Solid Waste Collection Research Articles

Cost-Effectiveness of Decentralized Solid Waste Management Method as Compared to the Centralized Method Implemented Through Urban Local Government in Tirunelveli City, Tamil Nadu, India

Objective: To compare the cost-effectiveness of a newly introduced decentralized method with the existing centralized solid waste management (SWM) method in 2019 in Tirunelveli City, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to compare the costs for the two SWM methods using the bottom-up approach. We ascertained cost centers for the collection, transportation, and processing of solid waste for the two methods. We reviewed the records and collected data to estimate the costs and outputs (waste processed per capita) of the two SWM methods using data abstraction forms for each identified cost center. We calculated the cost and outcome of both methods and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results: The total cost for the decentralized method was ₹121 million (USD 1.72 million), and that of the centralized method was ₹222 million (USD 3.15 million). The cost per capita of SWM in one year was lesser for the decentralized (₹526) as compared to the centralized method (₹612). The cost per metric tonne (MT) of SWM in decentralized and centralized methods was ₹5595 and ₹4683, respectively. The ICER lies in the right lower quadrant (ICER: 1.2375), indicating that the decentralized method was cost-effective. Conclusion: Solid waste processing by the decentralized method is cost-effective as compared to the centralized processing method in terms of waste processed per capita. We recommend the civic bodies to adopt the decentralized method with sufficient allocation of resources for efficient SWM. Furthermore, this will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also have a positive impact on climate change mitigation.

AN ENGINEERED SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN SAMARU, ZARIA, NIGERIA

Solid waste includes all materials that are firm and stable in shape including semisolid materials that are no longer considered of sufficient value to be retained in a given setting. Solid waste generation rates and patterns within the study area were mapped out through GPS, Google route software, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, GPS, Route optimization software, measuring tape, Marker, Containers of equal volume, Record book, Calculator, and Stopwatch. Eleven sacks were used to collect solid waste from eleven different households daily within three months of the wet and dry seasons of the year. The highest average volume of solid waste generated per household per week in Samaru was in the dry season =0.25 m3. The dry season witnesses a substantial volume of 0.206 m³ for garbage organic materials, constituting 66.45% of the total composition. In the wet season, this volume remains significant at 0.104 m³, accounting for 61.18% of the total composition. The highest percentage of organic materials (garbage) during both seasons suggests a need for improved organic waste management. The minimum allowable capacity of the solid waste collection containers for the designed system is 10 m3 considering a minimum of two containers per city block

Radiation level over the Bishnumati River Bridges: A Study from Balaju to Teku in Kathmandu, Nepal

Background radiation is ubiquitous; it is obvious to be present on the bridges too. Furthermore, the bridges of the Bishnumati River lie near solid waste collection centers, garages, and some important religious sites like Shovabhagwati, Indrayani, Kankeswori, etc. The level of radiation exposure of 14 different bridges on the Bishnumati River from Balaju to Teku is measured using a professional Digital Geiger Counter GCA-07W. The 14 bridges consisting: of vehicle, bailey, and semi-suspension bridges are surveyed. It is found that the Shovabhagwati bridge has the highest annual effective dose rate of 1.025 ± 0.230 mSv/yr while the Nilbarahi bridge has the lowest annual effective dose rate of 0.696 ± 0.237 mSv/yr. The vehicle-cemented bridge has higher background radiation due to the material that is used in construction i.e., cement, iron rod, and other chemical. The average annual effective dose is 0.906 ± 0.230 mSv/yr which lies below the recommended dose by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). No harmful radiation is found between Balaju to Teku, the bridge over the Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Research on households’ willingness to pay for the options of price calculation of household solid waste management services in Hanoi

This study used the contingent valuation method (CVM) to investigate and analyse the current status of household solid waste management and evaluate people’s consensus and willingness to pay (WTP) for household solid waste collection, transportation, and treatment services among urban, rural, and mountainous areas in Hanoi. It also utilised regression analysis to assess factors affecting people’s WTP. The study surveyed a sample size of 405 households. To ensure a basis for comparison among urban, rural, and mountainous areas, the study distributed and conducted an equal number of 135 surveys in each area through random sampling. The research results indicate that the average household solid waste in Hanoi is highest in urban areas at 1.27 kg/household/day, followed by rural areas at 1.21 kg/household/day, and mountainous areas at 1.067 kg/household/day. However, most household solid waste has not been classified at the source. Regarding WTP for household solid waste collection, transportation, and treatment services, the results show that 85% of urban households agreed to pay higher than the proposed price, with an average WTP of 1,136 VND/kg. In rural households, 47% agreed to pay 778.96 VND/kg, and 11% of mountainous households agreed to pay an average of 673.04 VND/kg. These insights can guide tailored waste management pricing strategies across diverse urban and rural settings.

