects of Different Calcium Sources on the Plant Growth, Yield, Quality, and Postharvest Quality Parameters of ‘Tomato’

Tomatoes are one of the most important vegetables in every home, especially in South Asian countries, used as a vegetable, ketchup, and condiment in many kitchen recipes. It is a good source of calcium, potassium, folate, vitamin A, vitamin K, and lycopene, which are beneficial for the human body and protect it against different diseases. Nutrient management is a key factor for the best quality production of tomato fruit. The present study was conducted to compare the efficiency of different calcium salts (calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, calcium nitrate, and calcium chloride) in improving the growth, yield, and other quality-related parameters of tomatoes. A single field experiment was conducted and laid out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a single factor in the field and a Complete Randomized Design (CRD)) for postharvest fruit storage. The results obtained from this experiment suggest that plants treated with 2% calcium chloride solution exhibited the greatest plant height (85.27 cm), number of leaves (221), yield per plant (2.3 kg), ascorbate peroxidase (290.75 m mol s−1 kg−1), superoxide dismutase (7.13 m mol s−1 kg−1), catalase (18.74 m mol s−1 kg−1), total phenolics (2.44 mg g−1), and β carotene (0.48 µg g−1). During postharvest storage, the maximum shelf life (18 days), minimum disease incidence (4.78%), weight loss (6.61%), and ethylene production (119.6 µL C2H4 kg−1h−1) rate were also observed in calcium-treated fruits.

Hellfire Exploration: the origins of ground source heat in early mining technology

The ground source heat pump (GSHP) was first used in 1862, for freezing ground in connection with sinking a shaft in Swansea, UK. It was subsequently developed in Germany in 1882-83 into the “Poetsch process” for freezing ground during construction of mine shafts. The Poetsch process was an indirect closed loop GSHP system, circulating a chilled brine from a heat pump around a network of coaxial borehole heat exchangers. These early systems typically employed ammonia as a refrigerant and a calcium or magnesium chloride solution as the brine. Such a system was used in 1904-1906 to sink the shafts of Dawdon Colliery, Co. Durham, UK through water-bearing Permian strata. Also, around 1904, the Newcastle-based turbine pioneer, Charles Parsons, suggested that such a GSHP system could transport heat to the surface during the construction of a 12 mile deep “Hellfire Exploration” shaft, that could potentially access geothermal power.

Regeneration of CO2 from CO2-rich absorbents using hollow fiber membrane contactors in liquid–liquid extraction mode

This study explores the use of hollow fiber membrane contactors (HFMCs) to efficiently regenerate CO2 from CO2-rich absorbents and convert it into calcium carbonate (CaCO3) via a novel liquid–liquid extraction process. CO2 is absorbed into a potassium carbonate (K2CO3) solution and then desorbed directly into a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution through a porous polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber membrane. This single-step process significantly reduces the energy costs associated with traditional CO2 chemical capture methods, such as reboilers and gas compression. Key operational parameters, including stripping liquid chemistry (Ca2+ concentration and pH), feed liquid temperature, and HFMC stages, were optimized. CO2 regeneration peaked at pH 11.0 with a Ca2+ concentration of 108.00 mmol/L, achieving a 37 % efficiency at 80 ℃ in a single-stage HFMC. A three-stage HFMC in parallel mode increased CO2 regeneration efficiency to 49 %, though with a lower Ca2+ carbonation efficiency of 2.92 %. The open-loop configuration, which facilitates continuous CO2 absorption from flue gas, demonstrated practical application potential, regenerating approximately 30 % CO2 at a feed flow rate of 0.3 cm/s.

