Solution Blow Spinning Technique Research Articles

Efficient and sustainable production of intelligent nonwovens as indicators of food spoilage through solution blow spinning of proteins and natural pigments from agri-food waste

The efficient manufacturing of food spoilage indicators based on intelligent nonwovens represents a promising alternative to enable the application of these materials in food quality monitoring. The objective of this study was to rapidly produce intelligent nanofiber nonwovens made of zein/gelatin (Z/G) functionalized with various concentrations (5–15% w/w on the matrix) of anthocyanin-rich food-residue extracts from purple cabbage (CAE) or purple sweet potato (PAE) using the solution-blow-spinning (SBS) technique for use in food-quality-monitoring applications. The addition of CAE or PAE to the Z/G matrix reduced the viscosity of the solution and (consequently) the nanofiber diameters from 999 nm to 882 and 583 nm, respectively. Such incorporation also improved the mechanical, thermal, and water-related properties of the nanofibers and endowed them with antioxidant capacities. Nonwovens composed of Z/G nanofibers with added CAE or PAE, especially at concentrations of 15%, exhibited visible color changes (ΔE ≥ 3) that rapidly altered in response to pH (3–10) and when exposed to ammonia vapor. The nonwovens were successfully used to monitor the deterioration of pasteurized milk and fish fillets. They reveal a visual color change from pink at 0 h to a more intense pink at 48 h in response to milk deterioration and a color change from pink at 0 h to light brown after 48 h when the fish fillets were considered deteriorated. The use of these nanofiber nonwovens to monitor changes in food quality highlights the significant potential of the SBS technique and the use of anthocyanins from agri-food waste to produce new intelligent packaging materials for use in food applications.

A new nano-sachet manufactured by solution blow spinning to retard ripening of bananas using biodegradable nanostructured polymeric mats emitting 1-methylcyclopropene

The aim of this study was to produce nanostructured poly (lactic acid) (PLA) mats incorporated with the 1-MCP/α-CD complex (F1-MCP) by the solution blow spinning (SBS) technique and to apply them as a nano-sachet emitting 1-MCP in a banana packaging system. The nanofibers that comprise the mats presented uniform morphology with diameters between 157 and 184 nm. Scanning electron microscopy showed that crystals of 1-MCP/α-CD were encapsulated and found on the nanofibers' surface, changing their thermal properties and contact angles. The release of 1-MCP gas from the nano-sachet of nanostructured PLA mats with encapsulated 1-MCP/α-CD was proven based on the delay of banana ripening during storage (21 °C and 90 % RH). Therefore, the nanostructured PLA mats with encapsulated MCP/α-CD, produced by SBS, proved viable and applicable in packaging systems that aim to delay ripening and increase the postharvest shelf life of climacteric fruit, such as bananas.

α-Mn2O3 porous fibers synthesized by air-heated solution blow spinning (A-HSBS) technique: electrochemical assessment for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline medium

In this work, we report a novel synthesis route of α-Mn2O3 porous fibers obtained by air-heated solution blow spinning (A-HSBS) and their application as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Our α-Mn2O3 porous fibers presented superior OER performance to other electrocatalysts reported in the literature, and it is because the fibrous morphology and multiple Mn charge states, which lead to a small overpotential of 378 mV @ 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the fibrous α-Mn2O3 electrode exhibited long-term electrochemical stability confirmed by chronopotentiometry testing for 18 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and showing retention/preservation of microstructural properties. Our results underscore the potential of the A-HSBS for producing electrodes with a fiber-like morphology, based on transition metals. The proposed synthesis route can provide economical, durable, and efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting, which can be applied in several applications, such as electrocatalysts, biosensors, among others.

