Solubility Of Propane Research Articles

The solubilization of propane by mixed micelles composed of sodium alkyl sulfates

The solubility of propane has been determined at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixed with varying proportions of either sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) or sodium hexyl sulfate (SHS) at 25°C. The solubility of propane follows Henry's law in every instance. Above the CMC, the solubility of propane is found to increase linearly with total surfactant concentration in solutions containing a fixed ratio of SDS with either SOS or SHS indicating solubilization by mixed micelles of these species. The degree of solubilization varies in a continuous manner with surfactant composition. Critical micelle concentrations determined for these surfactant mixtures agree well with predictions based on the assumption that mixed micelles constitute a condensed pseudo phase which exhibits ideal solution behavior. The linear dependence between the extent of gas solubilization and the total surfactant concentration observed for each mixture above the CMC is interpreted according to this model to indicate that enhanced micellar gas solubility resulting from the enrichment in SDS content of the mixed micelles serves to compensate for a deficiency, relative to total surfactant concentration, of micellized surfactant ions.

Vapor[sbnd]liquid equilibria for acid gases and lower alkanes in triethylene glycol

The solubility of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, ethane and propane in triethylene glycol has been determined at temperatures in the range 25° to 125°C at pressures up to 20 MPa. The experimental results were correlated by a form of the Peng-Robinson equation of state, and interaction parameters have been obtained for these systems. The parameters in the Krichevsky-Ilinskaya equation were obtained from the interaction parameters of the Peng-Robinson equation.

The solubility of gases in aqueous solutions of lithium perfluorooctanoate and lithium perfluorodecanoate

Abstract The solubilities of oxygen, argon, methane, ethane, propane, and carbon tetrafluoride have been determined at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of lithium perfluorooctanoate and lithium perfluorodecanoate at 25°C. The solubility of each gas follows Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations. Above the CMC, the solubility of each gas increases linearly with surfactant concentration indicating micellar solubilization. The degree to which gases are solubilized by lithium perfluorooctanoate is found to be the same as that determined previously for sodium perfluorooctanoate, indicating an absence of counterion effects. Lithium perfluorodecanoate is found to be a more effective solubilizing agent than lithium or sodium perfluorooctanoate. The observed variation of intramicellar gas solubilities can be explained satisfactorily in terms of bulk properties of perfluorocarbon solvents using the Laplace pressure model.

The influence of pH on gas solubilities in aqueous solutions of sodium octanoate at 25°C

Measurements have been made to determine the solubilities of oxygen, methane, ethane, and propane in aqueous solutions of sodium octanoate at 25°C and at pH values ranging from 7 to 13. The solubility of each gas obeys Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations and pH values. The solubilities measured for each gas are effectively independent of sodium octanoate concentration as well as pH at concentrations well below the CMC, and, within experimental error, are the same as the respective gas solubilities in pure water at 25°C. Above the CMC, the solubility of each gas increases with surfactant concentration indicating micellar solubilization. The degree of solubilization is greatest for propane and decreases in the order: propane > ethane > methane > oxygen. However, unlike the situation at low surfactant concentrations, the individual gas solubilities vary with pH at higher surfactant concentrations. The degree of solubilization is found to be quite constant for each gas at pH values greater than 9, and intramicellar solubilities derived from gas solubility data taken at pH 12 are identical to those determined for a similar surfactant having a seven carbon alkyl chain, sodium 1-heptane sulfonate. However, the extent of solubilization for each gas increases rapidly as the solution pH decreases from 9 to 7, suggesting that mixed micelles composed of octanoic acid and sodium octanoate are more effective solubilizing agents than those of the pure soap.

Solubility of propane and butane in mixtures of n-alkanes

The solubility of propane and n-butane has been determined at 25°C in the following mixtures of normal alkanes: C 8 + C 14, C 8 + C 15, C 9 + C 13, C 10 + C 13 and C 12 + C 15. Results were also obtained at 50°C in the following mixtures: C 8 + C 14 and C 12 + C 15. Values of the Henry's law constant as a function of composition were derived from the solubility data. The Corresponding States Principle was used to predict Henry's constants obtaining very good agreement for all the systems studied.

Solubility of carbon dioxide, methane, and propane in silicone polymers: Effect of polymer side chains

AbstractThe solubility of methane, carbon dioxide, and propane in five silicone polymers was measured at 10.0, 35.0 and 55.0°C and at pressures up to 26 atm. The polymers were poly(dimethyl siloxane), poly(methyl propyl siloxane), poly(methyl octyl siloxane), poly(trifluoropropyl methyl siloxane), and poly(phenyl methyl siloxane). At a given temperature and pressure, the solubility of the penetrant gases decreases with increasing bulkiness of the polymer side chains, and with decreasing critical temperature of the penetrant. The solubility of carbon dioxide in poly(trifluoropropyl methyl siloxane) appears to be anomalously high, possibly because of specific penetrant/polymer interactions. The temperature and pressure dependence of the solubility coefficients for the penetrant/polymer systems studied are described, and different methods of correlating these coefficients are compared.

