Acetic Solution Research Articles

Modulation of Albumin Esterase Activity by Warfarin and Diazepam

Data are accumulating on the hydrolytic activity of serum albumin towards esters and organophosphates. Previously, with the help of the technology of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, we observed the yield of acetate in the solution of bovine serum albumin and p-nitrophenyl acetate (NPA). Thus, we showed that albumin possesses true esterase activity towards NPA. Then, using the methods of molecular docking and molecular dynamics, we established site Sudlow I as the catalytic center of true esterase activity of albumin. In the present work, to expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of albumin pseudoesterase and true esterase activity, we investigated—in experiments in vitro and in silico—the interaction of anticoagulant warfarin (WRF, specific ligand of site Sudlow I) and benzodiazepine diazepam (DIA, specific ligand of site Sudlow II) with albumins of different species, and determined how the binding of WRF and DIA affects the hydrolysis of NPA by albumin. It was found that the characteristics of the binding modes of WRF in site Sudlow I and DIA in site Sudlow II of human (HSA), bovine (BSA), and rat (RSA) albumins have species differences, which are more pronounced for site Sudlow I compared to site Sudlow II, and less pronounced between HSA and RSA compared to BSA. WRF competitively inhibits true esterase activity of site Sudlow I towards NPA and does not affect the functioning of site Sudlow II. Diazepam can slow down true esterase activity of site Sudlow I in noncompetitive manner. It was concluded that site Sudlow I is more receptive to allosteric modulation compared to site Sudlow II.

Potential amendments of coal fly ash-derived zeolite to beryllium contaminated soil at a legacy waste disposal site

Management of Be contamination using industrial solid waste or solid waste-derived amendments is not well understood. This study investigated the potential of Australian coal fly ash (CFA), derived synthesized zeolite (SynZ) and chitosan-modified zeolite (ModZ), for Be immobilization at the Little Forest Legacy Waste Site (LFLS), a low-level radioactive waste disposal site near Sydney, Australia. In laboratory simulation experiments, the SynZ and ModZ were separately applied as an amendment to both naturally contaminated soil and simulated contaminated (spiked) soil. Different techniques, including pore water (PW), batch desorption, and microbial activities were assessed to provide insight into immobilization mechanisms. Results revealed that amendment of 2% ModZ in soils, substantially decreased Be concentrations in PW (PWBe) ranging from 13.3% to 99.5% across all concentrations of Be. In contrast, PWBe increased while using SynZ, which could be attributed to the increased solubility of different organic-inorganic elements in PW. Moreover, batch desorption using Milli-Q water, simulated acid rainwater [H2SO4/HNO3 = 60/40, (v/v), and 0.11 M acetic acid solution also revealed similar patterns of Be immobilization as found in PWBe analysis. Soil amendments boosted microbial biomass carbon, and phosphorous (MBC,P), along with basal respiration (BRCO2). This indicates increased microbial activities, which are linked with environmental eco-friendliness. This effect was substantially noticed in ModZ-amended soils, exhibiting up to 22 times higher in BRCO2 values compared to unamended soil. Additionally, reduced PWBe was correlated with soluble organic-inorganic elements, desorbed Be in the batch study, and soil MBc. The differences in behavior between SynZ and ModZ underline the importance of carefully studying the various potential amendment materials and the need to evaluate their performance before application in field situations. This study highlights ModZ's effectiveness in eco-friendly Be immobilization, underlining the role of organic functional groups in zeolite architecture, a key factor in controlling Be in soils.

PH Determination of Acetic Acid-Sodium Acetate Buffer: An Application of Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation at Room Temperature

In article, we have reported the applying of Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in determination of pH of acetic acid and sodium acetate buffer solutions at about 298 Kelvin as room temperature. In preparation of these buffer solutions, we have taken 1.5 ml of glacial acetic acid into 100 ml of standard flask for making up 0.2M of acetic acid solution, and 0.64 gm of sodium acetate were dissolved into 100 ml distilled water. Now, we taken 36.2 ml prepared solution of sodium acetate into 100 ml of standard flask and added 14.8 ml of prepared acetic acid to make its volume 100 ml by using of distilled water, it is a buffer. In measuring of pH of prepared buffer solutions, we have been using a calibrated digital pen pH meter for accurate and quick reading. In observation, the pH of buffer solutions a quite fluctuation was appeared. But, it has gradually raised by adding small amount of basic 5N NaOH solution into buffer sample, and, an adjusted pH was being to 4.7 as well.

Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticle/Carbon Black/Copper‐Quercetin Rods for Sensitive, Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Mitoxantrone

AbstractPhenolic compounds have a variety of activities but are most famous for their antioxidant and metal‐chelating properties. We explore the green synthesis and application of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, carbon black (CB), and copper‐quercetin (Cu−Q) composite for a disposable electrochemical sensor for mitoxantrone. Fe3O4 was synthesised using Camellia sinensis leaf extract. The copper‐quercetin was synthesised by titrating copper acetate solution with quercetin monohydrate solution at room temperature. Equal amounts of Fe3O4, CB, and Cu−Q were mixed to form Fe3O4‐CB/Cu−Q. The Fe3O4‐CB/Cu−Q/SPE has the lowest detection limit (55.47 pM) compared to previous mitoxantrone sensors. The average recovery was 102.2 %, with an RSD of 4.67 % in serum. The sensor maintained an average accuracy of 98.99 % in the presence of the interfering agent. The detection limit of the new sensor is about five times lower than that of the previous Fe3O4 and carbon black electrode. Therefore, it can be suggested that the Copper‐quercetin complex contributed significantly to the electrode's sensitivity. This research is the first to report the three oxidation potentials for mitoxantrone consistent with mitoxantrone's complex oxidation mechanism. Also, this is the first report on using copper‐quercetin as an electrode material for electrode chemical detection. Furthermore, this is the first green‐derived sensor for mitoxantrone.

A pH Measurement of Acetic Acid-Sodium Acetate Buffer Solutions Using a pH Meter at Ambient Temperature

In article, we have reported the preparation of acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solutions and determined its pH by using pH meter at about 25˚ C, as room temperature. In preparation of buffer solutions, firstly, we have taken 1.5 ml of glacial acetic acid into 100 ml of standard flask for making up 0.2M of acetic acid solution, and 0.64 gm of sodium acetate were dissolved into 100 ml distilled water. Then, taken 36.2 ml prepared solution of sodium acetate into 100 ml of standard flask and added 14.8 ml of prepared acetic acid to make its volume 100 ml by using distilled water, it is a buffer. In measuring the pH of prepared buffer solutions, we have been using a calibrated digital pen pH meter for quick resolution of reading with accuracy. The pH of acetic acid-acetate buffer solutions have gradually raised by adding small quantity of 5N NaOH solution into buffer sample, and adjusted pH was being to 4.7.

Influence of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes coating on the microstructure and mechanical properties of alkali activated composites

The objective of this research is the improvement of the mechanical strengths of the alkali activated slag composites with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes content. The main drawback when large PET flakes (2–9 mm) are used in these composites is reduced adhesion between plastic surface and binding matrix. Therefore, the PET flakes were coated with two types of adhesives – based on polyvinyl acetate or sodium silicate solution, and then covered with fly ash, waste glass or slag powders. The microstructure (assessed by scanning electron microscopy) of interfacial transition zone between the PET flakes coated with waste glass and slag powders is denser than for uncoated PET flakes; this explains the improvement of the compressive strength of these mortars especially after longer curing times (28 days). The flexural strengths of the mortars with PET flakes are higher than for reference mortar (with sand aggregate) and the apparent density of the alkali activated composites with PET flakes are in general smaller than for the reference mortar. Thus, the coating of PET flakes improves the mechanical behaviour of mortars, preserving also a low apparent density. These results can lead to a wider recycling of PET waste, slag and waste glass powder, promoting circular economy and reducing the CO2 footprint without compromising the critical mechanical strength of mortars.

