Soluble Groups Research Articles

Development of Novel Small-Molecule Activators of Pyruvate Kinase Muscle Isozyme 2, PKM2, to Reduce Photoreceptor Apoptosis.

Treatment options are lacking to prevent photoreceptor death and subsequent vision loss. Previously, we demonstrated that reprogramming metabolism via the pharmacologic activation of PKM2 is a novel photoreceptor neuroprotective strategy. However, the features of the tool compound used in those studies, ML-265, preclude its advancement as an intraocular, clinical candidate. This study sought to develop the next generation of small-molecule PKM2 activators, aimed specifically for delivery into the eye. Compounds were developed that replaced the thienopyrrolopyridazinone core of ML-265 and modified the aniline and methyl sulfoxide functional groups. Compound 2 demonstrated that structural changes to the ML-265 scaffold are tolerated from a potency and efficacy standpoint, allow for a similar binding mode to the target, and circumvent apoptosis in models of outer retinal stress. To overcome the low solubility and problematic functional groups of ML-265, compound 2's efficacious and versatile core structure for the incorporation of diverse functional groups was then utilized to develop novel PKM2 activators with improved solubility, lack of structural alerts, and retained potency. No other molecules are in the pharmaceutical pipeline for the metabolic reprogramming of photoreceptors. Thus, this study is the first to cultivate the next generation of novel, structurally diverse, small-molecule PKM2 activators for delivery into the eye.

Programmed cell death 10 increased blood-brain barrier permeability through HMGB1/TLR4 mediated downregulation of endothelial ZO-1 in glioblastoma

Dysfunction of blood brain barrier (BBB) contributes to the development of peritumoral edema (PTE) and GBM progression. Programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) exerts various influence on cancers, especially in glioblastoma (GBM). We previously found that PDCD10 expression was positively correlated with PTE extent in GBM. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the emerging role of PDCD10 in regulating BBB permeability in GBM. Here we found that in vitro indirect co-culture of endothelial cells (ECs) with Pdcd10-overexpressed GL261 cells resulted in a significant increase of FITC-Dextran (MW, 4000) leakage by reducing endothelial zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and Claudin-5 expression in ECs respectively. Overexpression of Pdcd10 in GBM cells (GL261) triggered an increase of soluble high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release, which in turn activated endothelial toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and downstream NF-κB, Erk1/2 and Akt signaling in ECs through a paracrine manner. Moreover, Pdcd10-overexpressed GL261 cells facilitated a formation of abnormal vasculature and increased the BBB permeability in vivo. Our present study demonstrates that upregulation of PDCD10 in GBM triggered HMGB1/TLR4 signaling in ECs and significantly decreased endothelial ZO-1 expression, which in turn dominantly increased BBB permeability and contributed to tumor progression in GBM.

A profinite analogue of Lasserre's theorem

We characterize the virtually soluble profinite groups of finite rank that are finitely axiomatizable in the class of all profinite groups.

Finite Groups with a Soluble Group of Coprime Automorphisms Whose Fixed Points Have Bounded Engel Sinks

Finite Groups with a Soluble Group of Coprime Automorphisms Whose Fixed Points Have Bounded Engel Sinks

Altered iron metabolism as a target for ferroptosis induction in head and neck cancer.

Iron is a mineral micronutrient essential for survival and vital functions in many biological processes in living organisms. Iron plays a crucial role as a cofactor of iron-sulfur clusters in energy metabolism and biosynthesis by binding with enzymes and transferring electrons to targets. Iron can also impair cellular functions by damaging organelles and nucleic acids by producing free radicals from redox cycling. Iron-catalyzed reaction products can induce active-site mutations in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, the boosted pro-oxidant iron form may contribute to cytotoxicity by increasing soluble radicals and highly reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction. An increased redox-active labile iron pool is required for tumor growth and metastasis, but the increased cytotoxic lipid radicals also lead to regulated cell death, such as ferroptosis. Therefore, this may be a major target for selectively killing cancer cells. This review intends to understand altered iron metabolism in cancers and discuss iron-related molecular regulators highly associated with iron-induced cytotoxic radical production and ferroptosis induction, focusing on head and neck cancer.