Antibacterial and antiviral PA6-AgNPs microfibers for application as a filter element in facial respirators

Polymeric microfibers are very interesting materials that can be associated with other nanomaterials aiming to obtain specific properties and be used in a wide range of applications. In this study, we prepared different formulations of polyamide 6 (PA6) containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and produced microfibers by solution blow spinning technique for its use as a filter element in a face respirator. The obtained samples were then characterized by field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), water contact angle (WCA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and respirability and antibacterial, antiviral and cytotoxicity assays. In general, the microfibers were well dispersed and the AgNPs were evenly distributed throughout the samples, reflecting a hydrophilic character and good thermal stability, with a maximum weight loss of 2.9 % attributed to the evaporation of water molecules. The sample produced with a concentration of 10 mmol/L of silver nitrate presented acceptable levels of resistance to respiration. Concerning the microbiological analyses, the results showed that samples evidenced antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, forming inhibition halos of up to 4 mm in disk diffusion assays and inhibiting bacterial growth in liquid medium assays, as well as antiviral effect against betacoronavirus MHV-3, promoting a reduction of up to 99.9 % of viral particles. Moreover, the samples presented cytotoxicity on the first and second days, whereas on the seventh day some of the extracts did not show cytotoxic activity, indicating that the cells adapted to the culture medium. Considering the data set and the simple process of obtaining the microfibers, it was possible to conclude that this material can be applied as a filter element in a face respirator as well as in a variety of products with antibacterial and antiviral purposes.

Highly fluorescent hybrid nanofibers as potential nanofibrous scaffolds for studying cell-fiber interactions

In this study, we report on the fabrication of hybrid nanofibers for labeling and bioimaging applications. Our approach is involved for developing highly fluorescent nanofibers using a blend of polylactic acid, polyethyleneglycol, and perylenediimide dyes, through the solution blow spinning technique. The nanofibers are exhibited diameters ranging from 330 nm to 420 nm. Nanofibers showed excellent red and near-infrared fluorescence emissive properties in fluorescent spectroscopy. Moreover, the strong two–photon absorption phenomenon was observed for nanofibers under confocal microscopy. To assess the applicability of these fluorescent nanofibers in bioimaging settings, we employ two types of mammalian cells B16F1 melanoma cells and J774.A1 macrophages. Both cell types exhibit negligible cytotoxicity after 24 h incubation with the nanofibers, indicating the suitability of nanofibers for cell–based experiments. We also observe strong interactions between the nanofibers and cells, as evidenced by two major events: a) the acquisition of an elongated cellular morphology with the major cellular axis parallel to the nanofibers and b) the accumulation of actin filaments along the points of contact of the cells with the fibers. Our findings demonstrate the suitability of these newly developed fluorescent nanofibers in cell–based applications for guiding cellular behavior. We expect that these fluorescent nanofibers have the potential to serve as scaffold materials for long–time tracking of cell–fiber interactions in fluorescence microscopy.

PVDF piezoelectric sensor based on solution blow spinning fibers for structural stress/strain health monitoring

Strain monitoring is of great significance to the maintenance and safe operation of engineering structures. To address the shortcomings of piezoelectric ceramics such as high inflexibility and brittleness, in this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibrous films were prepared by a safe and efficient solution blow spinning technique. In the case of similar β-phase content, the preparing efficiency of PVDF fibers by the solution blow spinning method increased by about 8–10 times compared to that of electrospinning method in our previous work. The fibers with average diameter of 0.79 μm had the highest β-phase content, around 83%. A flexible piezoelectric fiber sensor with simple design for structural strain monitoring was prepared based on the PVDF fibers. The sensor responded well to strains as low as 23 μϵ, better than commercial strain gauges, with a high response accuracy of 1.11 mV/μϵ. And the piezoelectric properties of the sensors could charge a 4.7 μF capacitor to 3 V in 40 s, offering the potential for low-cost, self-powered structural health monitoring.

PVDF/RGO membranes and the potential of adsorption technology: rhodamine dye removal

Due to the generation of difficult-to-separate waste by industrial and agricultural activities, the concern for preserving the environment and natural resources has gained significant attention in scientific discussions, as the increased concentration of these materials has impacted the entire food chain. In this perspective, the production of polymeric micro and nanofiber membranes for pollutant remediation has been extensively studied to mitigate these impacts. Using a solution blow spinning technique with a commercial airbrush, membranes with concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% by mass were created. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM/FEG) analysis revealed the presence of smooth fibers with an average diameter below 100 nm, along with some imperfections attributed to the higher concentration. Structural results confirmed the presence of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) in the membranes. Adsorption tests showed that membranes with higher RGO content exhibited greater dye removal capacity within a 120-hour timeframe.