The solubility of gases in aqueous solutions of sodium 1-heptanesulfonate and sodium perfluorooctanoate

Measurements have been made to determine the solubilities of oxygen, argon, methane, ethane, propane, and tetrafluoromethane at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of sodium 1-heptanesulfonate and sodium perfluorooctanoate. The solubility of each gas follows Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations. In the case of sodium 1-heptanesulfonate, gas solubility data are obtained above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Below the CMC, the solubility of each gas is approximately the same as that in pure water. Above the CMC, the solubility of each gas increases with surfactant concentration indicating micellar solubilization. Intramicellar solubilities of the various gases are calculated from this latter data for each surfactant. The intramicellar solubilities for the various gases dissolved in sodium 1-heptanesulfonate agree well with values predicted by the Laplace pressure model for micelles composed of surfactant ions having an alkyl chain length of seven carbon atoms. The 1-atm micellar solubilities of these same gases in sodium perfluorooctanoate are found to be considerably larger than those measured for sodium 1-heptanesulfonate, even though the alkyl chain lengths of the two surfactant anions are the same. The enhanced capacity for gas solubilization exhibited by the perfluorooctanoate micelles can be explained satisfactorily in terms of bulk properties of perfluorocarbon solvents using the Laplace pressure model.

The solubility of gases in aqueous solutions of decyltrimethyl- and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Measurements have been made to determine the solubilities of oxygen, argon, methane, ethane, propane, and carbon tetrafluoride at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of decyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The solubility of each gas follows Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations. Below the critical micelle concentration, the gas solubilities are independent of surfactant concentration and closely approximate the corresponding solubilities in pure water. Above the critical micelle concentration, the gas solubilities increase linearly with surfactant concentration indicating micellar solubilization. The intramicellar solubilities of the individual gases calculated from these latter data are found to be comparable to those determined previously with anionic surfactants of the alkyl sulfate class suggesting that, with ionic surfactants, the nature of the head group is of little consequence in determining the magnitude of intramicellar solubilities. The micellar solubilities of CF 4 in these surfactants are found to be much smaller than the solubilities of hydrocarbon gases in these same micelles indicating that the tendency for mutual exclusion exhibited by fluorocarbons and hydrocarbons in bulk solution is also operative in micellar solubilization. These latter data are used to further test the applicability of the Laplace pressure model for describing the degree of solubilization by various surfactants.

Solubilization of methane, ethane, propane andn-butane in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecylsulfate

The solubilities of methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane were measured in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecylsulfate (NaDS) (0–0.1M) from 15 to 27°C. From these measurements the standard Gibbs energies, entropies, and enthalpies for the process of transferring the solute molecules from the gaseous phase into the solutions were calculated. An approximate relationship was found relating the volume fraction of the micelles to NaDS concentration.

Solubility and diffusion of propane in blends of polystrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) at T > Tg

The solubility and diffusion of propane in rubbery blends of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) were investigated at low diffusant pressure. Solubibity is characterized by Henry's law and diffusion by Fick's law with concentration-independent diffusion coefficients. The composition dependence of the solubility and diffusion parameters is presented. The diffusion coefficients for propane in the blends are related to those for the component polymers by using the glass transitions as reference temperatures.

Solubilization of paraffin gases in aqueous solutions of sodium octanoate

The solubilities of methane, ethane, propane and n-butane were measured in aqueous solutions of sodium octanoate of molar concentrations between 0–0.8M. From these measurements we have computed the standard free energies, entropies and enthalpies for the process of transferring the solute molecules from the gaseous phase into the solutions. We found that propane and n-butane behave as expected at, and beyond, the cmc, namely the solubility takes a steep turn upwards. On the other hand, methane and ethane seem to cross the cmc with almost no change in their solubility. A tentative interpretation of this behavior is suggested, based on the competing effects of salting out and solubilization.

Solubility of isobutane and propane in polyethylene at high temperatures and low pressures

AbstractA novel procedure was developed to measure the solubility of isobutane and propane in both low and high‐density polyethylene at temperatures to 500°F (260°C) and vapor pressures from 1 to 1500 torr (33 psia). These measurements represent the first known solubility measurements at these combined extremes of pressure and temperature. Excellent agreement was found when our data were extrapolated to higher pressures and compared with data from another source. In the temperature and pressure regions of interest in this work, the linear isotherms were fit with a form of the Flory–Huggins equation. With the equation in that form we can now estimate the ratio of solubilities of two solutes in a given polymer from pure solute data only. We can also predict the absolute solubility of nonpolar solutes in polyethylene at various temperatures and pressures using only critical temperatures and acentric factors of the solutes.

