Soluble Extracts Research Articles

Pharmaceutico analytical study of Guduchyadi Avaleha - Modified form of Guduchyadi Ghrita

Introduction- Stuttering (Gadgada) word itself indicates the disease in which fluency of speech is impaired. It denotes the un-cleared speech (Avyakta Vak or Shabdha). In Vangsen Samhita, the group of 8 drugs with honey is cited for the treatment of stuttering entitled as Guduchyadi Ghrita. Palatability of Guduchyadi Ghrita is the major concern in the treatment of children to administer as most of children unlike it, so by keeping this in mind Avaleha formulation is prepared which is easily administrable. Guduchyadi Avaleha is a herbo-mineral confection which is prepared by using sugar as a base. This herbal compound is formulated by experienced Aacharya of Ayurved and is used in practice for stuttering. Though it’s a potent formulation; but no standardized reports are available for the manufacturing process of the Guduchyadi Avaleha or its preliminary physico-chemical profiles. Therefore, manufacturing standardize process of preparation and preliminary physic-chemical profiles of Guduchyadi leha was planned. Methods- The prepared lickable formulation was lay open for the analysis of pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical properties like as pH value, Microscopic analysis, loss on drying the sample, reading of ash value, etc. Results – After analysis of Pharmacognostical organoleptic study, loss on drying value, pH, Ash value, Water soluble extract, the result was shown. Conclusion –All the characteristic of formulation sample was observed and the result can be taken as standard value for guduchyadi avaleha.

Establishing the Antidiabetic Potential of Marketed Product Diabex Capsules and Standardization of its Physicochemical Parameters

The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to standardize and validate a self proclaimed proprietary medicine promoted online by the name of Diabex capsule (DC), available for management of diabetes. The procured capsules of DC were evaluated for texture, color, taste and odor. Total ash value of is an indication of the amount of minerals and earthy materials present in the formulations. DC exhibited 9.3 % total ash with 3.16 % acid insoluble ash and 5.08 % water soluble ash. The water soluble and alcohol soluble extractives were 1.48 % and 1.42 % respectively suggesting the formulation to be suitable for human use. The powder of DC was subjected to various chemical tests for preliminary screening of the class of phytoconstituents present in them. The spot for quercetin appeared at Rf value of 0.83 on the TLC plate. The peak at 5.048 min was found due to the presence of quercetin in DC. The quantitation of the quercetin was done from the calibration curve of peak area obtained from standard quercetin and it was found that DC contained 1.89 mg quercetin per 250 mg of DC (0.756 %). A glucose tolerance test determines the blood glucose level in fasting condition then after 2 hours of drinking a solution of glucose in specific quantity. Alloxan is considered to be the most common chemical substance to induce diabetes in experimental animals. DC was able to decrease blood sugar by 35.03% while the standard drug glibenclamide could reduce it by 42.54%. This makes it evident that the polyherbal formulation DC was almost equipotent to the standard drug. Key words: Antidiabetic, Diabex, Standardization, Physicochemical, Capsule, WHO

Organoleptic Evaluation and Physiochemical Characteristics of Powdered Plant Organs of the Traditional Medicinal Plant Caloncoba Echinata

The organoleptic evaluation and physiochemical characteristics of dried powdered plant organs (leaves, stem bark and root bark) of the traditional medicinal plant Caloncoba echinata have been investigated. Organoleptic character refers to evaluation each of the powdered traditional medicinal plant by colour, odour, taste, texture and particle size. Physico‐chemical studies such total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water and alcohol soluble extract, loss on drying at 105°C of dried powdered plant organs and then heated in a laboratory furnace to 1000oC were carried out. The spicy and bitter taste each of the powdered plant materials during organoleptic evaluation indicated that the plant organs investigated contained alkaloids thus supporting the use of the plant as a traditional pharmaceutical. The colour of the powdered plant organs ranges from light green for the leaves to brown for both the stem and root barks. The colour of the powdered plant material will also help who so ever wish to buy and use the plant material for medicinal purpose. It helps prevent adulteration. The moisture content in the various plant organs investigated is greater in the root bark (33.0%) than in the stem bark (16.463%) and the root bark (13.62%). The ash content in the plant organs investigated was also greater in the root bark (12.509%) than the stem bark (8.7%) and leaves bark (6.4%), thus indicating that the root bark of the plant contained more inorganic compounds. The leaves of the plant contained more water soluble (50.2%) substances than the stem bark (19.6%) and the root bark (6.4%). The root bark contained more water insoluble (93.6%) and acid soluble (84.9%) substances than the leaves and stem bark of the plant organs investigated. The pH of water soluble ash was found to be greater than 7 indicating the basicity of the extracts, with the root bark (pH = 10.70) more basic than the stem bark (pH = 9.10) and leaves (pH = 8.71) respectively. Organoleptic evaluation and physiochemical characteristics carried out on the dried powdered plant organs of the traditional medicinal plant Caloncoba echinata indicated that the plant is suitable for use in Traditional Medicine.

Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles by Using Collagen Extract of Emperor Fish Waste and Biological Applications

The biosynthesis method of nanoparticles is a alternative, inexpensive and eco-friendly as compared to physical and chemical methods. The aim of this work is the biosynthesis of Nickel nanoparticles from collagen extract of emperor fish wastes such as bone, skin, scales. Fishes are the alternative sources of collagen and it is extracted by acid soluble soluble method (ASC). The green synthesized nickel nanoparticles from collagen extract were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Keywords: Collagen, Fish waste, Acid soluble collagen extraction method (ACS)

Chlorella vulgaris Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (Sparus aurata).

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term supplementation, with 2% Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) biomass and two 0.1% C. vulgaris extracts, on the health status (experiment one) and on the inflammatory response (experiment two) of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). The trial comprised four isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (17% crude fat) diets. A fishmeal-based (FM), practical diet was used as a control (CTR), whereas three experimental diets based on CTR were further supplemented with a 2% inclusion of C. vulgaris biomass (Diet D1); 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris peptide-enriched extract (Diet D2) and finally a 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris insoluble fraction (Diet D3). Diets were randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of 97 fish/tank (IBW: 33.4 ± 4.1 g), fed to satiation three times a day in a recirculation seawater system. In experiment one, seabream juveniles were fed for 2 weeks and sampled for tissues at 1 week and at the end of the feeding period. Afterwards, randomly selected fish from each group were subjected to an inflammatory insult (experiment two) by intraperitoneal injection of inactivated gram-negative bacteria, following 24 and 48 h fish were sampled for tissues. Blood was withdrawn for haematological procedures, whereas plasma and gut tissue were sampled for immune and oxidative stress parameters. The anterior gut was also collected for gene expression measurements. After 1 and 2 weeks of feeding, fish fed D2 showed higher circulating neutrophils than seabream fed CTR. In contrast, dietary treatments induced mild effects on the innate immune and antioxidant functions of gilthead seabream juveniles fed for 2 weeks. In the inflammatory response following the inflammatory insult, mild effects could be attributed to C. vulgaris supplementation either in biomass form or extract. However, the C. vulgaris soluble peptide-enriched extract seems to confer a protective, anti-stress effect in the gut at the molecular level, which should be further explored in future studies.

Abstract 4060: Identification of anti-neoplastic compounds on a triple negative breast cancer cell line from T. violacea

Abstract Background: The incidence of Invasive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is higher than average in South Africa, with 90% of patients being Black South Africans. Current treatments for breast cancer are associated with severe side effects. Additionally, TNBC is resistant to hormone therapy commonly used to treat other forms of breast cancer. Tulbaghia violacea, a plant native to Southern Africa, is a medicinal herb used in traditional medicine. This study aims to establish the impact of water soluble extracts from T. violacea on TNBC cancer cell lines and identify any anti-cancer compounds present in this extract. Methods: Following the determination of the IC50 value for this extract. The anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic activities of the extract on the TNBC cell line were determined using scratch assays and cell invasion and migration assays, performed using real time cell analysis. The pro-apoptotic action of the extract on the TNBC cell line was determined using flow cytometry cell death assays. Once the anti-cancer activity of the extract was confirmed, the composition of the extract was determined in order to establish what known or possible anti-cancer compounds are present within it. This was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The structure of these identified compounds was then confirmed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Results: The IC50 value for the T. violacea water soluble extract against MDA MB 231 cells was determined to be ~350 µg/mL. The extract was also shown to have anti migration and invasion as well as pro-apoptotic effects on these cells. Fourteen known anti-cancer compounds were identified in this water soluble extract. In addition to this multiple other compounds were shown to also be present in the extract. Discussion: The water soluble T. violacea leaf extract has cytotoxic effects and the ability to inhibit proliferation and metastasis in a TNBC cell line. The identification of fourteen compounds with known anti-cancer activity may explain the effects this extract has on these TNBC cells, however, the contribution made by any of the other compounds to this activity remains to be determined. Conclusion: These findings suggest that one or more of the compounds present in T. violacea may serve as lead compounds for the development of new treatments for TNBC. Citation Format: Zodwa Dlamini, Clement Penny, Rodney Hull, Mohammed Alouna. Identification of anti-neoplastic compounds on a triple negative breast cancer cell line from T. violacea [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4060.

