Milk Solids Research Articles

Analysis of Correlations between Selected Blood Markers of Acid-Base Balance, Blood Electrolytes, and Milk Components in Dairy Cows during Late Lactation

The aim of the study was to assess the values of and correlations between selected markers of acid-base balance and electrolytes in the blood of late lactation cows, such as pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3 –, BE, BE(B), Na+, K+, Cl–, as well as selected parameters of milk, such as the number of somatic cells (SCC), colony forming units (CFU), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk lactose (ML), milk solids, milk solids non-fat (SNF), and current milk production. Blood and milk samples were collected at the same time from 11 clinically healthy milking cows in the later lactation period. Those 11 selected cows were examined once a day for 3 consecutive days resulting in 33 sets of blood and milk samples used for laboratory and statistical analyses. Significant positive correlations were observed between pH and HCO3 –, pH and BE, pH and BE(B), pCO2 and HCO3 –, pCO2 and BE, pCO2 and BE(B), HCO3 – and BE, HCO3 – and BE(B), BE and BE(B), Na+ and Cl–, Na+ and milk production, Cl– and milk production, and Cl– and MP. Significant negative correlations were observed between pH and K+, pH and Cl–, pCO2 and Cl–, HCO3 – and Cl–, BE and Cl–, and BE(B) and Cl–. The increase in blood pH was significantly negatively correlated with the current milk production, while the increase in HCO3 – or pCO2 was associated with a significant decrease in the amount of protein in milk. These relations can indicate a significant negative influence of blood acid-base imbalance on the quantity and quality of cow’s milk. The repeatable diagnostic model presented here proved to be a very useful tool for a detailed assessment of selected higly sensitive parameters of internal homeostasis in productive dairy cows.

Estudo retrospectivo dos sólidos não gordurosos em amostras de leite cru no estado do Rio Grande do Sul de acordo com as estações do ano

ABSTRACT: The present study described the chemical composition and somatic cell score (SCS) of samples of refrigerated raw milk collected from commercial farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in order to better understand the behavior of constituents present in non-fatty solids (NFS) in milk according to the season of the year. Means were used to describe statistical data. To estimate the probability of NFS levels meeting IN 76 (BRAZIL, 2018), binary logistic regression was used. It was reported that 18.2% (233.817) of analytical results showed NFS below 8.4%, representing the minimum required by IN 76. The highest average NFS level observed in the five-year period was registered in the micro-region of Passo Fundo (8.70%) in winter. The microregion with the lowest results was Porto Alegre (8.53%); however, it still demonstrated levels within the limits established by IN 76. The study indicates that milk constituents show differences between seasons. In autumn and winter, the constituents remained equal to or higher than those required by current legislation, while spring and summer were the periods with the lowest NFS values. The SCS was also influenced by the seasons, with the highest rates in spring, summer, and autumn.

PUFA supplements to improve diarrhea, fecal consistency, and disease resilience in neonatal and preweaning calves

The flaxseed oil (FSO) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were supplemented orally to ten male and female neonatal calves from day 6 of birth to day 28 to improve resilience to disease incidences (TG) and compared to calves reared without PUFA supplement (CG). The PUFA supplementation in liquid form was discontinued on day 29 and fed as bolus consisting of 25 g of ground flaxseed and 25 g of jaggery until day 90. The total dry matter intake in cluding milk solids in neonata calves was 400 g in CG and 428 g in TG (P=0.38). Digestible DMI, CP and energy intake in male and female calves of TGs was significantly (P< 0.05) higher the CG. However, the body weight gain in calves during neonatal (P=0.08) and preweaning (P=0.14) age was comparable between groups. The serum IgG were 30 mg/mL on day 2 but higher in calves in TGs on day 7 (P=0.08) and day 14 (P=0.07)after birth but comparable in subsequent period until day 30 after birth. Calves resilience to diarrhea, pyrexia, anorexia, skin infection, profused lacrimation, navel ill, muzzle keratinization, umbilical hernia, fecal consistency (FC), and egg count (FEC) were examined. PUFA supplementation reduced the disease risk rate in TG by 42% (P< 0.001) and diarrhea by three folds compared to CG. Haemoglobin, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes improved significantly from day 30 after birth. The intervention was recommended to reduce calf mortality and imrpoved health and body weight gain during neonatal and preweaning age.

