Soluble Protein Composition Research Articles

Influence of GA3 and 4-PU-30 on Leaf Protein Composition, Photosynthetic Activity, and Growth of Maize Seedlings

The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and N1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N2 phenylurea (4-PU-30) on maize seedling growth, photosynthetic parameters, and leaf protein composition were investigated. The agents used alone or in combination increased leaf growth and photosynthetic rate of the seedlings. Chlorophyll and total nitrogen contents in leaves as well as the quantity of individual protein fractions increased simultaneously. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins (albumins and globulins) revealed quantitative differences between 4-PU-30-treated plants and the other experimental variants. They differed in polypeptide composition associated with changes in soluble proteins and amino acids. However, GA3 did not induce similar changes in polypeptide composition of soluble proteins.

Spatial and free energy distribution patterns of amino acid residues in water soluble proteins

We have calculated, for the 20 common amino acid residues: probability density functions that characterize the residues' tendency to occupy different locations in proteins; a propensity scale for the residues to be exposed or buried; mean force potentials that characterize the residues' free energy dependence on their degree of exposure; the average composition of water soluble proteins, and the composition of their core and surface. The nature of differences between different hydrophobicity-related scales is discussed.

Electrophoretic patterns of acid soluble proteins and active isoforms of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase typifying calli and somatic embryos of two reputed date palm cultivars in Morocco

When subjected to micropropagation by tissue culture, the two reputed cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.); Bou-Sthammi noire, resistant to Bayoud disease and Bou-Feggous, of high fruit quality, give rise to three types of calli, called white and root-forming callus, hyperhydric and degenerating callus and friable and embryogenic callus. All explant sources, calli and germinated embryos were analysed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for acid soluble protein composition. Phenol-oxidizing enzymes; peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, were also, evaluated and the isoforms separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When compared with the explant and germinated embryos, embryogenic calli of the two date palm cultivars could be identified by a concentrated polypeptide of molecular weight 27 500 and polypeptides of molecular weights 70 000 and 11 500. Hyperhydric and degenerating callus contained the polypeptide exhibiting the molecular weight 32 000. Embryogenic calli showed high levels of soluble, ionically and covalently bound peroxidases. The soluble acidic isoperoxidase of R f 0.60, revealed in these calli and germinated embryos could be a marker of the two tissues. White and root-forming calli of Bou-Feggous cultivar were typified by soluble acidic isoperoxidases with high mobility (R f 0.75) and anodic ionically wall-bound polyphenoloxidases similar to those of the explant sources. Polyphemoloxidase activities detected in calli and embryos were very low when compared with those of explants. Used as an early test to screen embryogenic calli of date palm, acid soluble proteins, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase data could lead to introduce lightening and economy in the tissue culture technique.

Effect of the Russian Wheat Aphid on the Composition and Synthesis of Water Soluble Proteins in Resistant and Susceptible Wheat

AbstractThe effect of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) infestation on polypeptide composition and protein synthesis in the presence or absence of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide were studied in genetically comparable wheat (Triticum aestvum) resistant (cv. PI 137739/5* Tugela) and susceptible (cv. Tugela) to the aphid. The aim is to gain information of molecular nature on the resistance phenomenon which may promote future breeding programmes. In the absence of feeding aphids polypeptide profiles of the two wheat lines were similar indicating the absence or presence at low levels of a constitutive resistance factor. Aphid infestation induced enhanced expression of certain genes in the resistant wheat only. A 100 kD nuclear encoded polypeptide is strongly induced in the resistant wheat. It is also evident that the synthesis of a 56 kD organel encoded polypeptide is suppressed by the feeding aphids in the susceptible wheat.

Composition of intracellular soluble proteins inMycobacterium “rubrum” and its mutants

The composition of intracellular soluble proteins in a parental strain of Mycobacterium "rubrum" and its mutants was studied by polyacrylamide gel gradient electrophoresis. The composition of the protein fractions of the parental and the mutant strains was similar, they differed in one protein only. The presence of a 60 kDa protein should be stressed since its increased amount may be connected with a different intensity of the production of pigments in the strains studied.

Functional Properties and Composition of Liquid Whole Egg Proteins as Influenced by Pasteurization and Frozen Storage

Effects of pasteurization temperature and frozen storage on the functionality and soluble protein composition of liquid whole egg (LWE) were studied. Homogenized LWE control and LWE heated at 60, 64, or 68 C for 3.5 min were evaluated during 80 days of storage at −24 C. Protein solubility decreased by 11% when LWE was heated to 68 C. Protein solubility decreased 17 and 11% in LWE control and LWE heated to 68 C, respectively, during frozen storage. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to monitor changes in soluble protein composition. Percentages of soluble ovotransferrin and globulin proteins decreased during pasteurization and frozen storage. Quality attributes of a pie filling were influenced by pasteurization and frozen storage of LWE.

