Solutions In Elementary Functions Research Articles

Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamics PDE of Monge–Ampère Type: Symmetries, Closed-Form Solutions, and Reductions

The paper studies an unsteady equation with quadratic nonlinearity in second derivatives, that occurs in electron magnetohydrodynamics. In mathematics, such PDEs are referred to as parabolic Monge–Ampère equations. An overview of the Monge–Ampère type equations is given, in which their unusual qualitative features are noted. For the first time, the Lie group analysis of the considered highly nonlinear PDE with three independent variables is carried out. An eleven-parameter transformation is found that preserves the form of the equation. Some one-dimensional reductions allowing to obtain self-similar and other invariant solutions that satisfy ordinary differential equations are described. A large number of new additive, multiplicative, generalized, and functional separable solutions are obtained. Special attention is paid to the construction of exact closed-form solutions, including solutions in elementary functions (in total, more than 30 solutions in elementary functions were obtained). Two-dimensional symmetry and non-symmetry reductions leading to simpler partial differential equations with two independent variables are considered (including stationary Monge–Ampère type equations, linear and nonlinear heat type equations, and nonlinear filtration equations). The obtained results and exact solutions can be used to evaluate the accuracy and analyze the adequacy of numerical methods for solving initial boundary value problems described by highly nonlinear partial differential equations.

Rotation Matrix of a Charged Symmetrical Body: One-Parameter Family of Solutions in Elementary Functions

Euler–Poisson equations of a charged symmetrical body in external constant and homogeneous electric and magnetic fields are deduced starting from the variational problem, where the body is considered as a system of charged point particles subject to holonomic constraints. The final equations are written for the center-of-mass coordinate, rotation matrix and angular velocity. A general solution to the equations of motion is obtained for the case of a charged ball. For the case of a symmetrical charged body (solenoid), the task of obtaining the general solution is reduced to the problem of a one-dimensional cubic pseudo-oscillator. In addition, we present a one-parametric family of solutions to the problem in elementary functions.

Creep relaxation in nonlinear viscoelastic twisted rods

AbstractThe solution to the problem of stress relaxation in a twisted nonlinear viscoelastic isotropic incompressible rod is presented. We address the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into reversible (elastic) and irreversible (creep) parts. The elastic potential and the creep potential can be chosen arbitrarily. In particular, the creep law can take into account both the nonlinearity of the relationship between the strain rate and the effective stress, and time‐hardening or softening. We consider two variants of creep constitutive relations. One is based on the Tresca equivalent stress, the other is based on the von Mises equivalent stress. The first of them leads to a significant simplification of the governing equations because in this case a radial elastic strain vanishes. In this framework, we obtain a closed‐form solution in elementary functions for the coupling of Mooney–Rivlin elastic model and linear creep law. For the von Mises material, numerical‐analytical results are obtained. The results are compared with the known small‐strain solutions.

Multi-Parameter Reaction–Diffusion Systems with Quadratic Nonlinearity and Delays: New Exact Solutions in Elementary Functions

The study considers a nonlinear multi-parameter reaction–diffusion system of two Lotka–Volterra-type equations with several delays. It treats both cases of different diffusion coefficients and identical diffusion coefficients. The study describes a few different techniques to solve the system of interest, including (i) reduction to a single second-order linear ODE without delay, (ii) reduction to a system of three second-order ODEs without delay, (iii) reduction to a system of three first-order ODEs with delay, (iv) reduction to a system of two second-order ODEs without delay and a linear Schrödinger-type PDE, and (v) reduction to a system of two first-order ODEs with delay and a linear heat-type PDE. The study presents many new exact solutions to a Lotka–Volterra-type reaction–diffusion system with several arbitrary delay times, including over 50 solutions in terms of elementary functions. All of these are generalized or incomplete separable solutions that involve several free parameters (constants of integration). A special case is studied where a solution contains infinitely many free parameters. Along with that, some new exact solutions are obtained for a simpler nonlinear reaction–diffusion system of PDEs without delays that represents a special case of the original multi-parameter delay system. Several generalizations to systems with variable coefficients, systems with more complex nonlinearities, and hyperbolic type systems with delay are discussed. The solutions obtained can be used to model delay processes in biology, ecology, biochemistry and medicine and test approximate analytical and numerical methods for reaction–diffusion and other nonlinear PDEs with delays.

Reductions and exact solutions of Lotka–Volterra and more complex reaction–diffusion systems with delays

The paper deals with nonlinear reaction–diffusion systems of two PDEs of a rather general form, which contain arbitrary functions and several delays. Reductions of such non-stationary nonlinear reaction–diffusion systems to simpler systems of stationary PDEs or delayed ODEs are described using a new modification of the functional constraints method. New exact solutions in elementary functions of a diffusive Lotka–Volterra type system with delays are obtained.

