Juice Soluble Solids Research Articles

Influences of gibberellins A4, A4+7and A4+iso-A7on apple fruit quality and tree productivity. II. Other effects on fruit quality and importance of fruit position within the tree canopy

Post-bloom gibberellin sprays increased fruit length:diameter (L/D) ratio and juice soluble solids but did not influence flesh firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples grown in a maritime (Quebec) or desert (Okanagan Valley, B.C.) climate. Irrespective of GA treatment, ‘exterior’ fruit at both Canadian locations was larger, yellower, exhibited less russet, and contained more soluble solids at harvest than ‘interior’ fruit. Fruit shape (L/D ratio) was not influenced by position of the fruit within the canopy. Correlation analyses showed that surface russet development is poorly related to seed set, fruit size and other measures of fruit quality. However, a correlation matrix examining the degree of interrelatedness of all fruit size, fruit development and fruit quality indices revealed other relationships that may provide clues to understanding the relationship between fruit growth and quality development of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple.

Influence of Repeated Applications of 2,4-D on Yield and Juice Quality of Concord Grapes (Vitis labruscana)

In two field experiments over a 4-yr period, 2,4-D amine applied up to four times per year from late April to early June at 2.5, 10, and 25 ppmw produced a wide range of symptoms on ‘Concord’ grapes. When 2,4-D symptoms in July were severe, yields were reduced by as much as 85%. However, when 2,4-D symptoms in July were slight (less than 2 on a 0 to 6 visual scale), grape yields were not reduced. A second-order polynomial described well (R2= 0.92) the relationship between symptoms and grape yield. Symptoms of 2,4-D on grape leaves did not persist beyond the year of treatment, although grape yields did not recover fully until the second year after the last 2,4-D treatment In the first year of 2,4-D treatments, low grape yields were correlated with reduced weight and number of berries per cluster. In the second and third year of treatment, low grape yields were correlated with fewer clusters per shoot in addition to lower cluster weight and fewer berries per cluster. When 2,4-D was applied one year only, soluble solids in the grape juice were reduced as much as 9%, although reductions were not related to severity of foliar symptoms. When 2,4-D was applied for three consecutive years, soluble solids in the juice were consistently higher in grapes with moderate to severe 2,4-D symptoms. There were no consistent effects of 2,4-D on juice color or titratable acidity. The pH of fresh juice was increased slightly by 2,4-D with the maximum being 10% after 3 yr of consecutive treatments. In the first subsequent non-treatment year after 3 yr of 2,4-D treatments, juice quality was similar to the quality of nontreated grapes. At a detection limit of 0.05 ppmw, 2,4-D was not detected in the harvested grapes. Based on the results of these experiments, grapes with slight 2,4-D symptoms would not be expected to have reduced yields or reduced juice quality.

Effects of Daminozide and Paclobutrazol Treatments on Fruit Ripening and Storage Behavior of ‘McIntosh’ Apple

Abstract Foliar daminozide (DZ) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) applications delayed apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit maturation and ripening at harvest the year of treatment. There was little effect on juice soluble solids or mean fruit weight. Following 24 weeks of air storage, treated fruit were firmer and displayed less core browning than those untreated. Trunk-drench or soil-spray applications of PBZ had little or no effect on any of these quality or physiological parameters of the fruit. In the year after treatment there were no residual effects of either DZ or PBZ on any fruit physiological parameters, despite significant PBZ-induced reductions in shoot growth, fruit size, seed number, pedicel length, and alterations in fruit shape. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

Effect of Irrigation, Fruit Load, and Potassium Fertilization on Yield, Quality, and Petiole Analysis of Concord (Vitis labrusca L.) Grapes

A 14-year old Concord vineyard which had received no potassium fertilization since establishment was fertilized with 0 or 450 kg/ha of K under two irrigation and two fruit load regimes. Supplemental irrigation from bloom to véraison increased yields and vine size. Juice soluble solids were reduced by irrigation in a year with near normal rainfall; but in a year of severe drought, soluble solids were improved by irrigation. Increased fruit loads reduced juice quality. Vines receiving K fertilization showed a response the first year of application through increased yeilds and vine size. Juice pH and K content were increased by K fertilization.

CORRELATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE MEASUREMENTS AND SOLUBLE SOLIDS FOR ROME BEAUTY AND YORK IMPERIAL APPLES

ABSTRACTRelationships between nondestructive measurements and other indices of fruit composition or condition in Rome Beauty, York Imperial, Red Spur Delicious, and Golden Delicious apples were studied. Fruits were subjected to different storage and ripening treatments before being analyzed individually by various nondestructive and destructive procedures. Of the procedures tested, potentially useful correlations were obtained between nondestructive spectrophotometric measurements and juice soluble solids with Rome Beauty and York Imperial apples.