Composição em ácidos graxos no leite de vacas e ovelhas suplementadas com extrato tanífero de acácia negra

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on milk fatty acid profile of dairy ewes and cows. In experiment 1, twenty-four Lacaune ewes received one of the following dietary treatments: control (no tannin extract added to the diet), T30 (30 g tannin extract/kg concentrate), and T40 (40 g extract/kg concentrate). In experiment 2, thirty Jersey cows received either a control diet (no tannin extract added to the diet) or the same diet containing 40 g tannin extract/kg concentrate (T40). Dry matter intake, milk production and milk solids content of ewes and cows were unaffected by tannin supplementation. The cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content increased linearly by 21% in milk fat from ewes fed tannin extract, while the C18:2 n-6 (linoleic acid) content tended (P = 0.051) to increase by 13% in cows fed TE. The supplementation with black wattle tannin extract improves the nutritional quality of milk fat of ewes and cows to a small extent, with no adverse effects on performance or gross milk composition.

Dietary Supplementation of Capsaicin Enhances Productive and Reproductive Efficiency of Chinese Crossbred Buffaloes in Low Breeding Season.

The present study investigated the role of dietary capsaicin (CPS) supplementation on milk yield (liters/head) and milk composition (total solids, lactose, albumin, protein, fat, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), somatic cell count (SCC) and somatic cell score (SCS), serum metabolites (lipoprotein esterase (LPL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), and reproductive physiology (follicular development, estrus response, ovulation and pregnancy) following synchronization during the low breeding season. One hundred (n = 100) crossbred buffaloes were randomly assigned to four dietary groups consisting of CPS supplementation dosages (0, 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg of total mixed ration; TMR) as CPS-0 (n = 26), CPS-2 (n = 22), CPS-4 (n = 25) and CPS-6 (n = 27), respectively, in a 30-day feed trial. The results revealed that the CPS-4 group of buffaloes had a better estrus rate (72%) along with improved (p < 0.05) ovulatory follicle diameter (13.8 mm), ovulation rate (68%) and pregnancy rate (48%) compared to other treatment groups. Milk yield improved (p < 0.05) in CPS-4 supplemented buffaloes after day 20 of the trial, comparatively. There was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of milk sampling day (day 30) on total milk solids, lactose, milk protein and MUN levels, whereas lactose, MUN, SCC and SCS were influenced by supplementation dosage (CPS-4). Glucose levels were affected in buffaloes by sampling time (artificial insemination (AI) and 50-day post-AI) and CPS-dose (CPS-4 and CPS-6), respectively. LPL level changed in CPS-2 and CPS-4 groups at AI time and 50 days after AI. In addition, the AST level was different in CPS-4 at AI time and 50 days after AI. Therefore, our data suggest that a medium dose (~4 mg/kg of TMR) of CPS provided a better response in the form of milk yield, milk composition, serum metabolites and reproductive performance in crossbred buffaloes during the low breeding season.

An evaluation of detailed animal characteristics influencing the lactation production efficiency of spring-calving, pasture-based dairy cattle