Utilization of enzyme hydrolysis from Shrimp Head in improve the quality catfish

Protein is one of the most important components that can support the growth and development of catfish. The price of feed with high protein content which is relatively expensive is a big problem in the catfish farming process. On the one hand, there is shrimp head waste which is a source of protein with a protein content of 42.16% - 49.8% which has not been utilized and is disposed of as waste. Through this research, the shrimp head waste was carried out by an enzyme hydrolysis process to produce shrimp soluble extract (SSE) using a protease enzyme. The SSE that has been produced is then given to catfish aged 14 days to support the addition of protein sources for the growth of catfish. During the 1 month trial, there was a significant difference in results in the treatment catfish with the addition of 2% SSE compared to the control catfish. The addition of SSE gave a very good effect on the weight of catfish which was randomly distributed in a tank containing 50 catfish with an average initial weight of 0.6-0.8 grams. The provision of SSE was carried out simultaneously with the provision of standard fish feed, namely 3 times a day. The increase in catfish weight after being treated was about 2 grams/week. This indicates that SSE can increase the growth of catfish and can be used as an alternative supplement in the future because in addition to reducing the level of pollution due to catfish waste, it can also be a new discovery in the field of fisheries.

In vitro anti-HIV and cytotoxic effects of pure compounds isolated from Croton macrostachyus Hochst. Ex Delile

Croton macrostachyus is an important plant in traditional African medicine, widely utilized to treat a variety of diseases. In Kenya, HIV-infected patients use leaf and root decoctions of the plant as a cure for cough, back pain, bleeding, skin diseases, warts, pneumonia, and wounds. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-HIV activities and cytotoxic effects of extracts and chemical constituents isolated from C. macrostachyus. In our previous study we demonstrated that the hexane, CH2Cl2, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble fractions of a 1:1 v/v/ CH2Cl2/MeOH crude extracts of the leaves and stem bark of C. macrostachyus exhibited potent anti-HIV activities against HIV-1 with IC50 values ranging from 0.02–8.1 μg/mL and cytotoxicity effects against MT-4 cells ranging from IC50 = 0.58–174 μg/mL. Hence, hexane soluble extract of 1:1 v/v/ CH2Cl2/MeOH crude extract of the leaves of C. macrostachyus, that was more potent against HIV-1 at IC50 = 0.02 μg/mL was subjected to column chromatography leading to the isolation of 2-methoxy benzyl benzoate (1), lupenone (2), lupeol acetate (3), betulin (4), lupeol (5), sitosterol (6) and stigmasterol (7). Lupenone (2), lupeol acetate (3) and betulin (4) exhibited anti-HIV-1 inhibition at IC50 = 4.7 nM, 4.3 and 4.5 μg/mL respectively. The results obtained from this study support the potential of C. macrostachyus, as a source of anti-HIV constituents.

High performance thin layer chromatography based chemo profiling of Ashvagandharishta and its antidepressant activity

Withania somnifera (L.) has long been used as a traditional rasayana herb against a variety of human ailments. This research presents a high performance thin layer chromatography based chemo profiling of Ashvagandharishta and its antidepressant activity. The in-house formulation was made using a fermentation process according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Physiochemical standardization of the formulation was performed using different quality control parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract value and water soluble extract value. A column chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography method was used to isolate and estimation of withanolide-A, withaferin-A & β-sitosterol from the root of W. somnifera. In addition. The antidepressant effect of different formulations were carried out by force swimming test in albino mice. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and Glutathione (GSH) assay was used to find out the oxidative stress. W. somnifera root has been standardized macroscopically, microscopically, physico-chemically according to the guidelines of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed using high performance thin layer chromatography and it was performed on each formulation and found the content of withanolide-A and -sitosterol in the in-house formulation is higher while withaferin-A is rather contained in the decoction. The antidepressant effect showed that the immobility time was lowest in the case of the standard formulation followed by in house formulation, while the increase in glutathione and the reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels revealed the antioxidant nature of the formulation. In conclusion, based on the above results, we can conclude that Ashvagandharishta could be a breakthrough for the treatment of depression in the future.