Brief High Temperature Exposure to Release Dormancy Affects Soluble and Membrane-Bound Protein Composition in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. seeds

Summary A brief exposure of dormant Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. seeds to a high temperature (46 °C), which stimulates subsequent germination at favorable temperatures, affects the composition of soluble and membrane-bound proteins in the cells. The changes occur during the transition of the seeds from a dormant to a non-dormant state and are reversed when the seeds are exposed to the high temperature for prolonged periods of time, which inhibits subsequent germination. Also, the formation of new proteins is induced during the prolonged heat treatment. These results indicate that upon exposure of the seeds to a high temperature during imbibition some metabolic changes occur in the soluble and membrane-bound proteins of the cells.

Developmental changes in cuticular proteins of Ascaris suum

1. 1. Cuticles were isolated from developmental stages of the swine nematode Ascaris suum by a combination of mechanical disruption and detergent treatment of larvae or by surgical removal of cuticle from adults. Proteins from the isolated cuticles were solubilized with 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. 2. 2. 2ME soluble, cuticular proteins from adults consisted of 5 to 6 bands with 80% of proteins in 2 bands with mol. wts of 106,000 and 93,000. Cuticular proteins from the third and fourth larval stages (L3 and L4) were comparable to adult, but differences in the number of bands were observed. The soluble proteins from the adult, L3 and L4 were readily degraded by a bacterial collagenase suggesting that these proteins are collagen-like structural elements of the cuticle. 3. 3. The soluble proteins from the second stage (L2) differed from the adult and other larval stages in both the number and mol. wt of protein bands and their lack of degradation by bacterial collagenase. Amino acid composition of soluble cuticular proteins were similar for adult and L4, but glycine and proline were present in lower amounts in the L2. 4. 4. These results support a hypothesis that there are stage specific differences in cuticular proteins from A. suum and that the greatest differences appear to exist between L2 and other stages.

Effect of acute alcoholic intoxication on antigenic composition of soluble rat-brain proteins

i. N. A. Bondarenko, A. V. Val'dman, and V. A. Kamysheva, Byull. ~ksp. Biol. Med., No. 7, 35 (1981). 2. N. A. Bondarenko, Abstract deposited in the All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, No. 2038 (1980). 3. S. L. Shelekhov and A. V. Val'dman, Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med., No. 8, 59 (1983). 4. B. V. Clineschmidt and J. C. McGuffin, Pharmacol. Res. Commun., IO, 219 (1978). 5. N. J. Haigler and G. K. Aghajanian, Fed. Proc., 36, 2159 (1977). 6. M. Grabowska, L. Antkiewicz, and J. Michaluk, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 26, 74 (1974). 7. J. E. Leysen, F. Awouters, L. Kennis, et al., Life Sci., 28, 1015 (1981). 8. J. Maj, W. Palider,and A. Rawlow, J. Neural Trans., 44, 237 (1979). 9. R. S. Neuman and S. R. White, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 81, 49 (1982). i0. R. Rodriguez and E. Pardo, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin), 21, 89 (1971). ii. A. Rokosz-Pelc, L. Antkiewicz-Michaluk, and J. Vetulani, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 32, 220 (1980). 12. S. B. Ross, H. Hall, A. L. Renyi, et al., Psychopharmacology, 72, 219 (1981). 13. E. Schlicker and M. Gothert, Naunyn-Schmiederbergs Arch. Pharmakol., 317, 204 (1981). 14. A.J. Schlossberg and Y. A. Harvey, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 211, 296 (1979). 15. T. H. Svensson, B. S. Bunney, and G. K. Aghajanian, Brain Res., 92, 291 (1975).

Spore Germination and Rhizoid Differentiation in Onoclea sensibilis

Following a geometrically asymmetrical cell division during germination of spores of the fern Onoclea sensibilis L., the small cell differentiates into a rhizoid and the large cell divides to form the protonema. Using silver-staining of two-dimensional gels, we have examined the soluble proteins of spores during germination and of separated rhizoid protoplasts and protonemal cells. Of over 500 polypeptides followed, nearly 25% increased or decreased in prominence during spore germination and the initial phases of rhizoid elongation. Soluble proteins from purified protoplasts of young rhizoids were quantitatively different from those of protonemal cells and germinated spores. Nine polypeptides which appeared after cell division were substantially more prominent in rhizoid protoplasts than in whole germinated spores and have been putatively designated rhizoid-specific polypeptides. The differences in the soluble protein composition of young rhizoids and protonemal cells probably reflect the differential organelle distribution between the two cells as well as differential net protein synthesis in the cytoplasms of the two cells.