VIBRATIONS OF AN INSTANTLY LOADED DISSIPATIVE OSCILLATOR

The work investigates non-stationary oscillations of dissipative oscillators. The joint influence of resistance forces of different nature in the composition of the dissipative force on the oscillations of an elastic linear oscillator caused by its instantaneous loading by a constant external force is investigated. The work was limited to the case of small displacements, when the elastic characteristic of the system can be considered linear. The problem is nonlinear due to the account of the action of the dry friction force, but it allows the construction of exact analytical solutions in elementary functions. In this work, by the method of adding solutions, formulas are derived for calculating the amplitude of oscillations and the duration of half cycles. First, a variant is considered when the resistance force consists of linear viscous and dry friction forces. Then a generalization is made to the case of three resistance forces. The third force is the force of positional friction, which arises in elastic elements such as a leaf spring. It is shown that as a result of the action of the total resistance force, the oscillatory process of a loaded oscillator has a finite number of cycles and is limited in time, which is usually observed in practice. The system dynamic factor is less than two. Examples of calculations that illustrate the possibilities of the stated theory are considered. To check the adequacy of the derived calculation formulas, numerical computer integration of the nonlinear differential equations of the oscillator motion was additionally carried out. The full agreement of the numerical results obtained using various methods is shown. In addition to direct problems of dynamics, the inverse problems of determining the characteristics of the load and resistance from the results of measuring the amplitude of oscillations are also considered. The derived calculation formulas are also suitable for identifying the characteristics of the load and resistance based on the results of experimental measurements of the oscillation ranges. Examples of identifying these characteristics are given. The study showed that the nonlinear problem of motion of an instantly loaded oscillator with the total resistance of several forces of different nature has an analytical solution in elementary functions. The presence of such resistance significantly affects the motion of the oscillator after loading. The constructed analytical solutions give results such as the numerical integration of the original nonlinear differential equation on a computer, which confirms the adequacy of the formulas obtained.

Some Exact Solutions to Non-Fourier Heat Equations with Substantial Derivative

One-dimensional equations of telegrapher’s-type (TE) and Guyer–Krumhansl-type (GK-type) with substantial derivative considered and operational solutions to them are given. The role of the exponential differential operators is discussed. The examples of their action on some initial functions are explored. Proper solutions are constructed in the integral form and some examples are studied with solutions in elementary functions. A system of hyperbolic-type inhomogeneous differential equations (DE), describing non-Fourier heat transfer with substantial derivative thin films, is considered. Exact harmonic solutions to these equations are obtained for the Cauchy and the Dirichlet conditions. The application to the ballistic heat transport in thin films is studied; the ballistic properties are accounted for by the Knudsen number. Two-speed heat propagation process is demonstrated—fast evolution of the ballistic quasi-temperature component in low-dimensional systems is elucidated and compared with slow diffusive heat-exchange process. The comparative analysis of the obtained solutions is performed.

Nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations with delay: some theorems, test problems, exact and numerical solutions

The paper deals with nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations with one or several delays. We formulate theorems that allow constructing exact solutions for some classes of these equations, which depend on several arbitrary functions. Examples of application of these theorems for obtaining new exact solutions in elementary functions are provided. We state basic principles of construction, selection, and use of test problems for nonlinear partial differential equations with delay. Some test problems which can be suitable for estimating accuracy of approximate analytical and numerical methods of solving reaction-diffusion equations with delay are presented. Some examples of numerical solutions of nonlinear test problems with delay are considered.

Non-monotonic blow-up problems: Test problems with solutions in elementary functions, numerical integration based on non-local transformations

We consider blow-up problems having non-monotonic singular solutions that tend to infinity at a previously unknown point. For second-, third-, and fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations, the corresponding multi-parameter test problems allowing exact solutions in elementary functions are proposed for the first time. A method of non-local transformations, that allows to numerically integrate non-monotonic blow-up problems, is described. A comparison of exact and numerical solutions showed the high efficiency of this method. It is important to note that the method of non-local transformations can be useful for numerical integration of other problems with large solution gradients (for example, in problems with solutions of boundary-layer type).

Multidimensional exact solutions to the reaction-diffusion system with power-law nonlinear terms

We study a nonlinear reaction-diffusion system that is modeled by a system of parabolic equations with power-law nonlinear terms. The proposed construction of exact solutions enables us to split the process of finding the components depending on time and the spatial coordinates. We construct multiparametric families of exact solutions in elementary functions. The cases are elaborated of blow-up solutions as well as exact solutions time-periodic but spatially anisotropic.