Synthesis of New Heterocyclic Derivatives from 4-(3, 5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylazo)- benzoic acid

In this work pyrazolin derivatives were prepared from the diazonium chloride salt of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Azo compounds were prepared from the reaction of an ethanolic solution of sodium acetate and calculated amount of active methylene compound namely, acetyl acetone to obtain the corresponding hydrazono derivative (1). Cyclocondensation reaction of compounds (1) with hydrazine hydrate and phenyl hydrazine in boiling ethanol affording the corresponding pyrazoline-5-one derivatives of 4-aminobenzoic acid (2,3). Then compound (3) was reacted with thionyl chloride to give the corresponding acid chloride derivative(4), followed by conversion into the corresponding acid hydrazide derivative (5) carboxylic acid thiosemicarbazide (11), esters (14,15), thioesters (16,17) and amides (18,19), when treated hydrazine hydrate, thiosemicarbazide, alcohols, alkylthiol and secondary amines in dry refluxing benzene; respectively. Schiff's bases (6-8) were prepared by refluxing of compound (5) with different aldehydes and ketons, then two compounds from the Schiff's bases were cyclized with ?-mercapto acetic acid to give (9 and 10). Furthermore, 1,2,4-triazole derivative (12) have been also prepared by refluxing thiosemicarbazide derivative with sodium hydroxide solution (4%) followed acidification of the result using (10%)hydrolic acid. Moreover, a thiadiazole derivative (13) has been prepared by treatment of thiosemicarbazide derivative with concentrated sulfuric acid as cyclyzing agent. Finally, oxadiazole derivative (20) has prepared by condensation of its acid hydrazide derivative with carbon disulfide in basic medium.

Structural and Optical Properties of Cobalt-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared By Spray Pyrolysis Technique

Undoped and Co-doped zinc oxide (CZO) thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using solution of zinc acetate and cobalt chloride. The effect of Co dopants on structural and optical properties has been investigated. The films were found to exhibit maximum transmittance (~90%) and low absorbance. The structural properties of the deposited films were examined by x-ray diffraction (XRD). These films, deposited on glass substrates at (400? C), have a polycrystalline texture with a wurtzite hexagonal structure, and the grain size was decreased with increasing Co concentration, and no change was observed in lattice constants while the optical band gap decreased from (3.18-3.02) eV for direct allowed transition. Other parameters such as Texture Coefficient (Tc), dislocation density (?) and number of crystals (M) were also calculated .

B-182 Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous measurement of serum androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum

Abstract Background Androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone are measured via immunoassays or high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clinical laboratories. Immunoassays have limited sensitivity and specificity for certain steroid hormones testing. We aimed to develop and validate a sensitive, accurate, and specific in-house LC-MS/MS assay to simultaneously measure both 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione in serum. Methods 13C-labeled androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone internal standards were added to calibrator, control, and patient samples. A hexane/ethyl acetate solution was used in a liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The organic layer was then removed and dried followed by reconstituting the extracts in 2.5 mM ammonium formate in 50% methanol. The HPLC mobile phase gradient began with 47%, 2.5 mM ammonium formate in water and 53%, 2.5 mM ammonium formate in methanol. This progressed to 56% of the methanol phase over three minutes. The mixtures were separated though an Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system with a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 analytical column (2.1 × 50 mm × 2.7 µm). The separated HPLC eluents then entered an Agilent 6460C QQQ mass spectrometer in positive ion mode through an electrospray ionization source where protonated androstenedione (m/z = 287.2) with the protonated androstenedione-[2, 3, 4-13C3] internal standard (m/z = 290.2) and protonated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (m/z = 331.2) with the protonated 17-hydroxyprogesterone-[2, 3, 4-13C3] (m/z = 334.2) were mass-selected for collision-induced dissociation. For androstenedione, respective quantifier and qualifier m/z values of 287.2 > 97.1 and 287.2 > 109.1 were used while respective quantifier and qualifier m/z values of 331.2 > 97.1 and 331.2 > 109.1 were used for 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Validation studies were performed including imprecision, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), analytical measurement range (AMR), interference, specificity, carryover, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and comparison with a reference laboratory LC-MS/MS method. The total allowable error limits used in this study were 23.5% for androstenedione and 30.2% for 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Results Total imprecision results across three concentrations yielded a maximum CV of 4.6 % for androstenedione and 6.5% for 17-hydroxyprogesteron. The AMRs of androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were 0.2 to 13.4 and 0.1 to 22.0 ng/mL without significant carryovers. No significant interferences were observed from 11-deoxycorticosterone (700 ng/dL), testosterone (2500 ng/dL), DHEA (1000 ng/mL), bilirubin (30.1 mg/dL), hemoglobin (1032 mg/dL), or triglycerides (1858 mg/dL). The extraction recoveries of androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were 98% and 81%, respectively. No significant matrix effects were identified. In comparison to the reference lab LC-MS/MS method, the in-house LC-MS/MS assay demonstrated a 0.523% bias for androstenedione and a -3.77% bias for 17-hydroxyprogesterone with both exhibiting excellent correlations with the reference lab measurements. More specifically, our results (as a function of values obtained from the reference lab) followed the relationship of y = 1.039x - 0.092 (R = 0.9951) for androstenedione and y = 0.957x + 0.01 (R = 0.9974) for 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Conclusions An LC-MS/MS assay is developed for simultaneous detection of serum androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The assay demonstrates acceptable imprecision, AMR, and accuracy. No significant carryover and interference from other structurally similar steroid hormones and other common interferents are identified.