Sequences over Finite Fields Defined by OGS and BN-Pair Decompositions of PSL2(q) Connected to Dickson and Chebyshev Polynomials

The factorization of groups into a Zappa–Szép product, or more generally into a k-fold Zappa–Szép product of its subgroups, is an interesting problem, since it eases the multiplication of two elements in a group and has recently been applied to public-key cryptography. We provide a generalization of the k-fold Zappa–Szép product of cyclic groups, which we call OGS decomposition. It is easy to see that the existence of an OGS decomposition for all the composition factors of a non-abelian group G implies the existence of an OGS for G itself. Since the composition factors of a soluble group are cyclic groups, it has an OGS decomposition. Therefore, the question of the existence of an OGS decomposition is interesting for non-soluble groups. The Jordan–Hölder theorem motivates us to consider the existence of an OGS decomposition for finite simple groups. In 1993, Holt and Rowley showed that PSL2(q) and PSL3(q) can be expressed as a product of cyclic groups. In this paper, we consider an OGS decomposition of PSL2(q) from a different point of view to that of Holt and Rowley. We look at its connection to the BN-pair decomposition of the group. This connection leads to sequences over Fq, which can be defined recursively, with very interesting properties, and are closely connected to Dickson and Chebyshev polynomials. Since every finite simple Lie-type group exhibits BN-pair decomposition, the ideas in this paper might be generalized to further simple Lie-type groups.

Effect of air frying and baking on physicochemical properties and digestive properties of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) adductor muscle

In this study, the effects of dry heat treatments including air frying and baking on the physicochemical and digestive properties of proteins in scallop adductor muscle (SAM) were evaluated. After heat treatments, the proteins in SAM exhibited different degrees of oxidation, aggregation and degradation. For both heat treatments, the increase of carbonyl and dityrosine contents and the decrease of free sulfhydryl groups and surface hydrophobicity of proteins in SAM were observed along with increasing heat temperature. Meanwhile, with increasing heat temperature, there was a progressive transition from α-helix to β-sheet in protein secondary structure. However, the protein solubility first increased and then decreased with increasing temperature. Among which, the solubility of 160°C-treated samples was the highest, which were 21.02% and 20.32% for air frying and baking. The protein digestive properties which reflected by the degree of hydrolysis (DH), soluble amino groups and soluble peptides showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with increasing temperature. After gastrointestinal digestion, the DH, soluble amino groups and soluble peptides of 160°C-treated SAMs cooking by air frying were 69.96%, 61.14% and 39.33%, respectively, which were significantly higher than all other samples including the fresh ones. Correlation analysis showed that the protein digestive indexes were positively correlated with solubility, free sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity, and negatively correlated with protein carbonyl content, dityrosine content and protein aggregation degree. These results provide evidence for knowing more about the effects of dry heat treatments on physicochemical and digestive properties of aquatic muscle food.

Free polynilpotent groups and the Magnus property

Abstract Motivated by a classic result for free groups, one says that a group G has the Magnus property if the following holds: Whenever two elements generate the same normal subgroup of G, they are conjugate or inverse-conjugate in G. It is a natural problem to find out which relatively free groups display the Magnus property. We prove that a free polynilpotent group of any given class row has the Magnus property if and only if it is nilpotent of class at most 2. For this purpose we explore the Magnus property more generally in soluble groups, and we produce new techniques, both for establishing and for disproving the property. We also prove that a free center-by-(polynilpotent of given class row) group has the Magnus property if and only if it is nilpotent of class at most 2. On the way, we display 2-generated nilpotent groups (with non-trivial torsion) of any prescribed nilpotency class with the Magnus property. Similar examples of finitely generated, torsion-free nilpotent groups are hard to come by, but we construct a 4-generated, torsion-free, class-3 nilpotent group of Hirsch length 9 with the Magnus property. Furthermore, using a weak variant of the Magnus property and an ultraproduct construction, we establish the existence of metabelian, torsion-free, nilpotent groups of any prescribed nilpotency class with the Magnus property.

Effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on physicochemical structure and emulsifying properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) myofibrillar protein.

The purpose of this research was to explore the different hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) times (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 min; power 550 W, pressure 0.14 MPa) on the emulsifying properties of tilapia myofibrillar protein (TMP). Results of pH, particle size, turbidity, solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and reactive sulfhydryl (SH) group indicated that HC changed the structure of TMP, as confirmed by the findings of intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Furthermore, HC increased the emulsifying activity index (EAI) significantly (P < 0.05) and changed the emulsifying stability index (ESI), droplet size, and rheology of TMP emulsions. Notably, compared with control group, the 10-min HC significantly decreased particle size and turbidity but increased solubility (P < 0.05), resulting in accelerated diffusion of TMP in the emulsion. The prepared TMP emulsion showed the highest ESI (from 71.28 ± 5.50 to 91.73 ± 5.56 min), the smallest droplet size (from 2,754 ± 110 to 2,138 ± 182 nm) and the best rheological properties, as demonstrated by the microstructure photographs. Overall, by showing the effect of HC in improving the emulsifying properties of TMP, the study demonstrated HC as a potential technique for meat protein processing.

Advances in chloride additives for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells: multiple points of view.

Chloride (Cl) additives are rather effective in improving the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) through the modulation of crystallization process and surface morphology. After incorporating Cl-containing additives, the optoelectrical properties of perovskite films, such as the electron/hole diffusion length and carrier lifetime, are greatly enhanced. However, only a trace amount of Cl has been identified in the resultant perovskite film, and the mechanism of efficiency improvement induced by Cl remains unclear. In this review, we discuss organic and inorganic Cl additives systematically from the perspective of their solubility, volatility, cation size and chemical groups. In addition, the roles of residual Cl anions and cations are analyzed in detail. Finally, some valuable future perspectives of Cl additives are proposed.

Does Urea Preferentially Interact with Amide Moieties or Nonpolar Sidechains? A Question Answered Through a Judicious Selection of Model Systems.

The transfer model suggests that urea unfolds proteins mainly by increasing the solubility of the amide backbone, probably through urea-induced increase in hydrogen bonding. Other studies suggest that urea addition increases the magnitude of solvent-solute van der Waals interactions, which increases the solubility of nonpolar sidechains. More recent analyses hypothesize that urea has a similar effect in increasing the solubility of backbone and sidechain groups. In this work, we compare the effects of urea addition on the solvation of amides and alkyl groups. At first, we study the effects of urea addition upon solvent hydrogen bonding acidity and basicity through the perturbation in the fluorescence spectrum of probes 1-AN and 1-DMAN. Our results demonstrate that the solvent's hydrogen bonding properties are minimally affected by urea addition. Subsequently, we show that urea addition does not perturb the intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in salicylic acid significantly. Finally, we investigate how urea preferentially interacts with amide and alkyl groups moieties in water by comparing the effects of urea addition upon the solubility of acetaminophen and 4-tertbutylphenol. We show that urea affects amide and t-butyl solubility (lowers the transfer free energy of both amide (backbone) and alkyl (sidechain) groups) in a similar fashion. In other words, preferential interaction of urea with both moieties contributes to protein denaturation.

A characterization of finite $\sigma$-soluble $P\sigma T$-groups

Let \mathfrak{F} be a non-empty class of groups, G a finite group and \mathcal{L}(G) be the lattice of all subgroups of G . A chief factor H/K of G is \mathfrak{F} -central in G if (H/K)\rtimes (G/C_G(H/K))\in \mathfrak{F} . Let \mathcal{L}_{c\mathfrak{F}}(G) be the set of subgroups A of G such that every chief factor of G between A^G and A_G is \mathfrak{F} -central in G ; let \mathcal{L}_{\mathfrak{F}}(G) be the set of subgroups A of G such that A^G/A_G\in \mathfrak{F} . In this paper, we study the influence of \mathcal{L}_{\mathfrak{F}}(G) and \mathcal{L}_{c\mathfrak{F}}(G) on the structure of G , where \mathfrak{F} is a normally hereditary saturated formation containing all \sigma -nilpotent groups and D=G^{\mathfrak{F}} is \sigma -soluble. Moreover, we give a new characterization of a finite \sigma -soluble group to be a P\sigma T -group.