On 3D problem of an anticrack under vertically uniform heat flow in a transversely isotropic electro-thermo-elastic space

Abstract A static thermoelectroelastic problem for a transversely isotropic space with an arbitrary shaped rigid sheet-like inclusion (an anticrack) in the isotropy plane obstructing a uniform steady heat flow is investigated. The anticrack is treated as isothermal and electrically impermeable. A general method of solving the resulting boundary-value problems is presented. Using the derived general solution and the generalized potential theory method, the governing two-dimensional singular integral equation is obtained in terms of a normal stress discontinuity across the inclusion. An analogy between the thermoelectromechanical anticrack problem and its thermomechanical counterpart is exploited. As an illustration, a typical application to a circular rigid disc-inclusion is presented. In this case a complete solution in elementary functions is achievable. Explicit expressions for the thermoelectrostressed state in the inclusion plane are given and discussed from the point of view of material failure.

On 3D problems of thermoelastostatics for transversely isotropic solids with anticracks

Abstract A general method is proposed for the solution of uncoupled thermoelasticity problems for a transversely isotropic space containing a rigid sheet-like inclusion (an anticrack) in the isotropy plane under some thermal actions. An analogy between the thermal anticrack problems and their mechanical counterparts is exploited and used to reduce the resulting boundary-value problems in the symmetric and antisymmetric cases to the mixed problems of potential theory. The governing boundary integral equations for a planar anticrack of arbitrary shape are obtained with the unknown stress jumps across the inclusion. As an application of the theory, complete solutions in elementary functions are given and discussed for a circular rigid disc-inclusion whose surfaces are exposed to uniform cooling temperatures or temperature gradients.

Nonlinear delay reaction–diffusion equations: Traveling-wave solutions in elementary functions

The paper deals with nonlinear delay reaction–diffusion equations of the form u t = a u x x + F ( u , u ̄ ) , where u = u ( x , t ) and u ̄ = u ( x , t − τ ) , with τ denoting the delay time. We present a number of traveling-wave solutions of the form u = w ( z ) , z = k x + λ t , that can be represented in terms of elementary functions. We consider equations with quadratic, power-law, exponential and logarithmic nonlinearities as well as more complex equations with the kinetic function dependent on one to four arbitrary functions of a single argument. All of the solutions obtained involve free parameters and so may be suitable for solving certain model problems as well as testing numerical and approximate analytical methods for delay reaction–diffusion equations and more complex nonlinear delay PDEs.

Solution in Elementary Functions to a BVP of Thermoelasticity: Green's Functions and Green's-Type Integral Formula for Thermal Stresses within a Half-Strip

This article presents new elementary Green's functions for displacements and stresses created by a unit heat source applied in an arbitrary interior point of a half-strip. We also obtain the corresponding new integration formulas of Green's and Poisson's types which directly determine the thermal stresses in the form of integrals of the products of internal distributed heat source, temperature, or heat flux prescribed on boundary and derived thermoelastic influence functions (kernels). All these results are presented in terms of elementary functions in the form of a theorem. Based on this theorem and on derived early by author general Green's type integral formula, we obtain a new solution to one particular boundary value problem of thermoelasticity for half-strip. The graphical presentation of thermal stresses created by a unit point heat source and of thermal stresses for one particular boundary value problem of thermoelasticity for half-strip is also included. The proposed method of constructing thermoelastic Green's functions and integration formulas are applicable not only for a half-strip but also for many other two- and three-dimensional canonical domains of Cartesian system of coordinates.

On 3D anticrack problems in a transversely isotropic solid

Abstract Three-dimensional analysis is performed for an infinitive transversely isotropic elastic body containing a rigid sheet-like inclusion (anticrack) in the isotropy plane under some external mechanical loads. Effective results have been achieved by constructing the suitable potential solutions and reducing the resulting boundary-value problems to mixed problems of the potential theory. The governing boundary integral equations for a planar anticrack of arbitrary shape are obtained with the unknown stress jumps across the inclusion. A complete solution in elementary functions is given and discussed for a circular rigid disc-inclusion in an otherwise uniform tensile field.

A new approach to constructing Green’s functions and integral solutions in thermoelasticity

This paper is devoted to a new approach for the derivation of main thermoelastic Green’s functions (MTGFs), based on their new integral representations via Green’s functions for Poisson’s equation. These integral representations have permitted us to derive in elementary functions new MTGFs and new Poisson-type integral formulas for a thermoelastic octant under mixed mechanical and thermal boundary conditions, which are formulated in a special theorem. Examples of validation of the obtained MTGFs are presented. The effectiveness of the obtained MTGFs and of the Poisson-type integral formula is shown on a solution in elementary functions of a particular BVP of thermoelasticity for octant. The graphical and numerical computer evaluation of the obtained MTGFs and of the thermoelastic displacements of the particular BVP for an octant is also presented. By using the proposed approach, it is possible to derive in elementary functions many new MTGFs and new Poisson-type integral formulas for many canonical Cartesian domains.