Determination and antioxidant analysis of seven flavonoids in bamboo-leaf extracts

The flavonoid contents of different bamboo-leaf extracts and their relationships to antioxidant activity were investigated in this study by preparing nine samples using two commercially available bamboo-leaf extract products and seven bamboo-leaf extracts such as Phyllostachys edulis. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established to determine seven flavonoid components (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, tricin, luteolin and luteoloside) in these samples, which were separated using a SymmetryShieldTM RP8 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) under gradient-elution conditions using acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid aqueous solution as mobile phase B. The antioxidant activities of the samples were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays, with half inhibitory concentration (IC50) as an indicator and the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants as positive controls. Pearson correlation was then used to analyze the relationship between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The HPLC method was found to be accurate and reliable for determining the flavonoid contents of the bamboo-leaf extracts. The seven flavonoids were well separated, and good linear relationships were exhibited (correlation coefficients (R2)≥0.9990). Furthermore, the contents of the seven flavonoids in the bamboo-leaf extracts ranged from 14.97 to 183.94 mg/g, with the highest content of 183.94 mg/g recorded for Phyllostachys edulis. The bamboo species exhibited significantly different flavonoid contents, with Phyllostachys edulis showing the highest orientin, isoorientin, and vitexin levels of 38.45, 101.30, and 9.42 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the bamboo-leaf extracts exhibited IC50 values of 78.23-179.41 mg/L for DPPH-radical-scavenging, while values of 203.48-1250.81 mg/L were recorded for hydroxyl radicals. The Phyllostachys edulis leaf extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC50 values of 78.23 and 203.48 mg/L for DPPH and hydroxyl, respectively; it showed greatly significant for the further development and application of Phyllostachys edulis. Finally, the relationships between flavonoid content and the DPPH- and hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activities (based on the IC50 values) were correlated, which revealed that the orientin and isoorientin contents are closely related to the antioxidant activities of the bamboo-leaf extracts. Consequently, the orientin and isoorientin contents can be used as indicators for evaluating the antioxidant activities of bamboo-leaf extracts.

Glyoxal-methyl-ethylene sulfonic acid fixative enhances the fixation of cytoskeletal structures for Förster resonance energy transfer measurements.

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) serves as a tool for measuring protein-protein interactions using various sensor molecules. The tension sensor module relies on FRET technology. In our study, this module was inserted within the actinin molecule to measure the surface tension of the cells. Given that the decay curve of FRET efficiency correlates with surface tension increase, precise and accurate efficiency measurement becomes crucial. Among the methods of FRET measurements, FRET efficiency remains the most accurate if sample fixation is successful. However, when cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), the actinin-FRET sensor diffused across the cytoplasm; this prompted us to explore fixation method enhancements. Glyoxal fixative has been reported to improve cytoskeletal morphologies compared to PFA. However, it was not known whether glyoxal fits FRET measurements. Glyoxal necessitates an acetic acid solution for fixation; however, acidic conditions could compromise fluorescence stability. We observed that the pH working range of glyoxal fixative aligns closely with MES (methyl-ethylene sulfonic acid) Good's buffer. Initially, we switched the acidic solution for MES buffer and optimized the fixation procedure for in vitro and in vivo FRET imaging. By comparing FRET measurements on hydrogels with known stiffness to tumor nodules in mouse lung, we estimated in vivo stiffness. The estimated stiffness of cancerous tissue was harder than the reported stiffness of smooth muscle. This discovery shed lights on how cancer cells perceive environmental stiffness during metastasis.