Matrix Effect of Diverse Biological Samples Extracted with Different Extraction Ratios on the Detection of β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine by Two Common LC-MS/MS Analysis Methods.

Neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is hypothesized as an important pathogenic factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC). Comparative study on the accuracy of BMAA analyzed by the regular LC-MS/MS methods is still limited for different biological matrices. In this study, a free-BMAA sample of cyanobacterium and BMAA-containing positive samples of diatom, mussel, scallop, and oyster were extracted with varied extraction ratios (ER) ranging from 1:20 to 1:2000. These extracts were then purified by MCX cartridges. After SPE purification, these different biological samples were analyzed by two common LC-MS/MS analysis methods, a direct analysis without derivatization by a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS and pre-column 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) derivatization combined with a C18 column. The results suggested that the recoveries of BMAA spiked in the cyanobacterial sample were close to 100% in the total soluble form extracts with the ER of 1:100 (g/mL) and the precipitated bound form extracts with the ER of 1:500. The recommended ER for the precipitated bound form of BMAA in diatoms and the total soluble form of BMAA in mollusks are 1:500 and 1:50, respectively. The quantitative results determined by the AQC derivatization method were lower than those determined by the direct analysis of the HILIC method in diatom and mollusk samples. The results of the HILIC method without the derivatization process were closer to the true value of BMAA in cyanobacteria. This work contributes to the performance of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification protocol and the accuracy of BMAA analysis by LC-MS/MS in diverse biological samples.

Antimcrobial activity of extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Citrus aurantifoliaon some selected pathogens.

The inhibitory properties of Bryophyllum pinnatum and lime juice on some selected microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) were investigated. The various concentrations of the extracts were prepared by double dilution method while the ability of the various extracts to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic organisms was determined using the agar well technique. The highest in-vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was (13.0+2.83a mm at 200 mg/ml) against Klebsiella pneumoniae while the least antimicrobial activity was (10.5+2.12b and 10.0+0.00e mm at 200 mg/ml) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans respectively. The lime juice extracts had the highest in-vitro antimicrobial activity was (11.0+0.00b mm at 200 mg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus while the least antimicrobial activity was (7.0+ 0.0bmm at 200 mg/ml) against Streptococcus pyogenes. The methanol and aqueous soluble plant extracts were active against all the test isolates but methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum demonstrated greater inhibitory activity (MIC) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus species and Aspergillus niger at the range of 12.5 mg/ml. The lime juice extracts demonstrated greater inhibitory activity (MIC) on Escherichia coli at 12.5 mg/ml. The results in the findings showed that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum as well as lime juice extracts have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can serve as natural therapeutic agent against some enteric pathogens.

Effects of Apple Pomace Soluble Extract on Intestinal Morphology, Functionality, and the Microbiome In Vivo (Gallus gallus)

ObjectivesTo assess the effects of apple pomace soluble extract on intestinal morphology, functionality, and the microbiome in vivo (Gallus gallus) following intra-amniotic administration. MethodsWe used Gallus gallus as our model with three treatment groups: (1) non-injected; (2) 18 Ω H2O; (3) 6% apple pomace soluble extract (APSE). On day 17 of embryonic incubation, the eggs were treated through intra-amniotic administration. Upon hatch (day 21), blood, tissue, and cecum samples were collected for further analysis. Histomorphology, duodenal mRNA expression, blood glucose, pectoral glycogen, and cecum bacterial population analyses were conducted. ResultsAPSE improved villi surface area and goblet cell number. Expression of brush border membrane metabolism and functional proteins varied between treatment groups. Further, significant changes in cecum microbial populations were observed between groups. ConclusionsUltimately, these results suggest the potential of apple pomace to improve host intestinal health and the gut microbiome. Funding SourcesN/A.

Pharmacognostical Studies and Anti-oxidant Activity of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) LINN Flower

Plants are the living gifts of nature. Drugs obtained from plants have very low side effects and are very popular worldwide. Tagetes erecta Linn locally known as Genda Phool (Marigold) belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is containing about 50 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plant. The plants have numerous pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiepileptic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antifungal etc. It is used as wound healing, soothing and softening the skin and thus used in skin care products. Microscopic parameters (Tagetes erecta) showed the presence of calyx (dark green, ovate), corolla (Bright orange, oblanceolate), cortical portion and fibro vascular bundle and macroscopic parameters showed that the flower is of bright orange colour, aromatic odour and distinctly bitter taste. Total ash value, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extract value, alcohol soluble extract value, loss on drying (moisture content) were found to be 4.91% w/w, 1.63% w/w, 0.2% w/w, 72% w/w, 16.7% w/w and 7.44% w/w respectively. Phytochemical analysis of different extract showed the presence of different primary and secondary metabolites like tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids compound etc. The IC50 value was calculated.