CLINICAL EFFICACY OF HIGH DOSE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS SUPPLEMENTATION ON LIPID PROFILE IN PRE-HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the preventable cardiovascular diseases (CVD) but it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Recently, incidence of pre-hypertension is increasing and it has a greater chance of developing into HTN. Dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors for the development of CVD among the pre-hypertensive subjects. Water soluble vitamins display potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and also elicits favorable effect on lipid profile in HTN. In this backdrop, the present study was carried out to evaluate the supplementation of water-soluble vitamins on lipid profile in pre-hypertensive patients. Methods: This was a randomized, single blinded, and placebo-controlled study conducted on 60 pre-hypertensive subjects and was allocated into water soluble vitamins group (n=30) and received Becosules capsule for 4 months and placebo group (n=30) received starch capsule for 4 months. The blood was withdrawn at 2–4 months and the lipid profiles such as total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, and VLDL were measured. Then, the lipid profiles were compared with in the group and between the groups at 2–4 months using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: In this study, the triglycerides and VLDL level were significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased in water soluble vitamin groups as compared to the placebo groups. Meanwhile there was no significant alteration in the total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C level between the groups. Conclusion: Thus, the study shows that water soluble vitamins displayed significant anti-dyslipidemia effect in pre-hypertension and might also confer protection in the future progression of HTN.

Finite groups with $H_{\mathcal L}$-embedded subgroups

Let G be a finite soluble group and let \mathfrak{F} be a class of groups. A chief factor H/K of G is said to be \mathfrak{F} -central (in G ) if (H/K)\rtimes (G/C_{G}(H/K)) \in \mathfrak{F} ; we write {\mathcal L}_{c\mathfrak{F}}(G) to denote the set of all subgroups A of G such that every chief factor H/K of G between A_{G} and A^{G} is \mathfrak{F} -central in G . Let \mathcal L be a set of subgroups of G . We say that a subgroup A of G is H_{\mathcal L} -embedded in G provided A is a Hall subgroup of some subgroup E\in {\mathcal L} . In this paper, we study the structure of G under the condition that every subgroup of G is H_{\mathcal L} -embedded in G , where {\mathcal L}={\mathcal L}_{c\mathfrak{F}}(G) for some hereditary saturated formation \mathfrak{F} . Some known results are generalized.

Unique Serum Immune Phenotypes and Stratification of Oklahoma Native American Rheumatic Disease Patients.

Native American (NA) populations have higher rates of rheumatic disease and present with overlapping disease symptoms and nontraditional serologic features, thus presenting an urgent need for better biomarkers in NA diagnostics. This study used a machine learning approach to identify immune signatures that more effectively stratify NA patients with rheumatic disease. Adult NA patients with autoantibody-positive (AAB+) rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n=28), autoantibody negative (AAB-) RA (n=18), systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (n=28), arthralgia/osteoarthritis (n=28), or polyarthritis/undifferentiated connective tissue disease (n=28), and control patients (n=28) provided serum samples for cytokine, chemokine, and AAB assessment. Random forest clustering and soluble mediator groups were used to identify patients and control patients with similar biologic signatures. The American College of Rheumatology criteria specific for systemic disease and RA identified differences in disease manifestations across clusters. Serum soluble mediators were not homogenous between different NA rheumatic disease diagnostic groups, reflecting the heterogeneity of autoimmune diseases. Clustering by serum biomarkers created 5 analogous immune phenotypes. Soluble mediators and pathways associated with chronic inflammation and involvement of the innate, B cell, T follicular helper cell, and interferon-associated pathways, along with regulatory signatures, distinguished the 5 immune signatures among patients. Select clinical features were associated with individual immune profiles. Patients with low inflammatory and higher regulatory signatures were more likely to have few clinical manifestations, whereas those with T cell pathway involvement had more arthritis. Serum protein signatures distinguished NA patients with rheumatic disease into distinct immune subsets. Following these immune profiles over time may assist with earlier diagnoses and help guide more personalized treatment approaches.