Blow-Spun Si3N4-Incorporated Nanofibrous Dressing with Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Angiogenic Activities for Chronic Wound Treatment

The effective and safe healing of chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, presents a significant clinical challenge due to the adverse microenvironment in the wound that hinders essential processes of wound healing, including angiogenesis, inflammation resolution, and bacterial control. Therefore, there is an urgent demand for the development of safe and cost-effective multifunctional therapeutic dressings. Silicon nitride, with its distinctive antibacterial properties and bioactivities, shows great potential as a promising candidate for the treatment of chronic wounds. In this study, a silicon nitride-incorporated collagen/chitosan nanofibrous dressing (CCS) were successfully fabricated using the solution blow spinning technique (SBS). SBS offers compelling advantages in fabricating uniform nanofibers, resulting in a three-dimensional fluffy nanofibrous scaffold that creates an optimal wound healing environment. This blow-spun nanofibrous dressing exhibits excellent hygroscopicity and breathability, enabling effective absorption of wound exudate. Importantly, the incorporated silicon nitride within the fibers triggers surface chemical reactions in the aqueous environment, leading to the release of bioactive ions that modulate the wound microenvironment. Here, the CCS demonstrated exceptional capabilities in absorbing wound exudate, facilitating water vapor transmission, and displaying remarkable antibacterial properties in vitro and in a rat infected wound model (up to 99.7%, 4.5 × 107 CFU/cm2 for Staphylococcus aureus). Furthermore, the CCS exhibited an enhanced wound closure rate, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat diabetic wound model, compared to the control group without silicon nitride incorporation.Graphical abstract

Ribbon‐like microfiber of vulcanized and non‐vulcanized natural rubber obtained by the solution blow spinning

AbstractNatural rubber (NR) microfibers were obtained from NR/chloroform solutions with or without vulcanization agents, by a solution blow spinning (SBS) technique. The microfibers showed a ribbon‐like morphology with average widths ranging from 15 to 45 μm, depending on the processing conditions. Concentrations of 3%, 4%, and 5% (wt/vol) of NR/chloroform were compared; at 4% wt/vol the spinning process was most stable, and fiber width was the most homogeneous. Microfibrous NR membranes incorporating vulcanizing agents were treated at temperatures of 70, 80, and 90°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Membrane tensile strength and elongation at break varied with temperature and treatment time. The best result was found with the sample treated at 90°C for 3 h. In this case, the tensile strength and elongation at break was (4.9 ± 0.8) MPa and (867 ± 18) % which is about 310% and 330% higher than the values found for the same sample without the incorporation of vulcanizing agents. This expressive increase was attributed to the vulcanization of the rubber, which also provided a shift to a higher value of the glass transition temperature. Overall properties of the blow‐spun films, especially the high elasticity‐contraction, suggest they are attractive candidates for use in robotics, and biobased electronics including wearable sensors.

Copper oxide nanofibers obtained by solution blow spinning as catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction

In this work, we report copper oxide nanofibers (CuO – N) synthesized by Solution Blow Spinning (SBS) for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and their comparison with a control sample based on a commercial powder (CuO – C). Both materials were characterized by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman and X-ray photoelectron (XPS)) to determine the purity, microstructural and surface chemical properties. Subsequently, the performance of copper oxide catalysts in a 1.0 M KOH solution was investigated. Copper oxide with nanofiber morphology (CuO – N) exhibited a small overpotential of 385 mV @ 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel coefficient of only 76 mV dec−1, i.e., fast kinetics for water splitting, a result that is modulated by oxygen vacancies (O2/O1 = 0.83). The oxygen vacancies are due to the presence of Cu1+ in the lattice. The analyses of the magnetization measurements at 5 K suggest a larger amount of Cu1+ in sample CuO – N. Therefore, this work sheds light on how to design low-cost nanofibrous catalysts based on abundant transition metals in the earth's crust by SBS, an economical and scalable technique, which is promising for energy applications.