Chrysin enhances antitumour immunity response through the IL-12-STAT4 signal pathway in the B16F10 melanoma mouse model.

Chrysin (CHR) is a flavonoid with extensive pharmacological activity. The molecular formula of CHR is C15 H10 O4 . CHR is reported to have antioxidative, antitumour and antiviral functions. To evaluate its potential function as a vaccine adjuvant, we prepared a melanoma vaccine using a soluble protein extract of B16F10 melanoma cells as antigen and CHR as an adjuvant. The melanoma model was developed after two immunizations, and it was discovered that combining B16F10 soluble protein antigen-mixed CHR vaccine could inhibit tumour growth in the mouse model, and the overall survival rate was higher than that of the B16F10 antigen vaccine alone. In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine whether CHR functioned as an adjuvant by activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We discovered that CHR activated APCs both in vivo and in vitro and may enhance Th1 cell function by activating the IL12-STAT4 signal pathway, thereby enhancing the antitumour response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vivo. Next, to verify the critical role of CD8+ T cells in suppressing melanoma development, we transplanted CD8+ T cells from immunized mice to B16F10 tumour-bearing mice and discovered that the survival rate of tumour-bearing mice was significantly prolonged. In summary, our experimental results indicate that CHR can be used as a potential adjuvant to enhance antigen immunogenicity, inhibit B16F10 tumour growth in mice and improve tumour immune response.

Different green extraction technologies for soluble dietary fibre extraction from orange by‐product

SummaryThe aim of this work was to extract soluble dietary fibre from orange by‐product, by testing four different green (non‐contaminant, solvent free) extraction technologies: hot water (HW), extrusion + hot water (EHW), jet cooker (JC) and jet cooker + hot water (JCHW). Starting from orange pomace, the treatments were assayed and sample was separated in soluble and insoluble fractions. The processing and analysis of the soluble fraction was continued, through subsequent spray drying until obtaining a soluble fibre‐enriched powder. Powders were analysed: dietary fibre, sugar profile and bioactive characterisation (total polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity). Through the application of these green technologies, it was possible to obtain a functional ingredient with soluble dietary fibre from orange by‐product. EHW was the treatment that yielded the highest amount of soluble dietary fibre, the lowest content of glucose, sucrose and fructose, and the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity.

Characterization of Cooked Meat Models using Grasshopper (Sphenarium purpurascens) Soluble Protein Extracted by Alkalisation and Ultrasound as Meat-Extender.

The most abundant Orthoptera in Mexico is a small grasshopper (Sphenarium purpurascens) which is considered a food source with increased nutritional value due to its high protein content. Insect proteins have gained relevance because of their high potential as gelling, texturing, and extender agents in the food industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting meat with a soluble protein extract from grasshopper obtained by alkalisation or alkalisation-piezoelectric ultrasound, on the techno-functional, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of cooked meat models (sausages). The soluble protein was extracted in NaHCO3 pH 8 and a piezoelectric ultrasound 5-mm sonotrode at 20 kHz with 99% amplitude. Different formulations with meat substitution: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% were prepared and characterised for their rheological behaviour, emulsion stability, weight loss by cooking, total protein content, colour, and texture. Sensory evaluation was conducted with consumers using a test involving check-all-that-apply and overall liking. The alkalisation-piezoelectric ultrasound method improved the solubility and the techno-functional properties of the soluble grasshopper protein when applied in sausages at maximum levels of 10% meat substitution. The sensory evaluation indicated that the formulation with 5% meat substitution exhibited the same acceptability as the control sample. Given these results, the soluble protein treated with alkalisation and piezoelectric ultrasound could be used as an extender in meat products.

Analisis Parameter Spesifik dan Nonspesifik Simplisia Daun Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.)

