Solitary Gland Research Articles

Observations on aggregated lymphoid nodules in the cardiac glandular areas of the Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus)

Aggregated lymphoid nodules are an important part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). They are mainly distributed in the ileum and appendix of animals and humans but their distribution in the cardiac glandular area has not been reported. A study of stomach histology in the Bactrian camel has revealed that the nodules are distributed as a band-like region along the ventral wall of the stomach neck, at the beginning of the cranial enlargement and on the lesser curvature. The mucous folds are thicker in these regions than where there are no aggregated lymphoid nodules. The nodules appeared similar to ileal aggregated lymphoid nodules found in other animals and consisted of typical polymorphological lymphatic nodules arranged in a single continuous row occupying the submucosa and forming mucosal folds together with the mucous membrane. The whole mucous membrane with cardiac glands, diffuse lymphatic tissue and solitary lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria were found to cover the aggregated lymphoid nodule regions, but some nodules with a typical corona extended into the lamina propria and were covered with follicle-associated epithelium devoid of cardiac glands. These findings indicate that the stomach of the Bactrian camel possesses not only a special structure of digestion but also has characteristic immunological morphology.

A study on bacterial dissemination and pathology of experimental intraperitoneal infection of broiler chickens with Pasteurella multocida

Following intraperitoneal inoculcation of 11week - old broiler chicken with 1ml (109cfu/ml) Pasteurella multocida the organisms were disseminated in different organs at specific intervals. The microorganisms presisted in the brain (69.23%) for 19 days postinoculation, in the kidneys and ovary or testis (76.92%) for 23 days, in liver (92.31%), in spleen and lungs (100%) and in heart (84.62%) and for 27 days postinoculation in all of these organs. During the first week postinoculation (acute stage). There were extensive congestion, edema, thrombosis and petichial and eccymotic haemorrhages in the various organs. Infiltration of heterophils, fibrin deposition and acute necrotic areas were also found in different organs such as the brain, meninges, intestine, liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart wall and ovary or testis. During the second week postinoculation (subacute stage), the Infiltration of heterophils, fibrin deposition and necrotic areas in different organs were localized and replaced gradually from the outside by lymphocytes and macrophages to form early pyogranulomas. Also, hyperplasia of peyer's patches and solitary lymphoid nodules in the intestinal wall were predominant. During the 3rd and 4 weeks postinoculation (chronic stage), the early pyogranulomas seen in subacute stage become more localized and chronic, consisting of central areas of necrosis surrounded by lymphocytes, macrophages, and giant cells and on the outside there was fibroblasts proliferation. These chronic granulomas were mostly predominant in liver, lungs, kidney and ovary or testis. Also, lesions of chronic necrotic enteritis were seen in certain cases. The above findings revealed that acute septicemic lesions, followed by pyogranulomas and finally chronic granulomas were persistent lesions associated with Pasteurella multocida infection.

Increased expression of DC-SIGN+IL-12+IL-18+ and CD83+IL-12-IL-18- dendritic cell populations in the colonic mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease.

Dentritic cells (DC) as antigen-presenting cells are most likely responsible for regulation of abnormal T cell activation in Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. We have analyzed the expression of activation and maturation markers on DC in the colon mucosa from patients with CD compared with normal colon, using immunohistochemical techniques. We found two distinct populations of DC present in CD patients: a DC-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN)(+) population that was present scattered throughout the mucosa, and a CD83(+) population that was present in aggregated lymphoid nodules and as single cells in the lamina propria. In normal colon the number of DC-SIGN(+) DC was lower and CD83(+) DC were detected only in very few solitary lymphoid nodules. Co-expression of activation markers and cytokine synthesis was analyzed with three-color confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. CD80 expression was enhanced on the majority of DC-SIGN(+) DC in CD patients, whereas only a proportion of the CD83(+) DC co-expressed CD80 in CD as well as in normal tissue. Surprisingly, IL-12 and IL-18 were only detected in DC-SIGN(+) DC and not in CD83(+) DC. A similar pattern of cytokine production was observed in normal colon albeit to a much lesser extent. The characteristics of these in-situ-differentiated DC markedly differ from the in-vitro-generated DC that simultaneously express DC-SIGN, CD83 and cytokines.