Biocomposite‐based fibrous scaffolds of natural rubber/polyhydroxybutyrate blend reinforced with 45S5 bioglass aiming at biomedical applications

AbstractThe solution blow spinning technique was used to fabricate a new biocomposite fibrous mat consisting of natural rubber (NR) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) bioblend, with various loads of 45S5 bioglass (BG) particles. According to SEM analysis, NR fibers exhibited ribbon‐like morphologies, whereas the addition of PHB resulted in improved fiber formation and a reduction in their diameter. In NR‐PHB/BG biocomposites with varying BG loadings, typical thermal degradation events of PHB (stage i) and NR (stage ii) were observed. In comparison with pure PHB, the TG/DTG curves of NR‐PHB/BG specimens revealed a lower stage i degradation peak. Such an outcome is possibly due to the fact that PHB in the NR‐PHB fibers is located predominantly at the surface, that is, PHB is more susceptible to thermal degradation. The NR‐PHB/BG biocomposite possessed an increased stiffness due to the addition of PHB and BG, resulting in an increased stress and a decreased strain at rupture compared to the pure NR and NR‐PHB mats. DMA analysis revealed two well‐defined regions, above and below the glass transition temperature (Tg), for the storage modulus (E') of the NR‐PHB/BG specimens. The values of E' were in both regions for NR‐PHB/BG specimens increased at higher BG content. The measured tanδ = E″/E' was used to determine the Tg value for all specimens, with Tg found to be in the −49 to −46°C range. Finally, NR‐PHB/BG biocomposite fibrous were proven noncytotoxic by in‐vitro testing on fibroblasts. These biocomposites enhanced cell growth, holding great promise for tissue engineering applications.Highlights Solution blow spinning technique was used to produce three‐phase biocomposite specimens. NR‐PHB/BG fibrous mat specimens with a diameter of 9–10 μm were obtained. Although high BG loads are applied to the NR‐PHB/BG specimens, they remain elastic and flexible. Fibrous biocomposite mats enhance cell growth and possess great potential for tissue engineering.

Fast Fabrication of Multifunctional PCL/Curcumin Nanofibrous Membranes for Wound Dressings.

Therapeutic intervention to skin wounds requires covering the affected area with wound dressings. Interdisciplinary efforts have focused on the development of smart bandages that can perform multiple functions. In this direction, here, we designed a low cost (U$0.012 per cm2) multifunctional therapeutic wound dressing fabricated by loading curcumin (CC) into poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers using solution blow spinning (SBS). The freestanding PCL/CC bandages were characterized by distinct physicochemical approaches and were successful in performing varied functions, including controlled release of CC, colorimetric indication of the wound conditions, barrier against microorganisms, being biocompatible, and providing a photosensitive platform for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The chemical nature of PCL and CC and the interactions between these components allowed CC to be released for 192 h (ca. 8 days), which could be correlated with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, with a burst release suitable to treat the inflammatory phase. Due to the CC keto-enol tautomerism, an optical indication of the healing status could be obtained using PCL/CC, which occurred immediately, ranging between red/orange and yellow shades. The effect against pathogenic microorganisms evaluated by agar disc-diffusion, affected skin wound simulation (ex vivo), and microbial penetration tests demonstrated the ability to block and inhibit microbial permeation in different environments. The biocompatibilities of PCL and PCL/CC were verified by in vitro cytotoxicity study, which demonstrated that cell viabilities average above 94 and 96% for human dermal fibroblasts. In addition, the proposed bandage responded to aPDT applied to an in vivo assay, showing that, when irritated, PCL/CC was able to reduce the bacteria present on the real wound of mice. In summary, our findings demonstrate that using PCL and CC to produce nonwovens by the SBS technique offers potential for the rapid fabrication of biocompatible and multifunctional wound dressings, paving the way for large-scale production and utilization of such dressings in the treatment of skin wounds.