Effect of test related factors on the degradation of cement-based materials on acetic acid exposure

Abstract Exposure of concrete to various acids can hardly be overstated due to the widespread use of concrete in the construction industry. The effect of selected factors on the degradation of ordinary Portland cement (OPC 53 grade) paste and mortar exposed to acetic acid is investigated in this paper. Various test parameters such as mass loss, loss in cross-sectional area, relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM), loss in flexural and compressive strength are used to assess the selected factors and the results obtained are analysed to determine the most favourable test conditions for degradation, that can be adopted for developing an accelerated test method. The factors used for the investigation are replenishment of acid solution, concentration of acid solution, ratio of surface area of specimen to volume of liquid acid solution (S/L), shape of the specimen and nature of the specimen. This paper also investigates the interrelationships among test parameters and adopts interpretation of acid consumption to assess the aggressiveness of the acid solution. It was found that renewing conditions and high concentrations of acid solution (0.5 M) indicate rapid degradation. The aggressiveness of 0.125 M acetic acid solutions in renewing conditions is about 5 times that of non-renewing conditions respectively. The rate of degradation is inversely related to S/L ratio. Cylindrical specimens have a marginal increase in degradation than prismatic specimens. It is preferable to evaluate acid attack on mortar specimens rather than paste specimens due to higher loss in cross-sectional area and relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM).

The evolution of morphology and structure in spin-coated Zinc Acetate thin films and their impact on ZnO film morphology

The deposition of ZnO thin films using sol-gel technology is a straight forward and widely used method for fabricating ZnO films with diverse morphologies and tunable electrical and optical properties. Notably, the preparation of ZnO compact layers from a zinc acetate and monoethanolamine (ZA:MEA) solution via spin-coating has gained popularity due to its simplicity. The pretreatment of spin-coated ZA:MEA films significantly impacts the morphology and structure of the resulting ZnO films. While the effects of preheating and its rate on ZnO precursor films have been extensively studied, the morphological and structural evolution of ZA:MEA films immediately after spin-coating and its subsequent impact on the final ZnO film have not been previously explored. In this study, we present the topography and phase composition of as-grown ZA:MEA films using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We conduct an in-situ investigation of the morphological evolution of ZA:MEA films. Our results reveal that as-grown ZA:MEA films possess an inhomogeneous structure. AFM phase image shows two distinct domains in the ZA:MEA films. Over time, we observe the growth of crystals in both vertical and perpendicular directions. ZA:MEA film aged for at least 20 hours develops arrays of vertically oriented crystals throughout the film covered with sheet-like crystals forming on the film surface. This temporal evolution in the morphology and structure of ZA:MEA films significantly influences the morphology of the final ZnO film.

Use of the Pickering Emulsion Method for the Preparation of Nano‐Aluminum Powder/Fluororubber Composite Microspheres

AbstractThe combination of fluoropolymer and nano‐thermite has been a research focus in the field of materials in the field of energy and storage in recent years, but it faces the problem of uneven mixing of fluoropolymer and nano‐aluminum powder (nAl). Therefore, it is of great significance to obtain a fluorine/aluminum uniform composite by a solid/solid phase mixing method. In this paper, Pickering emulsions effectively blend difficult‐to‐mix powders of nAl and solid bulk fluoroelastomers on the micro‐ and nanoscale. The emulsion was prepared by Pickering emulsion with an ethyl acetate solution of fluororubber as the oil phase and perfluorocarboxylic acid‐modified nano‐aluminum powder as a surfactant. The effects of oil/water ratio, fluororubber/aluminum ratio, and standing time on the stability of the emulsion were studied. The nano‐aluminum powder/fluororubber composite microspheres were prepared and their morphology, thermal decomposition, and combustion properties were characterized. The results showed that the emulsion prepared with the oil/water ratio of 1:8 and m(fluororubber):m(modified nano‐aluminum powder) of 5:1 had good stability and dispersion. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the complex was observed to be regular spherical and the size was about 10 µm, and the composite microspheres prepared by the Pickering emulsion had good. The TG‐DSC results showed that the decomposition of the composite microspheres started at about 450 °C and finished at 519 °C. The composite microspheres prepared in this paper are stable and rapid in exotherm, with a combustion rate of 33 cm s−1 and excellent combustion performance. The Pickering emulsion introduces a new idea for the preparation of thermite by mixing the solid reactants at the micro‐nano level without introducing substances that reduce the energy of the system.