Water and Sanitation Practices and performance of Bomet Water and Sanitation Company in Bomet County, Kenya

Water and sanitation provision practices are established with the intention to enhance performance, provision on clean water and enhanced sanitation services. However, globally, not all Water & Sanitation Companies are able to achieve their core mandate of provision of adequate clean water and sanitation services. All Water and Sanitation Companies adopt water and sanitation practices however the extent to which they affect performance of water and sanitation companies is has attracted divergent views while other scholar found a negative affect others found a positive effect and hence a dilemma exist as to what is the exact effect of water and sanitation practices on the performance of water and sanitation companies. At Bomet Water and Sanitation Company in Bomet County, very few studies exist that have been conducted on the subject matter and yet its performance is not optimal and the hence the reason as to why this study was conducted at the Water and Sanitation Company. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of water and sanitation practices on performance of Bomet Water and Sanitation Company in Bomet County, Kenya. Specific objectives of the study were to establish how resources influences performance of Bomet Water and Sanitation Company, to find out the extent to which stakeholder engagement effects performance of Bomet Water and Sanitation Company, to determine the effects of governance on the performance of Bomet Water and Sanitation Company and to examine the influence of information communication technology on the performance of Bomet Water and Sanitation Company. Theories adopted were; Resource Based View Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Stewardship Theory, Systems Theory and Balance scorecard Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted 170 respondents drawn from commercial, technical and administration department. The sample size was 34 staffs selected using stratified random sampling technique. A pilot study was conducted to test the effectiveness and reliability of the research tool. The study used both primary and secondary data sources. Data was analyzed using quantitative approach which involved the use of descriptive statistics that entailed percentages, frequency, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistic adopted was regression analysis was used to establish existing relationships between water and sanitation provision practices and performance of Bomet Water and Sanitation Company. Results were as follows; resources had a positive and significant effect on performance of BOMWASCO of (β=-0.229, p < 0.05). Stakeholder engagement had a positive and significant effect on performance of BOMWASCO (β=0.231, p < 0.05). Governance had a positive and significant effect on performance of BOMWASCO (β=0.451, p < 0.05). ICT had a positive and significant effect on performance of BOMWASCO (β=0.343, p < 0.05). The study concluded that resources, stakeholder engagement, governance and ICT have a positive and significant effect on performance of BOMWASCO. The study recommended that physical resources should used sufficiently and correctly to enhance equitable water supply all residents. The community should continue to be engaged in all water supply and solid waste collection practices in the County. BOMWASCO board structure should effectively represent diverse stakeholder interests. Current software solutions should continue being used in a manner that effectively meets organizational needs and requirements. The study recommends further studies should be conducted on Water and sanitation practices and performance of other water and sanitation companies in Kenya.

Intelligent Systems for Managing and Monitoring the Collection, Sorting, and Transportation of Solid Waste for Processing

Intelligent Systems for Managing and Monitoring the Collection, Sorting, and Transportation of Solid Waste for Processing

NATURE AND EFFECT OF WASTE GENERATED IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

The problem of indiscriminate waste disposal dates back to the earliest urban settlements in human society. The trend has been on the increase across many societies including Nigeria. This paper examined the nature and effect of waste generated in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study adopted the Reasoned Action Theory to explain the nature of waste generated in the study area. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the study. A sample of400 respondents was drawn through simple random, systematic sampling, clustered and purposive sampling techniques in the selection of Local Government Areas, electoral wards, towns/villages, main streets, houses, households and individuals. Primary data were generated through the use of questionnaire and in-depth interview. The questionnaire copies were analysed quantitatively using simple percentage while test frequency tables, mean and in-depth interview were unbundled using content analysis. The findings revealed that decomposed food items, empty sachet water packs and water bottles, empty engine oil gallons, used and unused drinking straw, sachets of all kinds, biscuit, condemned zincs and building materials were the solid wastes indiscriminately disposed in the study area. The study recommends that the Nasarawa State Waste Management Board should intensify the collection of solid wastes from the doorsteps of residents for appropriate recycling to mitigate the associated health and environmental hazards associated with the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the study area.