Selection for feed efficiency, the ratio of output (e.g., milk yield) to feed intake, has traditionally been limited on commercial dairy farms by the necessity for detailed individual animal intake and performance data within large animal populations. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of individual animal characteristics (animal breed, genetic potential, milk production, body weight (BW), daily total dry matter intake (TDMI), and energy balance) on a cost-effective production efficiency parameter calculated as the annual fat and protein (milk solids) production per unit of mid-lactation BW (MSperBWlact). A total of 1,788 individual animal intake records measured at various stages of lactation (early, mid, and late lactation) from 207 Holstein-Friesian and 200 Jersey × Holstein-Friesian cows were used. The derived efficiency traits included daily kilograms of milk solids produced per 100 kg of BW (dMSperBWint) and daily kilograms of milk solids produced per kilogram of TDMI (dMSperTDMI). The TDMI per 100 kg of BW was also calculated (TDMI/BWint) at each stage of lactation. Animals were subsequently either ranked as the top 25% (Heff) or bottom 25% (Leff) based on their lactation production efficiency (MSperBWlact). Dairy cow breed significantly affected animal characteristics over the entire lactation and during specific periods of intake measurements. Jersey crossbred animals produced more milk, based on a lower TDMI, and achieved an increased intake per kilogram of BW. Similarly, Heff produced more milk over longer lactations, weighed less, were older, and achieved a higher TDMI compared with the Leff animals. Both Jersey × Holstein-Friesian and Heff cows achieved superior production efficiency due to lower maintenance energy requirements, and consequentially increased milk solids production per kilogram of BW and per kilogram of TDMI at all stages of lactation. Indeed, within breed, Heff animals weighed 20 kg less and produced 15% more milk solids over the total lactation than Leff. In addition, Heff achieved increased daily milk solids yield (+0.16 kg) and milk solids yield per kilogram of TDMI (+ 0.23 kg/kg DM) during intake measurement periods. Moreover, the strong and consistently positive correlations between MSperBWlact and detailed production efficiency traits (dMSperBWint, dMSperTDMI) reported here demonstrate that MSperBWlact is a robust measure that can be applied within commercial grazing dairy systems to increase the selection intensity for highly efficient animals.

Influence of encapsulated pepper on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and performance in dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a feed additive containing encapsulated pepper on total-tract apparent nutrient digestibility, sorting index, ruminal fermentation, milk yield and composition, serum concentrations of urea-N and glucose, purine derivative excretion, and N utilization efficiency in dairy cows. Twenty-two Holstein cows (182 ± 86.3 days in milk, 35.4 ± 4.85 kg/d milk yield), of which 4 were rumen cannulated, were used in a crossover design experiment with 21-d periods (14 days allowed to treatment adaptation and 7 days for sampling). Cows were blocked according to parity, days in milk, and milk yield and randomly assigned to the following treatments: Control (CON), or 1.5 g/d (CAP) of a feed additive containing encapsulated pepper (Capcin; NutriQuest, Campinas, Brazil) added to the concentrate along with minerals. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS modeling the fixed effects of treatment, period, and the random effect of animal. Ruminal fermentation data were analyzed as repeated measurements adding the fixed effect of time and its interaction with treatments to the previous model. No differences in intake of dry matter or nutrients were detected. Sorting for feed particles between 19 and 8 mm size was greater in cows fed CAP compared to CON (1.000 and 0.992 kg/kg, respectively). Feeding CAP had no effects on digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, or neutral detergent fiber. Nor treatment or interaction effect between treatment and time were observed for ruminal pH, NH3N concentration, or short-chain fatty acids concentration. Yields of milk (35.3 vs 34.3 kg/d) and fat-corrected milk (37.4 vs 36.0 kg/d) were greater for cows under CAP treatment compared to CON. Yield of milk solids (fat, protein, and lactose) was increased when feeding CAP. Milk fat concentration tended to be greater in cows fed CAP than those in CON group (39.5 vs 38.3 g/kg, respectively). Feed efficiency (fat-corrected milk ÷ dry matter intake) tended to be greater in cows fed CAP than CON-cows (1.45 vs 1.40, respectively). Serum concentrations of urea-N and glucose were similar between treatment groups. Feeding CAP did not alter purine derivative excretion (allantoin in urine and milk, and uric acid in urine), as well as the nitrogen excreted (g/g N intake) through feces, milk, or urine. In conclusion, feeding CAP at 1.5 g/d improved performance without altering nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, excretion of purine derivatives, or efficiency of nitrogen utilization in dairy cows.

Feeding encapsulated pepper to dairy cows during the hot season improves performance without affecting core and skin temperature.