Electron field emission property of NiO-decorated ZnO nanorods grown on diamond films

ZnO/micron diamond (MCD) composite structure combines two wide-band gap semiconductor materials, providing stable performance suitable for high-performance electron field emission (EFE) devices operating in various complex environments. Nonetheless, the optical and electrochemical limitations of ZnO constrain its effectiveness. Typically, NiO can compensate these inherent defects in ZnO, thereby enhancing the performance of field-emitting devices. In this research, NiO-decorated ZnO thin films were fabricated on diamond surfaces using hydrothermal/sol-gel two-step method. The impact of varying Ni doping concentrations caused by nickel acetate solutions on the field emission properties was thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, this study involved the fabrication of NiO-decorated ZnO/micron diamond heterojunction composite structures, exploring the impact of the structure on the optoelectronic performance of the devices. The Ni doping concentration increases in the NiO films formed between the ZnO nanorods, the doped Ni exists in the ZnO/MCD composite structure as both Ni2+ and Ni3+, which are important materials for semiconductor electronic devices. The NiO decoration process induced the creation of defect levels within the bandgap of the nanorod array structure, consequently enhancing the photoluminescence performance of ZnO. Furthermore, the interaction between NiO and ZnO facilitated the formation of a p-n junction at the interface, generating an internal electric field. This electric field significantly improved the current conduction field and maximum current density of ZnO, thereby enhancing its electric field emission performance. The optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanorods doped at 0.1M exhibited the most favorable characteristics among all tested samples. At a doping concentration of 0.1 M, the turn-on electric field reaches a minimum value of 0.96 V/μm and the maximum current density J reaches a maximum value of 2.54 mA/cm2. These results offer novel insights for advancing the development of integrated broadband optical devices.

Laboratory Comparison of Dense Medium Separation and Acid Leaching for Preconcentration of Coarse Rejects from Phosphate Washing Plant

Reverse flotation is a commonly used method for separating carbonate minerals from apatite, but its application to phosphate beneficiation coarse rejects, which are low in P2O5, is often costly due to the high collector dosages used. This study aimed to explore alternative techniques for preconcentration before flotation to improve recovery rates and reduce costs. Our investigation focused on dense medium separation and acid leaching. Dense medium separation, conducted at a cut-off density of 2.76, yielded a preconcentrate with 27% P2O5 and a recovery rate of 90%. The feed material had an initial P2O5 content of 20.52% and a particle size range of +40 µm to −4 mm. In contrast, acid leaching, employing an 8% acetic acid solution over 35 min, yielded a concentrate with 29.11% P2O5, an LOI of 8.99%, and a recovery rate of 100% from an ore fraction [400–200 µm] with an initial P2O5 content of 22.82% and an LOI of 15.78%. Furthermore, integrating flotation and leaching resulted in a concentrate with 32.27% P2O5 and a recovery rate of 98.38%. These findings suggest that combining acid leaching with flotation can enhance P2O5 recovery and reduce processing costs for low-grade phosphate ores.

All-organic transistors printed on a biodegradable and bioderived substrate for sustainable bioelectronics

Biodegradable electronics is an incipient need in order to mitigate the alarming increase of electronic waste worldwide caused by capillary penetration of electronic devices and sensors. Flexibility, solution processability, low capital expenditure, and energy-efficient processes, which are distinctive features of organic printed electronics, have to be complemented by a sustainable sourcing and end-of-life of materials employed. This requirement calls for solutions where materials, especially substrates that typically represent the largest volume, can be biodegraded in the environment with no harm, yet assuring that no precious resources are dispersed. In this work, the bioderived and biodegradable biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) was used as a substrate, cast from an acetic acid solution, for all-organic field effect transistors (OFETs) based on an inkjet printed polymer semiconductor. The OFETs showed small device-to-device variation, a proper current modulation with ION/IOFF of about 1.2·103, mobility values as high as 0.07 cm2/Vs in saturation regime and channel length/width normalized leakage currents in the order of nA, which remained almost unaltered also after intensive mechanical stresses upon bending and rolling. Such mechanical stability and flexibility, together with the biodegradability and bioderivation, make PHB an appealing candidate for the development of sustainable printed bioelectronics, with widespread future applications in the biomedical and food packaging sector.