Expression of DC-SIGN by Dendritic Cells of Intestinal and Genital Mucosae in Humans and Rhesus Macaques

To better understand the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission at mucosal surfaces, we examined the expressions of the HIV adhesion molecule, dendritic-cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), its closely related homologue DC-SIGNR, and HIV coreceptors by distinct DC populations in the intestinal and genital tracts of humans and rhesus macaques. We also developed monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for DC-SIGN or DC-SIGNR. In the Peyer's patches, DC-SIGN expression was detected in the interfollicular regions and in clusters of cells in the subepithelial dome regions. DC-SIGN expression was not found on plasmacytoid DCs. DC-SIGNR expression was restricted to endothelial cells in approximately one-third of the capillaries in the terminal ileum. In the vaginal epithelium, Langerhans' cells did not express DC-SIGN, whereas subepithelial DCs in the lamina propria expressed moderate levels of DC-SIGN. Finally, the rectum contained cells that expressed high levels of DC-SIGN throughout the entire thickness of the mucosa, while solitary lymphoid nodules within the rectum showed very little staining for DC-SIGN. Triple-color analysis of rectal tissue indicated that CCR5(+) CD4(+) DC-SIGN(+) DCs were localized just beneath the luminal epithelium. These findings suggest that DC-SIGN(+) DCs could play a role in the transmission of primate lentiviruses in the ileum and the rectum whereas accessibility to DC-SIGN(+) cells is limited in an intact vaginal mucosa. Finally, we identified a MAb that blocked simian immunodeficiency virus interactions with rhesus macaque DC-SIGN. This and other specific MAbs may be used to assess the relevance of DC-SIGN in virus transmission in vivo.

Molecular basis of the intracellular spreading of Shigella.

Shigella causes bacillary dysentery, a disease provoking severe bloody and mucous diarrhea. When the pathogen reaches the colon, bacteria translocate through the epithelial barrier by way of the M cells that overlay the solitary lymphoid nodules ([71][1], [72][2], [91][3]). Once it reaches the

Changes in algorythm of surgical management for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

In Hungary the incidence of lung cancer is growing further and the proportion of patients undergoing surgery is less than 30%. Some improvement is indicated by the rate of explorations decreasing to less than 10%. On the other hand the number of adenocarcinomas has grown to take over the position of the squamous cell carcinomas among the patients operated on. In the recent few decades only some minor changes have occurred in the surgical treatment. For this reason when operability has been established new perspectives have been reviewed before drawing conclusions on the number of cases qualifying for resection. Phrenic and recurrent nerve lesions and in some cases metastases in some other organs do not mean inoperability in the absolute sense any more. Based on the new TNM system the criteria of the qualification for and the date of resection are identified by staging implemented reliably and in details. Palliative surgery may also be possible in some selected cases. A complex approach to the treatment of lung cancer is clearly coming into the focus of our attention. Though a resection is the most important episode here an adjuvant (post-operative) therapy and most recently added that a neoadjuvant (pre-operative) therapy shall improve the patient's chances for survival further, enhancing the favorable result caused by the resection itself. Both the limits and the options of he surgical treatment administered in the cases of metastases in the lung, the brain and the solitary suprarenal gland are discussed in details in the cases of NSCLC.

Distribution of ‘dome’ type lymphoid follicles and morphology of microfold cells (M cells) in the human Bauhin's valve, cecum and proximal ascending colon

The distribution of ‘dome’ type lymphoid follicles and the morphology of their M cells were studied in human Bauhin's valves, cecums and proximal ascending colons obtained during surgery performed on 11 patients. The lymphoid follicles existed as solitary follicles, and their number was remarkably large in the Bauhin's valve than in the cecum and proximal ascending colon. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) disclosed lymphoid follicles forming domes that were surrounded by villi or crypts and M cells with microfolds in the dome epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) disclosed microfolds, enfolded lymphocytes and the other typical characteristics of M cells in the Bauhin's valve, cecum and proximal ascending colon. These morphological findings were compatible with previously reported findings regarding the M cells in human Peyer's patches.