Peppers (Capsicum spp.) contain capsaicin, an organic compound with a group of alkaloids that has shown thermoregulation properties in humans and mice, and may influence glucose and lipid metabolism in ruminants. An experiment was conducted to evaluate different doses of a feed additive containing encapsulated pepper on milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, feed sorting index, total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, purine derivatives excretion, and serum concentrations of urea-N and glucose, N excretion, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and skin temperature in different regions (forehead, face, and rumen). Thirty-six Holstein cows (150 ± 102.1 d in milk and 29.3 ± 5.81 kg/d milk yield) were used in a 9-wk randomized complete block (n = 12) design experiment. Following a 2-wk covariate period, cows were blocked according to parity, days in milk, and milk yield and were randomly assigned to the following treatments: 0 (CAP0), 0.75 (CAP75), or 1.5 (CAP150) g/d of a feed additive containing encapsulated pepper (1 g/kg, Capcin; NutriQuest) added to the concentrate along with minerals. Treatment differences were evaluated through orthogonal contrasts (CAP0 vs. CAP75 + CAP150 or CAP75 vs. CAP150). The average temperature-humidity index during the experiment was 72.0 ± 2.07. Dry matter intake was greater in cows fed a feed additive containing encapsulated pepper (CAP) treatments (CAP75 and CAP150) compared with CAP0. Cows fed CAP150 tended to have greater dry matter intake than those in CAP75 group. Feeding CAP decreased sorting for feed particles with size between 8 and 4 mm. An interaction effect between treatment and week was observed for crude protein digestibility whereas cows fed CAP150 had the greatest digestibility on the third week of experiment. Orthogonal contrasts did not detect differences in serum concentrations of glucose and urea-N, or purine derivatives excretion. Nitrogen excretion (as % of N intake) in milk, urine, and feces was not altered by treatments. Feeding CAP increased yields of 3.5% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, and lactose. A tendency toward greater milk protein content was observed for cows fed CAP150 than CAP75. No differences were detected on respiration rate, rectal temperature, and skin temperature of cows. A feed additive containing encapsulated pepper fed at 0.75 or 1.5 g/d can improve yield of fat-corrected milk and milk solids by increasing feed intake without affecting nutrient digestibility and body temperature of lactating cows during the hot season.

Biorefined press cake silage as feed source for dairy cows: effect on milk production and composition, rumen fermentation, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion and in vitro methane production

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of replacing grass silage with biorefined grass silage (press cake silage) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, rumen fermentation parameters, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of early lactation Holstein Friesian dairy cows. An in vitro experiment using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) also investigated the in vitro dry matter disappearance and methane (CH₄) production of these feedstuffs. In this study, press cake silage was made from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) using a novel biorefining process. Thirty early-lactation cows (Bos taurus strain Holstein Friesian) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment (n = 15) and offered two dietary treatments for a 56 d period: Grass silage (GS): 14 kg dry matter (DM) grass silage + 7.2 kg DM of concentrate + 0.44 kg DM of soyabean meal; Press cake (PC): 5 kg DM grass silage + 9 kg DM press cake silage + 7.2 kg DM concentrate + 0.44 kg DM soyabean meal. The dietary treatments were also incubated in vitro for a period of 18 days using the RUSITEC. In the in vivo study, DMI was lower for PC compared to GS. No difference was observed between the treatments for milk yield and milk quality; however, milk fat yield was lower and milk solids yield tended to be lower in PC compared to GS. Cows offered PC had higher N use efficiency (NUE, milk N/N intake), lower total N excretion and lower N excretion in feces and urine compared to cows offered GS. Total and fecal P excretion was lower in cows fed PC compared to cows fed GS. Ruminal NH₃-N concentration was lower when PC was offered. In vitro rumen fermentation parameters such as pH, volatile fatty acids and CH₄ output were not affected by treatment. In vitro dry matter disappearance and NH₃-N concentration were lower for PC compared to GS. This study suggests that press cake silage can partially replace grass silage in the diet of dairy cows with beneficial effects on the environment and without compromising animal productivity.