Advanced, Cutting-Edge RP-HPLC Methodology for the Comprehensive Quantitative Analysis of Assay of Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Co-Formulated Pharmaceutical Products.

In the current study, a simple and economic stability-indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation was carried out to estimate the bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir from the pharmaceutical dosage form. 0.1M ammonium acetate in 0.5% v/v acetic acid solution and 1g of 1-octane sulfonic acid and adjustment of pH to 4.2 with dilute orthophosphoric acid done and methanol (40:60 v/v) was utilized as the mobile phase. The analysis was done using Inertsil ODS 3V (250 x 4.6 mm x 5 µm) column with column temperature kept at 30°C with an injection volume of 20 μL, flow rate of 1.0 ml/ minute and detection was carried out at 260 nm. The method was developed and it was validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The RT of bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir were determined to be 12.23, 3.0 and 8.5 minutes, providing a reliable marker for its identification. The method was found linear from about 50 To 150% Of the target concentration of bictegravir emtricitabine and tenofovir with of 0.999. Significant degradation was observed in acidic, basic and peroxide stress conditions. Hence, it can be concluded that tablets are sensitive to acidic, basic and oxidation stress conditions. RSD for the peak area responses of emtricitabine, 0.03 and 0.03, respectively, indicating that the system is precise. The testing procedure was accurate from about 50 to 150%. Of the target concentration of emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide and bictegravir. The method was robust In relation to flow variation, column oven temperature variation, mobile phase variation and pH variation. In conclusion, our proposed RP-HPLC method provides a sensitive, accurate, and precise means of analyzing emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide and bictegravir from pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Characterization of Bimetallic (Zinc and Gold) Nanoparticles of Cryptostegia grandiflora Plant Extract and Their Biological Screening .

The goal of this learning was to explore the uses of Cryptostegia grandiflora plant extract in the green formulation of bimetallic zinc-gold nanoparticles along with pharmacological evaluation. Green synthesis and other techniques are more advantageous than chemical and physical procedures because they produce nanoparticles in an environmentally responsible and economically viable manner. An ethanolic extract of C. grandiflora was obtained through the use of Soxhlet extraction. Additionally, an ethanolic extract of C. grandiflora and components from the extract were identified using GC-MS research after mixing plant extract (C. grandiflora) with zinc acetate and chloroauric acid solutions and letting it sit for a while. UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to analyze the formation of nanoparticles, while FTIR was used for their characterization.

Preparation and Characterization of Pyramids/Particles NiO/SnO2 Composite for Sorption and Separation of Molybdenum and Zirconium Ions from Some Synthetic Fission Products

AbstractPyramids/particles of NiO/SnO2 composite (NS7) was produced by applying the sol–gel autocombustion method. The produced composite was investigated using different techniques, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet–visible absorbance spectroscopy, and BET surface area then was applied for the adsorption and separation of molybdenum and zirconium ions from lanthanum, strontium, and cesium. 3D pyramids of NiO and particles of SnO2 are confirmed in the composite with a homogeneous mesoporous structure. The composite has good affinity for zirconium and molybdenum ions with fast kinetics and Qmax of 27.1 and 33.3 mg/g, respectively, low affinity for lanthanum, and negligible affinity for strontium and cesium. The sorption mechanism is physical sorption and endothermic in nature. The adsorbed Zr(IV), Mo(VI), and La(III) ions were separated using the desorption process as the following sequence: First, 95 ± 2% (14.3 ppm) of the loaded La was desorbed by washing with double distilled water. Then 96 ± 2% (41.3 ppm) of the loaded Zr was recovered by 1 M potassium chloride without interfering ions. Finally, 98 ± 2% (42.88 ppm) of Mo is desorbed by 1 M sodium acetate solution. The NS7 composite can be reused five times successfully.