Novel synthesis of BCP cotton-wool-like nanofibrous scaffolds by air-heated solution blow spinning (A-HSBS) technique

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) cotton-wool-like nanofibrous scaffolds are very interesting materials for tissue engineering. Air-heated solution blow spinning (A-HSBS) was a simple and novel strategy developed in this work to obtain this structure. Precursor solutions of calcium nitrate, triethyl phosphate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (spinning agent) dissolved in water and ethanol were used. The scaffolds were calcined at 800 °C. Part of the samples was stored under restricted atmospheric conditions, while the other part was exposed to ambient conditions for 7 days. The scaffolds were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro assays were performed using simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solutions. Results showed the formation of scaffolds constituted by intertwined nanometric fibers. XRD patterns indicated the formation of BCP and CaO. For the sample exposed to air, CaCO3 was formed from the conversion of CaO with atmospheric CO2, producing BCP/CaCO3. After 7 days of immersion in SBF solution, the formation of a homogeneous layer of apatite was more evident on the surface of the BCP/CaCO3 than on the BCP nanofibers. The biodegradability in PBS medium, after 14 days of immersion, showed a mass loss of 21% (pH of 8.3) and 14% for the BCP and BCP/CaCO3 scaffolds (pH of 7.8), respectively. BCP nanofibrous scaffolds can be considered promising candidates for use in bone tissue engineering applications.

Influence of solution concentration on recycled polycarbonate nanofibers produced by solution blow-spinning process: a short communication

The recycling of polymeric materials is a sustainable alternative to reduce the use of virgin raw materials and avoid unnecessary disposal. A good example is its reprocessing through the solution blow-spinning (SBS) processing, which might produce nanofibers for coatings. This reprocessing technique has several advantages, such as lower production costs, a relatively simple system, and excellent yield. In this short communication, for the first time, three different solution concentrations, 5, 10 and 15 g/L of recycled polycarbonate (RPC) were solubilized with tetrahydrofuran solvent to produce nanofibers using the SBS technique. The nanofiber morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. SEM micrographs showed that at a concentration of 5 g/L RPC it was not possible to produce nanofibers. Although nanofibers were formed at 10 g/L RPC, the appearance of undesirable droplets was inevitable. The 15 g/L was found as the ideal lower concentration of RPC for production of nanofiber without droplets.

In vitro and in vivo efficacy of poly(lactic acid) nanofiber packaging containing essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. against Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger in table grapes

Apergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger are the principal fungi that attack table grapes, and they are responsible for producing and contaminating these fruits with ochratoxin A. Packaging containing essential oils from Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. encapsulated in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers were produced, the antifungal and antiocratoxigenic activities against A. carbonarius and A. niger were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, and the effect of these packages on the quality of table grapes was determined. The nanofibers were produced by the Solution Blow Spinning technique and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis. Fungal contamination and ochratoxin A production were significantly controlled by PLA nanofibers containing the essential oils and the physicochemical parameters of the grapes were preserved, preserving the quality and the shelf life of the fruit. Therefore, the active packaging developed herein has potential and may be suitable for application in fruits.

Solution blow spun piezoelectric nanofibers membrane for energy harvesting applications

Energy harvesting systems have benefited from the use of one-dimensional nanostructures such as nanofibers. For example, the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy has paved the way for nanofibers to be used in a wide range of applications. PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) has long been regarded as a promising material for piezoelectric applications. Furthermore, the solution blow spinning (SBS) technique, with its simple setup, can mass-produce nanofibers with the required properties for applications needing great flexibility while also attaining high piezoelectricity. The aim of this research is to investigate how electric voltage can be generated from flexible piezoelectric materials such as SBS PVDF nanofibers. Meanwhile, the nanofibers mats have been integrated into a basic setup that stimulates the generation of DC voltage under mechanical pressure produced by footsteps. The work followed a morphological characterization using SEM and studying the β-phase of the fabricated fibers using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and it was found that β phase content for solution blow spun nanofibers reached 80% and the β-crystalline phase was enhanced due to the transformation from α to β phases. Our manufactured SBS nanofibers can create electric voltage under the influence of mechanical stresses, to simulate the foot step pressure, with varying amplitude and vibrational frequency, according to piezoelectric analysis.