Effects of Ripeness and Harvest Date on Several Physical and Compositional Factors of Cowart Muscadine Grapes

Vines of Cowart muscadine grapes were partially harvested at three equally spaced intervals over a four-week period encompassing the normal harvest period. The berries were separated into levels of ripeness by flotation in successive sucrose solutions of 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0° Brix. Several physical and compositional factors were then measured for grapes in each density category from each harvest date. Ripeness, represented by density level, showed the greatest effect on the variables measured, although date of harvest was a significant factor in variation of several ripeness variables. Juice soluble solids, total acidity, their ratio, and Gardner L of whole berries were closely related to ripeness. Correlations between variables are also given.

CONTINUOUS DIFFUSION‐EXTRACTION METHOD TO PRODUCE APPLE JUICE

ABSTRACTThe continuous stepless counter‐current De Danske Sukkerfabrikker diffusion apparatus originally developed to recover sugar solids from sugar beets was studied as a physical procedure to recover apple juice. This procedure was compared with apple juice recovery using a Willmes press which is an example of a batch mechanical pressing operation. Crinkle‐cut apple slices 3 mm in thickness were introduced into the diffuser and heated from 55–75°C. The cell sap containing soluble nutrients was diffused through the apple cell membrane and extracted by heated potable water flowing under the force of gravity. The diffusion‐type juice soluble solids yields were 13.47% higher than those for the press‐type juices and resulting extracted pomace was low in waste‐soluble solids. Sensory comparisons between the pressed and diffusion juices showed preference for the pressed product.

A bunch position effect on response to CCC in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines

CCC ((2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) was applied to whole vines at the rates of 0, 300, 600, 1200, or 2400 p.p.m. three and two weeks before flowering and its effects on bunch and berry characteristics of both proximal and distal bunches observed. CCC increased berry number per bunch and bunch weight despite reduced berry weights. Rachis weights were generally decreased, although they increased with the 300 p.p.m. treatment. Fruit maturation, expressed as skin pigment concentration, juice soluble solids, and acidity were delayed. No differences occurred due to time of spray application. Unsprayed proximal bunches carried larger berries, which matured earlier than those on distal bunches. Despite the larger berries on untreated proximal bunches, the skins weighed no more than those on distal bunches and contained similar pigment concentration. Following CCC application, the proximal bunches set more berries, which were no larger than those on distal bunches, so that proximal were heavier than distal bunches (expressed in absolute terms or as a percentage increase). Treatment reduced the soluble solids of proximal but not distal bunches. It also tended to increase proximal rachis weight at concentrations of 300-1 200 p.p.m., but decreased it at 2400 p.p.m. It had no effect on distal bunch rachises when applied at 300 or 600 p.p.m., but decreased the weight at 1200 and 2400 p.p.m.

The effects of time of nitrogen supply on the tree growth, fruit quality and leaf nitrogen of Satsuma orange

In order to clarify the effect of time of nitrogen supply on Satsuma orange trees, the gravel culture experiment was carried out for 3 years. Four years old trees were grown under non-bearing conditon in the first year and under bearing condition in the succeeding 2 years.1. The N supply in culture solution was maintained in three levels such as 40-50, 80-100 and 140 -160 N ppm for 6 months from May to October. Vigorous tree growth and high N content in leaves were found in higher N levels. With increasing supply of N, following changes in fruit quality were observed: (a) Fruit size increased. (b) Rate of flesh weight in a fruit reduced. (c) Break of green rind color delayed. (d) Percentage of soluble solids in juice reduced. (e) Juice acidity increased. (f) Ratio of solids to acid decreased.2. Trees grown under low N level of 40-50ppm were received high N level of 200-250ppm temporally in each period from May to June (early N raising), from July to August (middle) and from September to October (late). The effect of high N level on tree growth was dominant in the early N raising and not so apparent in the late N raising. The marked tendency was observed in trees that all the flowers were removed in the first year. That is, the early N raising resulted vigorous growth of spring and summer shoots. The growth of summer and autumn shoots was remarkably great in the middle N raising.3. In the middle N raising, incraese of fruit size and reduction of flesh rate in a fruit were observed. Break of green rind color considerably delayed in late N raising. Juice acidity increased in the order of late, middle and early N raising, while the ratio of solids to acid was reverse. Soluble solids in juice was less in the late N raising, but this tendency was observed in only one year. The raising of N level in culture solution also resulted the increase of N content in spring leaves. The degree of increase was higher in the early N raising than in the middle and late N raising.4. From the above experimental results, it was indicated that different N status in the period from late April to early August has strong effect on the tree growth of Satsuma orange, and that excess supply of N after late summer may exert unfavorable effect on fruit quality.