Triglyceride, fatty acid profile, antioxidant characteristics, vitamins, lipid oxidation and induction period of ice cream produced from cow and Buffalo Milk

AbstractIn this study, ice creams were produced from cow and buffalo milk using 15% sugar, 13% fat, 11% milk solids not fat, and 0.5% cremodan (TS 39.5%). Triglycerides from C26 to C36 were significantly higher in buffalo milk ice cream than cow milk ice cream. Milk type and storage both affected the fatty acid composition of ice cream samples. Concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in cow and buffalo milk ice cream samples were 24.4% and 29.9%, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk ice cream was 18% higher than cow milk ice cream. Concentrations of vitamin A and E were significantly higher in buffalo milk ice cream samples. Buffalo milk ice cream had lower peroxide value and higher oxidative stability than cow milk ice cream. Induction period of cow and buffalo milk ice cream was 8.55 h and 10.79 h with no difference in sensory properties of both types of ice creams.Practical applicationsBuffalo milk is widely used for the production of several value‐added dairy products and is the major source of milk in some Asian countries. However, due to limited research work, buffalo milk processing industry could not develop, and buffalo milk based dairy products are not available in markets of these countries. This research work can be helpful for the dairy industries to produce ice cream from buffalo milk at commercial level.

The quality of milk of cows-daughters of different bulls-producers and assessment of its suitability for processing

Relevance. The increase in the productive qualities of dairy cattle continues through the further use of purebred bulls-producers of the Holstein breed both of domestic and offoreign breeding, which invariably leads to an increase in the blood of the Holstein breed. Milk is not only a valuable food product, but also raw material for the dairy industry, and its use for the production of certain products is determined by its technological properties , so the study of them in a new genetic formation of dairy cattle in the Middle Urals zone has both scientific and practical interest.Methods. The research was carried out in one of the typical breeding reproducers for the breeding of Holstein black-and-white cattle of the Sverdlovsk region in the period 2018–2022. The evaluation included first-calf cows that completed the first lactation, obtained and grown on the farm. All cows are descended from breeding bulls Das, Sayan, De-Su, Gavano, Touareg, Marrs, Cassio, Bentley, who all 15 or more daughters. Qualitative indicators of milk— chemical composition, physico-chemical, technological properties and sanitary and hygienic indicators — were evaluated four times in three-fold repetition according to generally accepted methods and techniques in the dairy laboratory of the Ural State Agrarian University.Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the milk of cows-daughters of different bulls-producers differs in chemical composition. In the milk of cows-daughters of bulls-producers Sayan and Cassio, the content of dry matter (DM), nonfat milk solids, protein, and milk sugar is higher. There was a significant superiority of these cows over their peers from other bulls in MJ in milk (Р ≤ 0.001). Milk obtained from cows-daughters of all bulls-producers corresponds to the highest grade. Differences in the technological properties of milk, namely in cheese suitability, were revealed, despite the fact that it was all attributed to the second type, the most suitable for the manufacture of cheeses.

Association of ?-lactoglobulin gene polymorphism with biochemical parameters of blood and qualitative composition of milk of Holstein cattle

The ?-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene, which is responsible for the biological value indicator that affects the ratio of protein fractions, the level composition and technological characteristics of milk presents of considerable interest for dairy cattle breeding. The purpose of our work was to identify the relationship with the polymorphism of the beta-lactoglobulin gene and the biochemical blood parameters and dairy productivity of Holstein cattle. This research was carried out in 2020-2021 on 148 Holstein cows in the Integrated Agricultural Production Centre “Stud farm named after Lenin” of Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. As an effect of the studies, it was shown that the animal herd is polymorphic in the ?-lactoglobulin gene. Population is represented by three genotypes: AA - 24.3, AB - 47.3 and BB - 28.4%. The frequency of occurrence of alleles A and B was 0.480 and 0.520, respectively. In group of animals with AB genotype of BLG gene in the blood serum was detected an increased content of indicators of protein metabolism (total protein, albumin, ALT) and the minimum level of urea. Cows whit BLG AB genotypes are characterized by an increased mass fraction fat and protein, MSNF (milk solids non-fat) and dry matter. This research was supported by FASO Russia project number: 122011800138-7.

