Solubilization Of Fullerenes Research Articles

Formation of new hybrid structures: Fullerene C60–amphiphilic copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone with (di)methacrylates in isopropyl alcohol

New hybrid structures of fullerene C60 and an amphiphilic copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone with lauryl methacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate have been obtained via solubilization of fullerene by individual macromolecules and their micelle-like aggregates that form in isopropyl alcohol. The volume ratios of copolymer and C60 solutions in toluene at which there is suppression of aggregation of fullerene and fullerene–polymer particles and the existence of stable hybrid structures in solution have been found. With the use of absorption electron spectroscopy, it has been shown that, with time, fullerene undergoes binding to donor groups of the copolymer and forms a donor–acceptor complex. According to the data of optical microscopy, fullerene is homogeneously distributed as spherical aggregates in the solid polymer matrix.

Structure and supersaturation of highly concentrated solutions of buckyball in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.

Solubilization of fullerenes is of high interest because of their wide usage in both fundamental research and numerous applications. This paper reports molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of saturated and supersaturated solutions of C60 in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [C4C1IM][BF4], room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). The simulations cover a wide range of temperatures between 280 and 500 K at ambient pressure. Unlike in simpler solvents, C60 in [C4C1IM][BF4] forms highly supersaturated solutions, whose internal arrangement remains unaltered during nearly a microsecond-long real-time dynamics. The ion-molecular structure patterns in saturated and supersaturated solutions are distinguished in terms of radial distribution functions and cluster analysis of the solute particles. The cation separated solute pair is found to be a common structure in both saturated and supersaturated solutions. This observation suggests that the imidazolium cation plays an important role in the successful dispersion of C60 molecules. Anticipated practical applications of the observed phenomenon are briefly discussed.

Solubilization of fullerene into ionic liquids by the use of fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers

AbstractFluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers were solubilized into a variety of ionic liquids such as N‐methylpyrazolium tetrafluoroborate, 3‐methylpyrazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and these fluorinated oligomers were able to reduce the surface tension of these ionic liquids. Interestingly, these fluorinated oligomers were able to solubilize fullerene into ionic liquids effectively. Fluoroalkyl end‐capped fullerene co‐oligomers, which were prepared by the oligomerizations of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with radical polymerizable monomers such as acryloylmorpholine in the presence of fullerene, were more effective in solubilizing fullerene into ionic liquids compared to the corresponding fluoroalkyl end‐capped homo‐oligomers possessing no fullerene units. Fluoroalkyl end‐capped fullerene co‐oligomers/fullerene/ionic liquid complexes thus obtained were applied to the arrangements of fullerenes above the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface, and the higher fluorescent intensity of fullerene was obtained in the modified PMMA surface, although the reverse side of this modified film surface afforded an extremely weak fluorescent intensity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Solubilization of fullerene into water with fluoroalkyl end-capped amphiphilic oligomers–novel fluorescence properties

Solubilization of fullerene into water was studied by the use of fluoroalkyl end-capped acryloylmorpholine oligomers, N, N-dimethylacrylamide oligomers, and acrylic acid oligomers. In these fluorinated oligomers, fluoroalkyl end-capped acryloylmorpholine oligomers were more effective in solubilizing fullerene into water. Interestingly, the aqueous solutions of fullerene were applicable to fluorescence analyses.

Cyclodextrin–fullerenes: a new class of water-soluble fullerenes

Solubilization of fullerenes in water by nucleophilic addition of cyclodextrin-R-monoamines to C60, where R represents iminoalkyl and iminoaryl residues, is reported and studies involving the host–guest characteristics, free radical scavenging and DNA-cleaving properties indicate that this class of compounds has potential for a number of biological and medical applications.

Solubilization of fullerenes into water with polyvinylpyrrolidone applicable to biological tests

C60 and C70 can be solubilized into water with poly(vinylpyrrolidone)(PVP) and the aqueous solutions of C60 and C70 are applied to haemolysis test.