Influence functions, integral formulas, and explicit solutions for thermoelastic spherical wedges

In this study, new exact Green’s functions and a new exact Green-type integral formula for a boundary value problem (BVP) in thermoelasticity for some spherical wedges with mixed homogeneous mechanical boundary conditions are derived. The thermoelastic displacements are subjected to a heat source applied in the inner points of the spherical wedges and to a mixed non-homogeneous boundary heat conditions. When the thermoelastic Green’s function is derived, the thermoelastic displacements are generated by an inner unit point heat source, described by Dirac’s δ-function. All results are obtained in elementary functions that are formulated in a special theorem. Exact solutions in elementary functions for two particular BVPs of thermoelasticity for spherical wedges also are included. In these particular BVPs, the thermoelastic displacements are subjected to a constant temperature (in the first particular BVP) or to a constant heat source (in the second particular BVP). In both BVPs, the constant temperature or the constant heat source is given on the segment of the radius of the quarter-space. On the boundary half-planes of the quarter-space zero temperature and zero heat flux are prescribed.

A concave indenter on a piezoelectromagneto-elastic substrate or a layer elastically supported

Indentation of piezoelectromagneto-elastic half-space or a layer on a two-parameter elastic foundation by a cylindrical indenter with a slightly concave base is considered. Full-field magnetoelectro-elastic solutions in elementary functions are obtained for the case of full contact and half-space. If the axial load is small, the contact area will be an annulus the outer circumference of which coincides with the edge of the punch. The inner circumference will shrink with increasing load and there will be a critical load above which the stratum makes contact with the entire punch base. The contact problem for high loads can therefore be treated by classical methods. The more interested case in which the load is less the critical value and the contact region is annulus remains. By use the methods of triple integral equations and series solution technique the solution for an indentured substrate over an annular contact region is also given. For parabolic and conical concave punches the exact or approximate solutions are obtained for full contact or annular contact region, respectively. For the layer on two-parameter elastic foundation and concave punch approximate solution is established.

Thermoelastostatic equilibrium of a spatial quadrant: Green’s function and solution in integrals

In this study, a new Green’s function and a new Green-type integral formula for a 3D boundary value problem (BVP) in thermoelastostatics for a quarter-space are derived in closed form. On the boundary half-planes, twice mixed homogeneous mechanical boundary conditions are given. One boundary half-plane is free of loadings and the normal displacements and the tangential stresses are zero on the other one. The thermoelastic displacements are subjected by a heat source applied in the inner points of the quarter-space and by mixed non-homogeneous boundary heat conditions. On one of the boundary half-plane, the temperature is prescribed and the heat flux is given on the other one. When the thermoelastic Green’s function is derived, the thermoelastic displacements are generated by an inner unit point heat source, described by δ-Dirac’s function. All results are obtained in elementary functions that are formulated in a special theorem. As a particular case, when one of the boundary half-plane of the quarter-space is placed at infinity, we obtain the respective results for half-space. Exact solutions in elementary functions for two particular BVPs for a thermoelastic quarter-space and their graphical presentations are included. They demonstrate how to apply the obtained Green-type integral formula as well as the derived influence functions of an inner unit point body force on volume dilatation to solve particular BVPs of thermoelasticity. In addition, advantages of the obtained results and possibilities of the proposed method to derive new Green’s functions and new Green-type integral formulae not for quarter-space only, but also for any canonical Cartesian domain are also discussed.

Exact Elementary Green's Functions and Poisson-Type Integral Formulas for a Thermoelastic Half-Wedge with Applications

In this paper new exact Green's functions and new exact Poisson-type integral formula for a boundary value problem (BVP) in thermoelastostatics for a half-wedge with mixed homogeneous mechanical boundary conditions (the boundary angle is free of loadings and normal displacements and tangential stresses are prescribed on the boundary quarter-planes) are derived. The thermoelastic displacements are produced by a heat source applied in the inner points of the half-wedge and by mixed non-homogeneous boundary heat conditions (the temperature is prescribed on the boundary angle and the heat fluxes are given on the boundary quarter-planes). When thermoelastic Green's function is derived the thermoelastic displacements are generated by an inner unit point heat source, described by δ-Dirac's function. All results are obtained in terms of elementary functions and they are formulated in a special theorem. Analogous results for an octant and for a quarter-space as particular cases of the angle of the thermoelastic half-wedge also are obtained. The main difficulties to obtain these results are in deriving the functions of influence of a unit concentrated force onto elastic volume dilatation Θ(q) and, also, in calculating a volume integral of the product of function Θ(q) and Green's function in heat conduction. Exact solutions in elementary functions for two particular BVPs of thermoelasticity for a quarter-space and a half-wedge, using the derived Poisson-type integral formula and the influence functions Θ(q) also are included. The proposed approach may be extended not only for many different BVPs for half-wedge, but also for many canonical cylindrical and other orthogonal domains.