Intestinal Mucosa and Intra-abdominal Lymphoid Tissues of the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus

The morphological features of the intestinal mucosa and intra-abdominal lymphoid tissues of the platypus were examined. The mucosal surface of the intestine was characterized by the formation of large folds instead of the finger-like villi found in placental mammals. The lamina propria of the mucosal fold was well developed and contained numerous lymphocytes, expressing the lymphoid nature which is characteristic of the lamina propria of mammalian intestines. Although numerous well-developed Peyer's patches were observed in the ileum, solitary lymphoid nodules could not be found anywhere in the small intestine. Other intra-abdominal lymphoid tissues, particularly mesenteric lymphoid nodules, were well developed. However, each nodule represented a single follicle in contrast to the mammalian mesenteric lymph node which is composed of numerous follicles fused together. On the basis of the above findings, the tissues in question are considered to be at an evolutionary level preceding that of placental mammals.

Clinical and experimental studies on gastrointestinal motility following total colectomy: Direct measurement(strain gauge force transducer method, barium method) and indirect measurement(hydrogen breath test, acetaminophen method).

In a clinical study, we examined the clinical assessment of bowel function and lactulose hydrogen breath test in 14 patients after total colectomy. All patients within one year after ileostomy closure had 'poor' function and showed no increase of hydrogen breath gas concentration. 10 of 12 patients more than one year showed increase of hydrogen breath gas concentration, and 8 of them had 'fair' function. The oro-neorectal transit time (ONTT) in 'poor' group was shorter than in 'fair' group and control (p less than 0.05). The increase of hydrogen breath gas suggests changes of bacterial flora and colonization of the remained ileum. In an experimental study, we performed subtotal colectomy with the J-pouch reservoir in 11 dogs. We examined ONTT with barium method, gastric emptying with acetaminophen method, and gastrointestinal motility with strain gauge force transducers. Although ONTT at one month after operation had been shorter than control, ONTT at 3 and 6 months became longer than at one month. The gastric emptying after subtotal colectomy was significantly slower than control. Although the propagation velocity of interdigestive migrating complex (IMC) in the jejunum and ileum at 2 weeks had been faster than control, the velocity at 4 weeks and 3 months became slower than at 2 weeks. The frequency of IMC and prolonged propagated contraction in the J-pouch reservoir decreased. The specimen of J-pouch reservoir resected at 6 months showed villous atrophy, crypt elongation, decrease of muscle layers thickness and disappearance of solitary follicles. Therefore, the suppressed motility in each sites of the gastrointestinal tract, increase of anaerobic and colonization of the ileum implied 'adaptation' after total colectomy.

Immunogenetic analysis of bone marrow aspirates in patients with non‐hodgkin lymphomas

The immunogenetic analysis (IGA) on the staging bone marrow aspirates in 15 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is reported. We found the sensitivity of IGA and morphologic examination in detecting bone marrow involvement by malignant lymphoma to be 91% and 82%, respectively. In 11 cases there was agreement between the morphologic findings and IGA. In 8 of these 11 cases, IGA confirmed the morphologic involvement of the bone marrow by demonstrating clonal rearrangement of either the immunoglobulin heavy- and/or light-chain or the T-cell receptor beta chain (TCR) genes. In 3 of these 11 cases, morphology showed no involvement and IGA showed germline configurations for both the immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain or the TCR genes. In 2 additional cases the techniques proved to be complementary, as involvement was detected by only 1 of the 2 procedures. In 1 of these 2 cases, IGA showed gene rearrangement while morphologic examination was negative for involvement by NHL, while in the other case, morphologic examination showed involvement by NHL, but IGA did not show gene rearrangement. IGA was also useful in determining the clonality of solitary lymphoid nodules in the 2 remaining cases when morphologic interpretation was equivocal. In the 12 cases with bone marrow involvement, the immunophenotype and immunogenotype agreed in 11 cases. In the one case in which there was a discordance between the immunophenotype and immunogenotype, the immunophenotype was incorrectly interpreted as B-cell lineage, while the immunogenotype demonstrated a T-cell lineage. IGA also demonstrated a clonal population in 1 case of T-chronic lymphocytic leukemia where other techniques could not demonstrate the clonality of the pathologic process. IGA analysis may detect bone marrow involvement in NHL which may not be detected by morphologic examination because of patchy distribution.