Shallots are natural ingredients that are used as food enhancers for food and traditional medicines. This study aimed to analyze the specific and non-specific parameters of shallot (Allium cepa L.) Simplicia. Analysis of simplicia specific parameters in the form of material identity, organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic examination, levels of water-soluble extracts and ethanol soluble extracts while non-specifically in the form of a percentage of drying loss, water content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, and water-insoluble ash. The results of the research on specific parameters gave a yellowish-green simplicia color, a distinctive odor, in the form of powder, macroscopic examination of leeks elongated cylindrical, small round and hollow like a pipe, blunt leaf base, pointed leaf tip, green color, microscopic examination contained cover cells, gaps and epidermal cells, the levels for water-soluble extracts were 8.81±2.12%, the levels of ethanol-soluble compounds were 5.64±2.91%. The results of the study of non-specific parameters, the percentage of drying shrinkage was 0.89±0.57%, water content was 0.89±0.34%, total ash was 12.97±0.34%, acid-insoluble ash was 6.44±2.12%, and the water-insoluble ash content was 8.03±0.84%.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN MASKER Gel Peel Off EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium Guajava L.) SEBAGAI PEMBERSIH WAJAH

Guava plants contain psiditanin “eugenol” essential oil, tannis, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids. Compounds that have very good strength come from the class of flavanoids, vitamin C which can be usedas a facial cleanser. This study aims to determine the preparation of peel gel mask of guava leaf extract is effective as a facial cleanser and to find out the peel off gel mask of guava leaf extract can irritate the skin of volunteers. The made with 4 formulation with concentrations of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%. The testing of the peel off gel mask formulation ethanol extract on cleanliness was carried out with the analysis of the ms. Excel bar diagram. The results showed that (psidium guajava L) contain flavonoid, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The results of the characteristics of the simplicia powder were 5,42% water content 9,56% total ash content 0,34% acid insoluble ash, ethanol soluble extract 64,295. The results of the peel off gel mask formulation test with a cleanliness test on the panelists facial skin concentration of 15% included in the category can clean the panelist’s facial skin.Guava leaf ethanol extract has a facial cleansing activitywith a score of 3

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTI BAKTERI SEDIAAN SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH CINA (peperomia pellucida) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus Aureus

Chinese betel leaf (Peperomiapellucida) is one among the wild herbaceous plants belonging to the Piperaceae family which is employed as a natural medicine. The study's goal was to determine the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf ointment against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the optimal concentration. The test of the study was administered by the diffusion method using disc paper. The results of the characterization examination of Chinese betel leaf simplicia powder obtained water soluble extract content of 64.58%, ethanol soluble extract content of 24.95%, total ash content of three 3.2%, 5.9 % water of content and 0.28% acid insoluble ash content of and Simplisia contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Staphylococcus aureus obtained a degree of 8% with a diameter of 16.81, the diameter of the inhibition zone of the Chinese betel leaf ethanol extract against. The ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf exhibits antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, according to the findings of the study. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Chinese betel leaf Staphylococcus aureus

Zinc Biofortified Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Soluble Extracts Modulate Assessed Cecal Bacterial Populations and Gut Morphology In Vivo (Gallus gallus).

Biofortification is a method that improves the nutritional value of food crops through conventional plant breeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intra-amniotic administration of soluble extracts from zinc (Zn) biofortified and Zn standard cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) flour on intestinal functionality and morphology, inflammation, and gut microbiota, in vivo. Seven treatment groups were utilized: (1) No Injection; (2) 18 MΩ H2O; (3) 50 mg/mL Inulin; (4) 50 mg/mL BRS Pajeú soluble extract (Zn standard); (5) 50 mg/mL BRS Aracê soluble extract (Zn biofortified); (6) 50 mg/mL BRS Imponente soluble extract (Zn biofortified); (7) 50 mg/mL BRS Xiquexique soluble extract (Zn biofortified). Treatment groups with BRS Imponente and BRS Xiquexique reduced the abundance of Clostridium and E. coli when compared with all other experimental groups. All cowpea soluble extracts increased villi goblet cell number (total), specifically acidic goblet cell type number per villi relative to inulin and 18MΩ H2O groups. Moreover, BRS Xiquexique increased the crypt goblet diameter and the crypt depth compared to all treatments and controls. The Zn content in the Zn biofortified cowpea flours was higher when compared to the Zn standard flour (BRS Pajeú), and the phytate: Zn molar ratio was lower in the Zn biofortified flours compared to the Zn standard flour. In general, all cowpea soluble extracts maintained the gene expression of proteins involved with Zn and iron absorption, brush border membrane (BBM) functionality and inflammation compared to inulin and 18MΩ H2O. This study demonstrates the potential nutritional benefit of standard and biofortified cowpea treatment groups to improve intestinal morphology, BBM functionality, inflammation, and gut microbiota, with the highest effect of BRS Xiquexique soluble extracts to improve assessed cecal microflora populations and intestinal morphology.