Chitosan/PCL nanofibrous films developed by SBS to encapsulate thymol/HPβCD inclusion complexes for fruit packaging

In this work, the solution blow spinning (SBS) technique was used to rapidly fabricate the thymol (THY)/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complexes loaded chitosan (CS)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous films for fruit preservation and packaging. XRD results indicated that the THY/HPβCD inclusion complexes were successfully incorporated into the CS/PCL nanofibers. The nanofibrous films had an increase of average diameters of nanofibers from 243.84 nm to 560.55 nm, an enhancement of water vapor permeability, a decrease of the crystallinity, and a hydrophilic surface after the incorporation. FTIR and thermal analysis showed that the thermal stability was also improved due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between THY/HPβCD inclusion complexes and CS/PCL nanofibers. The developed films obtained a long-term continuous release of THY during 240 h, and had a good antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo. The above results indicated the promising prospects of SBS in developing antifungal nanofibrous films for postharvest fruit.

Production of nanofibers from solution blow spinning (SBS)

The solution blow spinning technique was used, for the first time, to produce nanofiber of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The diameter of the nanofiber was smaller than that produced by the electrospinning process. This technique produces nanofibers on a rotating target by dragging a polymeric gel solution through a needle with heated concentric nozzles. The external nozzle, high-pressure air, pulls the polymeric solution through the internal nozzle. The gel polymeric solution is kept stirred, until used on a heated reservoir. The effect of working distance, injection pressure, and solution concentration was investigated. SEM images show that the diameters of the fibers produced ranged from 150 nm to 230 nm for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. The results indicate that the average fiber diameter was influenced by the solution concentration, while the morphology of nanofibers was controlled by the injection pressure and the working distance. Additionally, the thermal behavior and hydrophobicity were evaluated.

Formation of copper oxide II in polymer solution-blow-spun fibers and the successful non-woven ceramic production

Copper oxide II is a p-type semiconductor that can be used in several applications. Focusing on producing such material using an easy and low-cost technique, we followed an acetate one-pot-like route for producing a polymer precursor solution with different acetates:PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) weight ratios. Then, composite nanofibers were produced using the solution blow spinning (SBS) technique. The ceramic CuO samples were obtained after a calcination process at 600 °C for 2 h, applying a heating rate of 0.5 °C/min. Non-woven fabric-like ceramic samples with average diameters lower than 300 nm were successfully obtained. SEM images show relatively smooth fibers with a granular morphology. XRD shows the formation of randomly oriented grains of CuO. In addition, FTIR and XRD analyses show the CuO formation before the heat treatment. Thus, a chemical reaction sequence was proposed to explain the results.

The effect of surface morphology on endothelial and smooth muscle cells growth on blow-spun fibrous scaffolds

This study aimed to analyze the growth of two types of blood vessel building cells: endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) on surfaces with different morphology. Two types of materials, differing in morphology, were produced by the solution blow spinning technique. One-layer materials consisted of one fibrous layer with two fibrous surfaces. Bi-layer materials consisted of one fibrous-solid layer and one fibrous layer, resulting in two different surfaces. Additionally, materials with different average fiber diameters (about 200, 500, and 900 nm) were produced for each group. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain structures with a given morphology by changing the selected process parameters (working distance and polymer solution concentration). Both morphology (solid versus fibrous) and average fiber diameter (submicron fibers versus microfibers) of scaffolds influenced the growth of ECs. However, this effect was only visible after an extended period of culture (6 days). In the case of SMCs, it was proved that the best growth of SMCs is obtained for micron fibers (with an average diameter close to 900 nm) compared to the submicron fibers (with an average diameter below 900 nm).