Operations and Patronage of Private Waste Contractors Initiative of Solid Waste Collection in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Operations and Patronage of Private Waste Contractors Initiative of Solid Waste Collection in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Analisis Produktivitas Alat Berat dalam Pengelolaan Sampah di Kecamatan Sukarami Kota Palembang

In Indonesia, solid waste has become a problem for municipalities, which could result in hygienic and aesthetically unpleasant issues. The high rate of population growth will have an impact on waste generation since it will change the needs and lifestyles of city dwellers. The collection, transportation, and final disposal of urban solid waste (TPA) require suitable facilities and infrastructure, particularly hefty equipment. Heavy equipment, specifically waste trucks, and heavy digging equipment, plays a significant part in supporting waste management activities. In particular, the Palembang City region is covered in this study's discussion of the productivity of heavy machinery used in waste management, which might begin with the collecting system, transportation system, and heavy equipment employed at the landfill. The study was conducted in Palembang City's Sukarami District, and data was collected by surveying and observing the current condition of the heavy equipment that was already in place, namely in terms of cycle time variables and the volume of waste that was served. The findings of the study indicate that direct communal and direct individual patterns characterize the region's waste-collecting practices. Dump trucks, which are used to transport waste, had a productivity range of 609.98 to 1266.13 kilograms per hour, while bulldozers and excavators had a range of 759.42 to 1166.17 kilograms per hour. This heavy equipment repair recommendation is targeted at bulldozers and excavators since a field investigation reveals that there are now only 2 pieces of bulldozer heavy equipment and 1 unit of excavator heavy equipment available.

Exploring Household Composting as an Effective Solution for Urban Waste Management

Organic wastes are generated from many sources’ compiles, solid waste, food, kitchens wastes, etc. Disposal of solid waste is stinging and widespread problem in both urban and rural areas in many developed and developing countries. Collection and disposal of solid waste is one of the major problems of urban environment in most countries worldwide today. Improper Solid Waste Management causes many environmental problems. Traditional composting methods have been common practices in many rural/sub urban areas and requires more time for complete degradation. Traditional method requires large sites for disposal, which nowadays is not possible, as limited spaces are available in the cities. So, here comes the need to find new techniques such as Home Composting. The research focuses on understanding the effectiveness of household composting as a waste management technique for household garbage. Household composting is an attractive method in which small bins can be used as an alternative to composting sites to a small scale. This technique helps to decompose the organic matter in lesser time than the traditional methods. Addition of compost accelerators in the bins increases the decomposition rate. Simply by home composting, the quantity of waste can be reduced. Key Words: Solid Waste Management, Composting, Compost Accelerators, Home Composting, Household Garbage

Assessing the current status, classification, collection, and transportation of domestic solid waste in Hai Hau district, Nam Dinh province

The article presents the current status, classification, collection, and transportation of domestic solid waste in Hai Hau district, Nam Dinh province. The research results show that the volume of domestic solid waste generated in Hai Hau district, Nam Dinh province is 147.468 tons/day and the average generation coefficient is 0.53 kg/person/day. The main source of waste generation is the daily activities of households, markets, and commercial centres... The composition of domestic solid waste includes organic matter (about 74.64%), recyclable inorganic matter (about 14.32%), non-recyclable inorganic matter (about 10.36%), and a small amount of hazardous solid waste (about 0.68%). Regarding the classification of domestic solid waste at source, people are aware and have classified it themselves but still do not fully understand the meaning and benefit of classifying solid waste at source. Regarding collection and transportation, people actively participate in the environmental cleaning programs, apply solutions to minimise domestic solid waste, and coordinate with the unit in charge of collecting and transporting domestic solid waste. The amount of domestic solid waste generated by 2030 is forecasted to be 156,144 tons/day, equivalent to 56,992.62 tons/year.