Intermediate moisture date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) based dessert with natural sugars: Phytonutritional profile, characterization, sensory quality, and shelf‐life studies

AbstractThe present study aimed at preparing date‐based dessert in which milk solids were replaced by date paste at 50% to 70% levels to enhance the quality of formulated dessert. Developed formulations were found rich in natural sugars, bioactive constituents, and minerals which were further confirmed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The effect of storage on quality of selected product (50% date pulp and 50% milk solids) under room (25 ± 2°C) and refrigerated (4 ± 2°C) temperatures was studied. The moisture content, water activity, total and reducing sugars and bioactive constituents decreased significantly (p &lt; .05) while titratable acidity, free fatty acids, antioxidant activity, hardness of texture, and yeast and mold count increased with advancement of storage at both temperatures. Except moisture, the extent of quality changes was rapid during room temperature storage. Developed product was shelf stable up to 21 days under room temperature and up to 28 days under refrigeration conditions, respectively.Novelty impact statementThe developed date‐based dessert with enhanced functionality and shelf stability had improved mineral profile, bioactive constituents and antioxidant activity compared to control (traditional milk‐based dessert). Shelf life of the date‐based dessert increased manifolds (from 4 to 21 days) compared to control at room temperature. The developed nutritious date dessert can serve as a healthy sweet meal for people who cannot resist sweets after meals.

On the use on hydroxyapatite suspensions for the separation of milk fat globule membrane components from buttermilk

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which surrounds and stabilizes the fat globules, is released in buttermilk during cream churning. MFGM has many health benefits due to its composition rich in phospholipids and membrane proteins. Many techniques have been tried to separate the MFGM from the remaining milk solids non-fat, but they are challenging to carry out at an industrial scale. This research proposes a new approach to separating MFGM from buttermilk. This paper assessed the efficacy of hydroxyapatite (HA) cristal in interacting with MFGM isolates obtained from either raw or pasteurized cream. Different HA to MFGM ratios were used (10:1 and 20:1) to determine the impact of HA concentration on the adsorption. The results showed a very high affinity of the MFGM for HA and suggested the potential for its separation from buttermilk to improve its valorization.

Heat abatement during the pre-weaning period: effects on lying behavior and disbudding-related responses of male Holstein calves.

Strategies to abate heat stress are seldom adopted for pre-weaned dairy calves and little is known about their effects on behavior and pain sensitivity of youngstock. Our objectives were to determine the effects of heat stress abatement on lying behavior and disbudding-related pain sensitivity, wound healing, and change in intake. Male Holstein calves (n = 60; 0 to 68 d of age) were assigned randomly at birth (d 0) to 1 of 3 treatments: hutch outdoors with 50% of its area covered with plywood (control = 20), hutch in a barn with no cooling (SH = 21), and hutch in a barn with ceiling fans (SHF = 19). Calves were fitted with lying-behavior loggers on the hind leg from d 1 to 68. On d 32 ± 8 (±SD), we disbudded calves using hot iron, 30 min after cornual nerves were blocked with lidocaine. Immediately before (0 h), and at 1, 2, and 3 h after disbudding, we evaluated calves for mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) and head (ear flick, head shake, head rubbing) and somatic (tail flicking, foot stamping, restlessness) behaviors. On d 1, 3, 7, and 14 after disbudding, we evaluated the MNT and, on d 7 and 14, we evaluated wound healing (1 = crust, 5 = exudate). We calculated the relative change in milk solids and starter intake from d 0 to 6 relative to disbudding compared with the average of the 72 h preceding the procedure. The lying time was 0.6 h/d greater for the SHF treatment compared with the SH treatment. The control treatment resulted in 3.2 and 4.1 more lying bouts per day than the SH and SHF treatments, respectively; consequently, the control treatment resulted in lying-bout duration 7.7 and 10.9 min/event shorter than the SH and SHF treatments, respectively. We did not detect an effect of treatment on the number of disbudding-related head and somatic behaviors and MNT. The odds of calves having abnormal wound was 3.5 and 3.2 times greater for the control treatment compared with the SH and SHF treatments, respectively. We did not detect an effect of treatment on the relative change in intake of milk solids and starter. Heat abatement improves the welfare of pre-weaned dairy calves and may hasten healing.