Comparison of soluble proteins associated with disease resistance induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and by viral necrosis

Infiltration of tobacco leaves with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in the acquisition of systemic resistance to subsequent bacterial infection. By means of gel electrophoresis, we have investigated the changes in soluble protein composition of Nicotiana tabacum cv. “Bottom Special” leaves after they were infiltrated with LPS from Pseudomonas solanacearum. A new protein band (approximate molecular weight 31800) was present in leaves infiltrated with LPS, but not in those infiltrated with phosphate buffer. In time course experiments, the accumulation of the new protein as well as the increase in relative content of at least two other proteins were correlated with the appearance of resistance to bacterial multiplication in tobacco tissues. The new protein band did not co-migrate with the “pathogenesis-related” (PR) proteins that accumulated in tobacco leaves infected with tobacco necrosis virus or tobacco mosaic virus (strain 1952-D). The PR proteins were present in tissues infiltrated with LPS as well as in extracts of tissues infiltrated with virulent and avirulent strains of P. solanaceamm, but their presence was not correlated with the acquisition of resistance to bacterial multiplication.

Effect of Pod Removal on Leaf Photosynthesis and Soluble Protein Composition of Field-Grown Soybeans

Well nodulated, field-grown soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var Williams) were depodded just prior to seed development and near mid pod-fill. Both treatments caused a considerable increase in leaf dry weight, suggesting continued photosynthate production following pod removal. Moreover, depodding had a marked effect on leaf soluble protein without affecting total proteolytic activity. Early depodding caused a 50% increase in leaf protein, and both early and late depodding caused the retention of protein for several weeks following the decline in control leaves. But despite this retention of protein, leaves of depodded plants showed no difference in the onset of the irreversible decline in photosynthesis. Therefore, although depodding delayed the loss of leaf chlorophyll and protein, it did not delay the onset of functional leaf senescence and in fact, actually appeared to enhance the rate of decline in photosynthesis. There was a good correlation between the irreversible decline in ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (activity and amount) and that of photosynthesis. In contrast, the correlation did not seem as good between stomatal closure and the onset of the irreversible decline in photosynthesis. The reason total soluble protein remained high following depodding while carboxylase, which normally comprised 40% of the soluble protein, declined was because several polypeptides increased in amounts sufficient to offset the loss of carboxylase. This change in leaf protein composition indicates a change in leaf function; this is discussed in terms of other recent findings.

Iron-binding proteins with vitreous humour

The soluble protein composition of Macaque monkey vitreous humour was studied in order to understand its iron-binding properties. The protein content of vitreous humour was 217 μg/ml ± 4.6%, 40% of which was serum albumin and 30% an iron-binding protein of hydrodynamic properties identical to that of trasferrin or lactoferrin. Relative to serum, the vitreous humour contained a 13-fold excess of this protein(s). Isoelectric focusing, iron-binding and immunoelectrophoretic studies indicated that both vitreous humour and aqueous humour contained lactoferrin as well as serum transferrin. The iron-binding capacity of these proteins in vitreous humour was equivalent to the mass of haemoglobin iron contained in at least 570 000 monkey erythrocytes. It was concluded that the intraocular lactoferrin originated from within the eye. These iron-binding proteins may play a protective role in ocular disturbances such as viterous haemorrahge, iron foreign body toxicity and infection.

Electrophoretic separation of larval silver redhorse ( Moxostoma anisurum) and golden redhorse ( Moxostoma erythrurum)

1. 1. Soluble protein composition of larvae and adults of the silver redhorse ( M. anisurum) and the golden redhorse ( M. erythrurum) were compared with polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis. 2. 2. Adults and larvae of M. anisurum and M. erythrurum were readily distinguished from each other. 3. 3. The superior resolving power of gradient vs conventional page created problems in the correlation of larval and adult forms with ontogenetic differences in proteins accounting for the lack of similarity.

The effect of parasitism by the mermithid Romanomermis culicivorax on the dry weight and hemolymph soluble protein content of three species of mosquitoes

The dry weight, hemolymph soluble protein composition, and content of three species of mosquitoes, Culex pipiens, Aedes taeniorhynchus, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus were examined to determine the effects of parasitism by the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax. The dry weights of infected fourth-stage larvae of all three species were significantly lower than controls. The differences in weight found between infected early and late C. pipiens and A. quadrimaculatus larvae were attributed to the weight of the parasite itself. This difference was not noticeable in A. taeniorhynchus larvae. Hemolymph proteins were severely depleted in all three mosquito species during parasitism by R. culicivorax. Analysis of protein composition by PAGE showed that these depletions were accompanied by a reduction in the number of proteins. Differences between protein composition concentrations were evident between early and late fourthstage control larvae of C. pipiens and A. quadrimaculatus. The concentration of some low-molecular-weight proteins (below 68,000) remained constant between infected and control samples of all three mosquito species.