A novel injectable boron doped-mesoporous nano bioactive glass loaded-alginate composite hydrogel as a pulpotomy filling biomaterial for dentin regeneration

BackgroundDifferent materials have been used as wound dressings after vital pulp therapies. Some of them have limitations such as delayed setting, difficult administration, slight degree of cytotoxicity, crown discoloration and high cost. Therefore, to overcome these disadvantages, composite scaffolds have been used in regenerative dentistry. This study aims to construct and characterize the physicochemical behavior of a novel injectable alginate hydrogel loaded with different bioactive glass nanoparticles in various concentrations as a regenerative pulpotomy filling material.MethodsAlginate hydrogels were prepared by dissolving alginate powder in alcoholic distilled water containing mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBG NPs) or boron-doped MBG NPs (BMBG NPs) at 10 and 20 wt% concentrations. The mixture was stirred and incubated overnight in a water bath at 50 0 C to ensure complete solubility. A sterile dual-syringe system was used to mix the alginate solution with 20 wt% calcium chloride solution, forming the hydrogel upon extrusion. Then, constructed hydrogel specimens from all groups were characterized by FTIR, SEM, water uptake percentage (WA%), bioactivity and ion release, and cytotoxicity. Statistical analysis was done using One-Way ANOVA test for comparisons between groups, followed by multiple pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni adjusted significance level (p < 0.05).ResultsAlginate/BMBG loaded groups exhibited remarkable increase in porosity and pore size diameter [IIB1 (168), IIB2 (183) (µm)]. Similarly, WA% increased (~ 800%) which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Alginate/BMBG loaded groups exhibited the strongest bioactive capability displaying prominent clusters of hydroxyapatite precipitates on hydrogel surfaces. Ca/P ratio of precipitates in IIA2 and IIB1 (1.6) were like Ca/P ratio for stoichiometric pure hydroxyapatite (1.67). MTT assay data revealed that the cell viability % of human gingival fibroblast cells have declined with increasing the concentration of both powders and hydrogel extracts in all groups after 24 and 48 h but still higher than the accepted cell viability % of (˃70%).ConclusionsThe outstanding laboratory performance of the injectable alginate/BMBGNPs (20 wt%) composite hydrogel suggested it as promising candidate for pulpotomy filling material potentially enhancing dentin regeneration in clinical applications.

Enhancing corrosion resistance and heat transfer performance of fin-tube heat exchangers for closed-type heat-source towers by superhydrophobic coatings

Heat-source towers are essential components in heat-source tower heat pump systems, pivotal for achieving energy efficiency. Enhancing corrosion resistance and heat transfer performance for heat-source towers is important but challengeable. For solving this problem, this study aims to introduce a novel superhydrophobic (SHP) coating applied via a one-step electrodeposition method to enhance both corrosion resistance and heat transfer performance of fin-tube heat exchangers in closed-type heat-source towers. The superhydrophobic nature of the coating is validated by contact angle measurements, while its structural integrity and chemical composition are confirmed through various methods i.e., X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Corrosion resistance tests indicate a significant improvement, with the coating showing a corrosion current density of 1.400 × 10−6 A/cm2 and a low-frequency modulus |Z|0.01 Hz of 1.50 × 10⁴ Ω cm2 after 30 days in a 15 wt% calcium chloride solution at 0 °C. Additionally, heat transfer experiments demonstrate a 42.5 % increase in heat transfer efficiency compared to uncoated fins under identical conditions, which present the significant heat transfer performance of the presently developed SHP coating. The key contribution of this research lies in the development and application of a novel SHP coating that significantly enhances the performance of heat-source towers. Moreover, the present findings suggest that implementing this SHP coating can substantially improve the durability and efficiency of heat-source towers, supporting the advancement of more sustainable building infrastructures.

Novel Flowable Hemostatic Agent ActiClot: Efficacy and Safety Assessment in Rat and Porcine Models.

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the hemostatic performance and safety of ActiClot (ATC), a new flowable hemostatic agent, through in vivo tests. Methods: ATC was compared with the commercially available FLOSEAL®. ATC consists of carboxymethyl starch, thrombin, and sorbitol powders in Syringe I, and a calcium chloride solution in Syringe II. In vivo evaluation used rat liver bleeding and porcine heart bleeding models. Safety was assessed using a rat subcutaneous implantation model. Results: ATC significantly reduced hemostasis time (70.00 ± 7.35 s) compared to gauze control (240.63 ± 32.31 s) in the rat liver model, showing a 70% reduction. There was no significant difference between ATC and FLOSEAL® (58.75 ± 13.42 s). In the porcine heart model, both agents achieved 100% hemostasis within 3 min, with no significant difference in success rates within 2 min (ATC 87.5%, FLOSEAL® 75%). The gauze control group failed in all tests. The rat subcutaneous implantation model showed no visual ATC observation after 48 h, indicating biocompatibility, with no inflammation observed. Conclusions: ATC demonstrated effective hemostatic performance similar to FLOSEAL® in two in vivo models, with faster hemostasis in the rat liver model. It also showed excellent safety and biocompatibility, indicating its potential for surgical and emergency bleeding control.