The solubility of gases in solutions containing sodium alkylsulfates of various chain lengths

Measurements have been made to determine the solubilities of oxygen, methane, ethane, and propane at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of various sodium alkylsulfates having alkyl chains ranging from 6 to 12 carbons in length. The solubility of each gas follows Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations. Below the critical micelle concentration, the solubility of each gas is nearly independent of surfactant concentration and approximates the corresponding solubility in water. Above the critical micelle concentration, the solubility of each gas increases linearly with surfactant concentration indicating that micelles act to solubilize gas molecules. Intramicellar solubilities and associated free energy changes are calculated from these latter data. The intramicellar solubility of each gas is found to be considerably less than the solubility of that same gas in paraffinic hydrocarbon solvents. This discrepancy becomes greater as the alkyl chain of surfactant anion shortens and is more pronounced for gases having large partial molar volumes. These trends are interpreted using a simple pseudophase model in which the hydrocarbon-like interior of a micelle is considered to be subject to a Laplace pressure acting across the micelle surface.

Study on the solubility light alkanes in liquid nitrogen

The solubility of ethane, propane, butane and isobutane in the temperature range 64–106 K was determined by the ir-spectroscopy method. The experimental results were compared with the estimation of the solubility by the Preston-Prausnitz method. The influence of cryogenic solvents on the change of the solubility is discussed.

The solubilities of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and propane in some normal alkane solvents—I: Experimental determinations in the range 15–70°C and comparison with ideal solution values

Solubility data for gases in alkane solvents are frequently required in the petroleum and petrochemical industries, data for H 2S (for example) bein The solubilities of CO 2 and H 2S have been measured as functions of temperature in the n-alkanes C 6 to C 16 at normal pressure. Less The terminal activity coefficients for CO 2 in the alkane series fell from 2.3 for CO 2 in C 6H 14 to 1.9 in C 16H 34 at 25°C. The

The solubilities of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and propane in some normal alkane solvents—II: Correlation of Data at 25°C in Terms of Solubility Parameters and Regular Solution Theory

Solubility data at 25°C for CO 2, H 2S and C 3H 8 and also for C 2H 6 in the n-alkanes C 6H 14 to C 16H 34 were con The correlation procedures were based on attributing a constant value to the interaction parameter, l 12, for a given solute dissolved in the en Finally, by adjusting the solute solubility parameters, it was found possible to collate the data for all the solutes within the experimental error in

Calcul de la solubilité des hydrocarbures dans les paraffines à partir d'une nouvelle corrélation empirique

A new correlation based on an empirical treatment is presented to calculate the solubilities of hydrocarbon gases in paraffins at a solute partial pressure of 1 atm. We correlate the Henry constants for gaseous solutes in hydrocarbon solvents with the numbers of solute and solvent carbon atoms and the fugacity of the hypothetical liquid solute. For olefine solutes we introduce an adjusted factor to replace the number of carbon atoms of the molecule. It is observed that for a large temperature interval and for solvents of short and long molecules the deviation between predicted and experimental solubilities of methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene and propane is less than 5.0%—an agreement which is thus of practical engineering interest.

Kinetics and mechanism of the epoxidation of olefins by hydroper oxides in the presence of molybdenum compounds

The solubility of propylene in ethylbenzene was investigated at 5–36 atm and 60–120°. Under the indicated conditions the solubility is proportional to the pressure. The logarithm of the equilibrium constant of the solubility is a linear function of the reciprocal of the temperature. The heat of solution of propylene in ethylbenzene practically coincides with the heat of evaporation of liquid propylene.

Solubility of propane in isomers of hexane and other non‐polar solvents

AbstractSolubilities of propane at atmospheric pressure and for temperatures ranging from —15°C to 70°C are reported for a variety of solvents including hexane and the branch‐chained hexane isomers, for cyclohexane, perfluorohexane, benzene, ethylbenzene, metaxylene, carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide. These data, along with data from the literature, are used in comparing solubility behavior of propane and the other paraffin gases in a range of solvents.While predictions of gas solubilities even in non‐polar solvents are still somewhat uncertain, it appears possible to estimate the solubilities of methane, ethane, propane or butane by extrapolation of known solubilities of these gases in a range of solvents. It is also possible to predict the temperature coefficient of solubility in solvents, such as benzene, which yield regular solutions.

Solubilities of gases in high‐boiling hydrocarbon solvents

AbstractLow‐pressure solubilities of methane, ethane, propane, n‐butane, iso‐butane, and hydrogen have been measured in n‐hexadecane, n‐eicosane, squalane, bicyclohexyl, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, diphenylmethane, and 1‐methylnaphthalene over the temperature range 25° to 200°C. The accuracy of these measurements is better than 1%. The data for the hydrocarbon gases have been correlated with a generalized configurational entropy and a van Laar‐type interaction parameter. The entropic component of that parameter is related to the free volume of the solvent as suggested by Flory's equation‐of‐state theory of fluid mixtures. The accuracy of the correlation is about ±15%.