Влияние концентратов сывороточных белков на технологические и органолептические показатели качества мороженого

The demand for protein-fortified foods is increasing, and so is the necessity of the complete utilization of milk constituents in the food industry. The research objective was to study various technological and sensory indicators of ice cream fortified with whey protein concentrate.&#x0D; The study featured ice cream samples with 8% of mass fraction of fat and 10% of nonfat milk solids with whey protein concentrations of 1–5 %. The dynamic viscosity was studied by rotational viscosimetry, dispersion – by microstructural methods, thermal stability – by thermostatic methods, and titratable acidity – by standard methods.&#x0D; Whey protein concentrate in amount of 1–5 % increased the titratable acidity by 1.05–1.90 times and the dynamic viscosity – by 1.16–2.90 times. With an extra addition of 4% whey protein concentrate, the viscosity of the mix exceeded the technologically permissible values. The consistency coefficient increased by 19.4 times, and the flow index decreased by 4.8 times. During freezing, the mix revealed the high capability to air saturation with mass fraction of melt whey protein concentrate of 1 and 2%. Thermal stability also increased: mass fraction of melt after 60 min of retention decreased by 3 times. After adding 1–3% whey protein concentrate, the dispersion of air bubbles and ice crystals improved. It was determined in accordance with the density of distribution by their sizes. The hardness of ice cream decreased 1.4–8.3 times as whey protein concentrate increased. A greater mass fraction of whey protein enhanced the creamy taste and improved the texture. &#x0D; Based on the main technological and sensory quality indicators, the mass fraction of whey protein concentrates should be under 3%. The results may be used in protein-fortified ice cream production.

Effect of sugar replacement with stevia on quality of vanilla flavoured cow milk set yoghurt

Stevia extracted from the leaf of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant is a natural alternative sweetener that has the potential to be used as a sugar replacer in sweetened dairy products. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of sugar replacement with stevia extract on the quality of vanilla flavoured cow milk set yoghurt. Cow milk was standardized to 3% fat and 12% milk solids non-fat. Commercially available pure stevia extract was used to replace the sugar (maintained at 8% in the control) at the rate of 0 (control), 25% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3) and 100% (T4) in cow milk set yoghurt. Yoghurt mixtures were separately heat treated (85°C/30 mins), cooled to inoculation temperature (42°C), inoculated with commercial yoghurt culture containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbruekii subsp. bulgaricus (1:1 ratio) and incubated till the pH reaches nearly 4.6. Set yoghurt samples were tested for chemical composition, organoleptic attributes, physicochemical and physical properties using standard procedures. Total calorie content was calculated per 100 g of yoghurt. Milk fermentation characteristics, water holding capacity and instrumental colour of yoghurt were not affected (p&gt;0.05) by the sugar replacement with stevia. Carbohydrate content showed a decrease while protein and ash showed an increasing trend with an increasing level of sugar replacement in yoghurt. A 100% sugar replacement with stevia resulted in a 16.83% reduction in the calorie content of yoghurt. Control, as well as 100% sugar replaced yoghurt, obtained higher sensory scores while in the other treatments a decreasing trend in the sensory score was observed with the increasing level of sugar replacement suggesting possible interaction of stevia compounds with sucrose. It can be concluded that the replacement of 100% sugar is possible with the commercially available stevia extract used in the current study for the production of vanilla flavoured set yoghurt.

PSI-20 Effect of Different Forage Allowances During the Middle and Final Thirds of Pregnancy in Nellore Dams Pregnant with Female Calves on Offspring Performance and Milk Yield

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of maternal nutrition, during the middle and final thirds of pregnancy of Nellore dams pregnant with female calves, on the milk yield of the dams and on the performance of the offspring from calving to weaning. The experiment lasted 390 days, divided into two phases: gestational phase (150 days - from June to November 2019) and nursing phase (240 days - from November/2019 to July/2020). Forty-two multiparous Nellore dams pregnant with female calves were used [initial BW of 425 ± 36 kg and body condition score (BCS) of 3.67 ± 0.23] in a randomized block design (blocked by BW), with the experimental unit being the paddock and six replicates per treatment. The treatments consisted in two forage allowances (FA) during pregnancy: low forage allowance (LFA; 2.80 kg DM/kg BW) and high forage allowance (HFA; 7.60 kg DM/kg BW). The dams were kept in an area composed of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and received a protein supplement (1 g/kg BW/day). In the suckling phase, all animals remained under the same conditions of pasture and supplementation (ad libitum mineral salt) until weaning. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED. Corrected milk yield (4% fat) and total milk fat and solids content were affected by the FA (P&amp;lt; 0.04), with the least values observed in the milk of animals subjected to LFA. female calves from dams subjected to LFA during pregnancy were 11 kg lighter (P=0.02) and showed adecreased average weight gain (-0.08 kg/day) at 120 days from calving (P=0.03), and also showed less rib-eye area (-3.10 cm²) at weaning (P =0.03). Dams subjected to LFA during pregnancy possibly went through nutritional restriction, which caused changes in milk yield and milk composition during nursing phase, implicating lower performance of the offspring until weaning.