Properties of human B cells terminating in normal gut-associated lymphoid tissue, including Peyer's patches.

The intestinal secretory IgA system is quantitatively the most important humoral immune system of the body — about 1010 Ig-producing cells being present per metre of gut (1). The precursors of these immunocytes are apparently generated largely in the Peyer’s patches owing to specialized mechanisms of antigen uptake and immune regulation (2,3). Lymphoid follicles of the appendix and solitary follicles scattered throughout the small and large bowel mucosa, show comparable features and may function as a part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). A comparative study of the immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype expression of B cells associated with lymphoid follicles of the appendix, colon and ileum mucosa and in Peyer’s patches was therefore carried out. Cytoplasmic J chain was included as a marker of clonal immaturity (4) to study the extent of terminal B cell maturation in situ.KeywordsLamina PropriaGerminal CentreTissue CompartmentLymphoid FollicleClonal ImmaturityThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

A new species of Raphionacme (Periplocaceae) from Natal, South Africa

Raphionacme palustris Venter & Verhoeven, a new species from Natal, is described. It is recognized by the dichotomously branched stems, oblong-ovate leaves, mauve flowers and the long erect, very narrowly obovoid, normally solitary follicles. R. palustris belongs to Raphionacme Harv. sect. Raphionacme and is related to R. hirsuta (E. Mey.) R.A. Dyer. It is distinguished from R. hirsuta by its erect growth form, narrowly ovate corona lobes and the follicles as described above.

Morphological study of antigen-sampling structures in the rat large intestine.

Organized lymphoid tissue in the rat colon exists as clusters (colonic lymphoid patches) of intramucosal and submucosal follicles in the proximal, mid, and distal colon, interspersed by solitary follicles. The follicular lymphoid cells of colonic lymphoid patches are separated from the gut lumen by a highly specialized lymphoepithelium which lacks mature goblet cells. Cells of this epithelium are of two types: those characterized by an electron-dense cytoplasm, large numbers of apical vesicles and lysosomes, and prolonged extensions of the apical cytoplasm forming thin partitions between the gut lumen and underlying intercellular spaces; and cells with a less electron-dense cytoplasm, distorted mitochondria, and little endoplasmic reticulum. Both cell types bear normal microvilli and have numerous lateral membrane processes which penetrate large intercellular spaces. A ferritin-India ink label infused into the colonic lumen was preferentially adsorbed onto the surface of this follicle-associated epithelium. Indigenous colonic bacteria were observed penetrating the superficial cytoplasm of the electron-dense cells where they were enclosed in lysosomes and digested. An antigen-sampling role is proposed for the colonic lymphoid patch epithelium.

Intra-epithelial glands in human eustachian tube.

In ten normal eustachian tubes, the intra-epithelial glands were studied quantitatively. Solitary, round intra-epithelial glands consist of 20 to 50 mucous cells, surrounded by supporting ciliated cells. Elongated streak-shaped glands may be up to 1 mm in length and are composed of several solitary glands. Gland distribution is irregular, being either solitary or in islets or major areas where density is up to 200 glands per square millimeter. The total number varies widely, being usually between 200 and 400. The number of intra-epithelial glands decreased greatly in the tympanic direction. Secretory capacity of intraepithelial glands, compared with that of goblet cells, is very slight, one four-hundredth to one one-hundred-sixtieth. Intra-epithelial glands are presumably a normal component of the tubal epithelium, but high gland count may be caused by previous abnormal stimulus of the mucosa.

Abnormal intraepithelial glands in the human trachea.

Among 25 tracheae studied systematically for intraepithelial glands we found in one patient –-a heavy smoker and former miner–-more than 5 000 intraepithelial mucous glands of a type which does not appear to have been reported previously. These glands were lying in clusters of 20–80, as solitary glands, in rows, or in festoons. The density of the glands within the clusters ranged from 65 to 250 glands/mm2. The number and density of the glands in the different parts of the trachea were fairly varied, the number being smallest in the membranous wall, largest in the lowest part of the cartilaginous wall. The architecture of the individual glands is described. It is composed of 30–50 mucous cells which are grouped especially at the bottom of a duct-shaped lumen which debouches on the surface of the trachea. The glands must be abnormal. It is endeavoured to explain the mechanism of their origin which is similar to the development of the normal submucous glands in the trachea. The formation of the intraepitheli...