The composition of fresh and stored oyster mushrooms ( Pleurotus ostreatus)

Soluble carbohydrate, protein, polysaccharide and cell wall composition were assayed in freshly harvested Pleurotus ostreatus sporophores and those stored for 4 days at 2° or 18°. Mannitol and trehalose were present at 1.8 and 6.5% dry wt respectively in fresh sporophores, and at reduced levels in those stored at 18°. In sporophores stored at 2°, trehalose levels increased by up to 122%. Soluble polysaccharide appeared to be composed of glycogen-like material, which was susceptible to post-harvest breakdown, and components containing mannose and other sugars. The total protein content was 42% dry wt; no protein degradation was seen in sporophores stored at 2°, but about 25% of the protein disappeared during storage at 18°. Cell wall polysaccharide was utilised during storage. Respiration rate was about 8–10 ml CO 2/g dry wt/hr at harvest and declined to about 5 ml/g dry wt/hr after 40 hr storage at 18°.

The antigenic composition and source of soluble proteins on the surface of the skin of sheep

Skin washings from the wooled skin of sheep were found to contain a complex mixture of antigenic substances, some of which were apparently derived from the blood. The mixture, although quantitatively variable, was qualitatively the same in all animals and was similar to that found on the haired skin of cattle. The main sources of the soluble proteins on ovine skin, which include albumin, transferrin, IgA, IgG and IgM, were the sweat gland and to a lesser extent the epidermis. Transferrin was also demonstrated in bovine skin washings.

Alterations in the soluble protein patterns of tobacco and cowpea leaves following inoculation with tobacco necrosis virus

Changes in the soluble protein composition of both tobacco and cowpea leaves following inoculation with tobacco necrosis virus (TNV D R/1 : 1.5/19 : S/S : S/Fu [1]) have been investigated by the techniques of disc-electrophoresis. Both changes in relative amounts of proteins, and novel proteins have been observed. Changes in the protein constitution of soluble extracts were observed by densitometer tracings of polyacrylamide gels, and have been shown to be different for the two host plants, with other differences found by acid or alkaline extraction of protein. Acidic extraction of soluble protein appeared to be preferential for the new proteins found in infected leaves. In cowpea leaves the stimulation of new proteins seems to be related to symptom severity, with larger amounts found in necroticised tissue. The possible function of these proteins, and their rôle in induced resistance studies is discussed.

Effect of space flight on composition of soluble proteins of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of rats

The content of individual protein fractions extracted from the spinal cord, at the level of the lumbar enlargement, and the spinal ganglia of rats consecutively with distilled water, 0.85% NaCl solution, and 0.1 N NaOH solution was investigated. A significant decrease in the content of water-soluble proteins was found in the white and gray matter of the spinal cord 12 h after space flight. The content of salt-soluble and alkali-soluble proteins in the structures of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia per milligram wet weight of tissue was not significantly altered. A significant increase in the content of water-soluble proteins compared with the control was found in the gray matter of the spinal cord 25 days after space flight. The content of water-soluble proteins in the white matter of the spinal cord was increased to the control level. A significant increase also was observed in the content of alkali-soluble proteins in the spinal ganglia.

Electrophoretic analysis of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and soluble protein in nasal and paranasal mucosa (author's transl)

The electrophoretic analysis of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) in nasal and paranasal mucosa was estimated by Saito's method for LDH-isozymogram, and at the same time, the protein electrophoresis in the same tissues was performed, and the following results were obtained:1. The LDH isozyme pattern of nasal and paranasal mucosa contains all types of LDH isozyme from the type I to V, and trends to the M type (skeletal muscle type); the type IV of LDH holds the highest percentage in them.2, The LDH isozyme patterns of nasal mucosa, paranasal mucosa and nasal polypi are almost the same.3. The LDH isozyme pattern of nasal and paranasal mucosa differs from that of blood corpuscle and serum, but is similar to that, of the red bone marrow, the lung and the tonsil.4. With regard to 3 age groups (under 15, from 16 to 40, and over 41 years old), the components of the H type (heart muscle type) increase slightly in the nasal and paranasal mucosa of the age group under 15 years.5. With regard to the composition of soluble protein, albumine fraction decreases and *obulin fraction increases in the nasal and paranasal mucosa, compared with that of sera.6. The composition of soluble protein fraction in nasal polypi differs from that of nasal, and paranasal mucosa, but is similar to that of sera.7. The composition of soluble protein fraction in nasal and paranasal mucosa is lacking in variety with age.8. With regard to the LDH isozymogram and the protein electrophoresis from the same. nasal and paranasal mucosa, the type I of LDH isozyme is situated at the position of al-globulin fraction, the type II at that of a2-globulin fraction, the type III at that of β-globulin fraction, and the type IV and V at that of γ-globulin fraction.