On the soluble graph of a finite group

Let G be a finite insoluble group with soluble radical R(G). In this paper we investigate the soluble graph of G, which is a natural generalisation of the widely studied commuting graph. Here the vertices are the elements in G∖R(G), with x adjacent to y if they generate a soluble subgroup of G. Our main result states that this graph is always connected and its diameter, denoted δS(G), is at most 5. More precisely, we show that δS(G)⩽3 if G is not almost simple and we obtain stronger bounds for various families of almost simple groups. For example, we will show that δS(Sn)=3 for all n⩾6. We also establish the existence of simple groups with δS(G)⩾4. For instance, we prove that δS(A2p+1)⩾4 for every Sophie Germain prime p⩾5, which demonstrates that our general upper bound of 5 is close to best possible. We conclude by briefly discussing some variations of the soluble graph construction and we present several open problems.

σ-Subnormality in locally finite groups

Let σ={σj:j∈J} be a partition of the set P of all prime numbers. A subgroup X of a finite group G is σ-subnormal in G if there exists a chain of subgroupsX=X0≤X1≤…≤Xn=G such that, for each 1≤i≤n−1, Xi−1⊴Xi or Xi/(Xi−1)Xi is a σji-group for some ji∈J. Skiba [18] studied the main properties of σ-subnormal subgroups in finite groups and showed that the set of all σ-subnormal subgroups plays a very relevant role in the structure of a finite soluble group. In this paper we lay the foundation of a general theory of σ-subnormal subgroups (and σ-series) in locally finite groups. Although in finite groups, σ-subnormal subgroups form a sublattice of the lattice of all subgroups (see for instance [3]), this is no longer true for locally finite groups; in fact, the join of σ-subnormal subgroups is not always σ-subnormal, but this is the case (for example) whenever the join of subnormal subgroups is subnormal (see Theorem 3.16). We provide many criteria to determining when a subgroup is σ-subnormal starting from the much weaker concept of σ-seriality (see Section 2). These criteria are particularly useful when employed to investigate the join of σ-subnormal subgroups — we show for example that if two σ-subnormal subgroups H and K of a locally finite group G are such that HK=KH, then HK is σ-subnormal in G (see Theorem 3.15) — but they are also fit to show that on some occasions σ-seriality coincides with σ-subnormality — this is the case of linear groups (see Theorem 3.35).

Groups with almost Frattini closed subgroups

A subgroup H of a group G is said to be Frattini closed in G if either H=G or H is the intersection of all maximal subgroups of G containing H. The structure of a soluble group in which every subgroup is Frattini closed is known. In this paper, the behavior of a (generalized) soluble group G in which every subgroup is Frattini closed in a subgroup of finite index of G is studied. Among other results, it is proved that if G is a (generalized) soluble group and there exists a positive integer k such that every subgroup of G is Frattini closed in a subgroup of index at most k in G, then G contains a normal subgroup of finite index in which all subgroups are Frattini closed.

Paranilpotency in uncountable groups

The aim of this paper is to provide a contribution to the theory of uncountable groups and to that of paranilpotent groups. Extending the structural results in Franciosi and de Giovanni (Ricerche Mat 40:321–333, 1991) and de Giovanni et al. (Comm Algebra 49:3020–3033, 2021), we prove that locally soluble minimal non-paranilpotent groups, i.e. non-paranilpotent groups whose proper subgroups are paranilpotent, are soluble. It is also shown that the class of paranilpotent groups is countably recognizable and, as an application of these results, that a soluble uncountable group whose proper uncountable subgroups are paranilpotent is itself paranilpotent.

Groups with pronormal deviation

The structure of locally soluble groups in which all subgroups are pronormal is known, and many authors have investigated groups which are rich in pronormal subgroups. Here we prove that if a radical group G has pronormal deviation, which means that the set of its non-pronormal subgroups satisfies a very weak chain condition, then either G is minimax or all its subgroups are pronormal. It follows that if a radical group has pronormal deviation, then its pronormal deviation is at most 1.