IS POLIOMYELITIS A DISEASE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?

It seems important to point out at this time that acute anterior poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) may not be primarily a disease of the central nervous system, but that it may be more correctly classed with the diseases of the lymphatic systems of the body. The change that is probably common to all cases of this disease is an enlargement or a hyperplasia of some or all of the lymphatic structures of the organism. Those parts most frequently attacked are Peyer's patches and the solitary follicles of the intestines, the mesenteric lymph glands, the retroperitoneal glands, the peribronchial glands, the tonsils, the lymph glands of the neck, the axillae and the groin. In the later stages of any attack one may often make the diagnosis of the existence of the disease through noting a slight but definite enlargement of one or both of the epitrochlear glands. While the gross enlargement of

THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID FEVER IN THE GUINEA PIG WITH AN IN VIVO PREPARED TOXIC FILTRATE OF B. TYPHOSUS

When the typhoid bacillus is injected into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs acute peritonitis and death are produced. The character of the exudate is variable as to the elements present but is usually of a serous type with slight clouding due to the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, mononuclear cells and bacteria. When the Berkefeld filtrate of this exudative material is inoculated into normal guinea pigs either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or intracardially, the character of response obtained on the part of the host is quite at variance with that produced by the inoculation of the living typhoid bacillus. A febrile reaction and marked leucopenia, as a rule, are persistent and are accentuated after each injection the latter often reaching below 1000 cells per c. mm. There is a loss of weight of a variable extent in all animals and in some the emaciation is extreme. The animals were given four such inoculations and all succumbed in from 2 to 4 weeks. The intracardiac route produces death more quickly and the reactions are more clear-cut when this route is employed. At autopsy a general tumefaction and congestion of the lymphoid structures more especially of the abdominal cavity are found. Peyer's patches and the solitary follicles of the intestinal tract are likewise involved and in some of the patches slight ulceration is noted; occasionally, there occur extreme ulceration and necrosis of the patch. The spleen is enlarged and usually softened. Microscopically, marked endothelial cell proliferation is noted especially in the lymphoid structures and in many instances the phagocytic cells of Mallory are found. These cells include within their cytoplasm elements of the surrounding structures. In the spleen there are present congestion, and hemorrhages with many "shadow" red blood cells. Phagocytosis of the red cells by the endothelial cells is present. In the liver, areas of focal necrosis are found and phagocytic cells are seen. In the animals inoculated subcutaneously, localized degenerative changes are observed especially in the muscular structures. From these results it can be seen that the reactions and injury of the animal body by the toxic filtrate employed, are quite similar to the changes produced by the specific toxin in human typhoid fever.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ULCERATION OF THE DUODENUM, WITH RESULTANT REFLEXES.

The duodenum is abundantly supplied with arterial blood. Its veins empty into the portal vein, any obstruction of which, either from the lungs, liver or heart, produces passive congestion of this organ. Its nervous connection with the brain is by branches from the par vagum and with the spinal cord by branches from it, with the sympathetic system by branches from the solar plexus, and with the thoracic plexus by the splanchnic nerve. It has within its structure the plexus of Meisner and Auerbach. It is studded with the glands of Lieberkuhn and Brunner, and with solitary glands as well as lymphatics. It is the physiologic receptacle of the chyme which is often perverted by functional disease of the stomach or over-repletion, either of which may be highly irritating to the duodenum. It also receives the secretion from the liver and pancreas and performs, possibly, as important a function in

Remarks on some Obscure Cases of Enlargement of the Solitary and Agminated Follicles of the Intestine

Remarks on some Obscure Cases of Enlargement of the Solitary and Agminated Follicles of the Intestine

Peritonitis with Disease of the Solitary and Agminated Glands in an Infant

Peritonitis with Disease of the Solitary and Agminated Glands in an Infant