Identification of high-performing soil groups in grazing lands using a multivariate analysis method

Understanding and quantifying the complex relationships between soil properties and vegetation health is important for sustainable land management and optimising agricultural productivity. This study tested a spatial data-driven framework to identify the soil groups associated with pasture health using publicly available gridded soil attribute layers from Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia (SLGA) over two adjacent southeast Australian river catchments. Principal component analysis (PCA) followed by isocluster unsupervised classification was applied to seventeen SLGA soil attribute layers to identify dominant soil patterns, which showed good spatial agreement with the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data derived from Landsat-8 imagery. The soil class demonstrating the highest EVI values (HVR class) and the lowest EVI values (LVR class) were determined. A comparison of these classes with soil types defined in the New South Wales Soil Landscape maps confirmed that the HVR class is predominated by agriculturally productive, basalt-derived 'Ant Hill' soils. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranging from ∼10 to 20 meq/100 g, clay content ranging from 20 % to 30 %, pHc (pH in calcium chloride solution) between 5 and 6, pHw (pH in water) between 5.5 and 6.5 and SOC between 2.5 % to 4 % were associated with higher EVI values in the HVR soil class within the study area. This study demonstrated an effective framework for identifying key soil attributes that affect agricultural productivity and pinpointing critical locations for grazing land productivity.

Nano-carbon octadecahedron: in situ carbonization of DTAB of aggregates in concentrated calcium chloride solution

Morphologies play an important role in carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials with different morphologies have different applications in different fields. However, carbon nano-polyhedra have been rarely reported in literatures. Nano-carbon octadecahedron were prepared by the interaction of DTAB of aggregates with a concentrated solution of calcium chloride at 600 °C and with a size of about 700 nm. A series of characterizations, such as SEM, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, Raman, etc., proved that it conforms to the basic characteristics of carbon nanomaterials and may be doped with Ca and carbon. Successful preparation of carbon octadecahedron suggests that the use of in situ carbonization in a concentrated salt system is a new and worthwhile approach to explore.

Preparation and Evaluation of Ranitidine Hydrochloride Floating Microspheres

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Introduction&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: Ranitidine hydrochloride, a member of the H2-receptor antagonist class, is widely employed in treating gastrointestinal conditions like ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome by reducing gastric acid production. Microspheres, designed for extended drug delivery and enhanced bioavailability, were formulated and evaluated in this study. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Aim&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: To develop ranitidine hydrochloride microspheres capable of prolonging drug delivery and improving bioavailability. Methods: The inotropic gelation method was utilized to prepare alginate microspheres incorporating polymers such as ethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, HPMC, and carbopol®. The resulting drug-loaded microspheres exhibited spherical rigidity after cross-linking with a 10% w/v calcium chloride solution. Evaluation parameters including Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis, precompression characteristics, percentage yield, swelling index, and drug content were determined. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: The FTIR results obtained, showed there was no incompatibility among the excipients and the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) obtained, indicated the presence of spherical particles present in the formulation. The pre-compression evaluation showed that the angle of repose ranged from 4.85 ± 0.02 to 7.22 ± 0.06o for batched F4 and F1 respectively, while the Carr’s index ranged from 73.5 ± 2.47% to 87.00 ± 3.53% for batches F-7 and F-1 respectively. The percentage yield ranged from 73.5 ± 2.47% to 87.00 ± 3.53% for batches F-7 and F-1 respectively. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;In vitro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; drug release studies revealed sustained drug release over 4 hours, with a maximum release of 69.50 ± 1.77% observed for batch F-1. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: Overall, the formulated ranitidine hydrochloride microspheres demonstrated prolonged and controlled release characteristics, indicating their potential for use in controlled drug delivery applications.