Effects of rumen-native microbial feed supplementation on milk yield, composition, and feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two rumen-native microbial feed supplements (MFS) on milk production, milk composition, and feed efficiency. A total of 90 multiparous cows between 40 and 60 d in milk were enrolled in a randomized block design study. Within each block (baseline milk yield), cows were randomly assigned to: control (no microbial feed supplementation), MFS1 (0.33 g/kg total mixed ration [TMR] of an MFS containing a minimum of Clostridium beijerinckii at 2 × 106 CFU/g and Pichia kudriavzevii at 2 × 107 CFU/g), or MFS2 (0.33 g/kg TMR of a MFS containing a minimum of C. beijerinckii at 2 × 106 CFU/g, P. kudriavzevii at 2 × 107 CFU/g, Ruminococcus bovis at 2 × 107 CFU/g, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens at 2 × 107 CFU/g). Cows were housed in a single group and fed the study diets ad libitum for 270 d. Individual milk yield was recorded using electronic milk meters, and milk fat and protein were measured using optical in-line analyzers at each of two daily milkings. Treatment and treatment by time effects were assessed through multiple linear regression analyses. Treatment effects were observed for milk and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields, milk fat and protein yields and concentrations, dry matter intake (DMI), and feed efficiency; those effects were conditional to time for milk yield, DMI, and feed efficiency. Overall, milk, ECM, fat, and protein yields were higher for MFS2 compared with control cows (+3.0, 3.7, 0.12, and 0.12 kg/d, respectively). Compared with MFS1, milk yield was higher and protein yield tended to be higher for MFS2 cows (+2.9 and 0.09 kg/d, respectively). In contrast, MFS1 cows produced 0.17 and 0.08 units of percentage per day more fat and protein than MFS2 cows, and 0.07 units of percentage per day more protein than control cows. Dry matter intake and feed efficiency were higher for MFS2 cows compared with MFS1 cows (+1.3 kg/d and 0.06, respectively), and feed efficiency was higher for MFS2 cows compared with control cows (+0.04). Where observed, treatment by time effects suggest that the effects of MFS2 were more evident as time progressed after supplementation was initiated. No effects of microbial supplementation were observed on body weight, body condition score, somatic cell count, or clinical mastitis case incidence. In conclusion, the supplementation of MFS2 effectively improved economically important outcomes such as milk yield, solids, and feed efficiency.

Dairy goats fed sunflower hay intercropped with chickpea in small-scale systems. Part I: Animal performance

Background: Small-scale livestock systems provide quality food for a growing demand of animal protein worldwide. Although these systems help to improve rural living standards and reduce the environmental footprint new feeding strategies should be tested to improve animal productivity. Sunflower -which is native to México- and chickpea -also common in the study area- may be used as feed alternatives for dairy goats. Objective: To evaluate the effect of substituting corn straw with sunflower-chickpea hay on yield and nutrient composition of goat milk. Methods: In this participatory study, a total of 28 multiparous Saanen dairy goats were randomly assigned to two treatments (14 goats each) during a 30-day experiment in a small farm. Two weeks prior to the experiment all goats received an adaptation diet. One treatment (MZST) received a conventional diet of lucerne hay (200 g/goat/day) and concentrate (400 g/goat/day), plus 600 g/goat/day (50% of the ration) of corn straw. The second treatment (SFCPT) contained the same lucerne and concentrate content with 600 g/goat/day of sunflower-chickpea hay. Milk yield and composition, and live weight and body condition of the goats were recorded for each treatment. Results: SFCPT significantly increased milk yield, protein, and solids content, but no difference was observed in milk fat. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of goats with sunflower and chickpea hay increases milk production, protein, and total solids content compared with corn hay.