Assessment of the Status of the Existing Solid Waste Collection, Transportation Disposal and Treatment Practices in Soroti District, Uganda

Municipal solid waste management has emerged as a significant concern in numerous regions, particularly with the escalating volume of waste generated daily due to population growth. This environmental issue is particularly acute in developing economies like Uganda. Consequently, a study was undertaken to assess the state of existing practices regarding solid waste collection, transportation, disposal, and treatment in Soroti District. Employing a cross-sectional survey design, data was gathered from 314 individuals, including employees, councilors, traders, and household members. Questionnaires, interviews, and observations were utilized for data collection, with informants selected through simple random and purposeful approaches. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed to analyze the data and formulate frequency percentage tables. The investigation revealed a myriad of challenges concerning solid waste management planning and organization. In Soroti Municipality, various methods are employed for collecting, transporting, and disposing of solid waste in designated sites. The study determined that private individuals and businesses operating within the municipality are primarily responsible for solid waste disposal, typically utilizing bags for collection. However, these methods were found to be largely inadequate in addressing current challenges, underscoring the necessity for improved and innovative waste management and monitoring strategies in Soroti, Uganda. Such measures are crucial for preventing disease outbreaks and associated public health issues. Keywords: Soroti Municipality, Solid waste, Population, Transportation, Disposal, Collection.

A comparative study on the selection of the most suitable route for the collection and transportation of municipal solid waste

Worldwide, approximately US$410 billion is spent annually on the management of four billion tons of domestic solid waste (MSW). The transportation cost alone accounts for more than 50% of the total expenditure on solid waste management. This cost constitutes approximately 85% of the collection and transportation cost. 54.4% of environmental protection expenditures cover waste services. The population of the Barış neighborhood in the Kayapınar district of Diyarbakır, which is the subject of this study, is 23 581 according to the 2020 TUIK data. The average amount of waste produced per person in a month is 7.6 kg/person. In the results of these statistics, it has been seen that the investment costs in the transportation of wastes are increasing day by day. In this study, the performance of ant colony and genetic algorithms, which are among the artificial intelligence techniques, and route optimization using GIS (geographic information system) software were tried to be achieved to solve the GSP (traveling salesman problem), which is included in the route planning problems. The results of the study showed that savings were achieved with an improvement of 15.1576% in GIS, 29.8104% in GA (Genetic algorithm) and 40.5171% in ACS (Ant Colony System) compared to real life. As a result of the application, it has been observed that the ant colony algorithm is superior to the Genetic algorithm and GIS, as it draws a shorter route in terms of distance and obtains a better result in terms of improvement rate.

Exploring waste reduction approaches in the architectural design stage of university buildings in the United States

Determining construction and demolition (C&D) waste reduction approaches in the architectural design stage is critical since this waste can be reduced by design decisions. Additionally, adding space and equipment which allow collection, recycling, and storage of solid waste at the usage phase of buildings are important in terms of design decisions. An online survey concerning design decisions of university buildings was conducted among United States (US) higher education institutions. Responses for 74 building projects from 71 universities were collected, analysed descriptively (i.e. percentages), and inferentially (i.e. correlations). Responses in some categories were aggregated to determine the total environment scores of the universities. The highest possible environmental score was determined as 8. While the score of 12 universities was 7, the score of three universities was 0. Of the participants, 85% stated that their University required architect to include specific design features for solid waste management (SWM) in the building; 89% stated that the University asked to use greener materials; 78% stated that the University asked to use longer-lasting building products. A set of recommendations and suggestions were provided to deal with the C&D and solid waste issue arising from university buildings.

Spread of antibiotic-resistant actinobacteria in soils exposed to various types of anthropogenic impact

The work investigated the spectra of resistance to a certain set of antibiotics and the frequency of occurrence of resistant strains among typical soil bacteria – actinomycetes. Equal samples of isolates from sod-podzolic soil were used, selected at sites typifying various types of economic activity, namely: the production areas of a plywood factory and a chemical plant, the territory of a medical institution, and a solid waste collection and storage site. A total of 58 isolates with features characteristic of actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces of the sections Cinereus, Helvolo-Flavus and Albus were obtained. It has been established that various types of economic activity lead to specific changes in the antibiotic resistance, which characterizes the soil of a natural grass-grass meadow (back-ground). Isolates with resistance to nalidixic acid, amoxicillin and ceftriaxone were found in the sample taken on the territory of the chemical plant more often than in the soil of the background site. The proportion of strains resistant to nalidixic acid, lincomycin and azithromycin was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the soil samples taken at the MSW collection site and the territory of the medical institution, while those resistant to nalidixic acid and amoxicillin were in the sample from the plywood factory Groups of antibiotics (quinolones – nalidixic acid, and β-lactams – amoxicillin and ceftriaxone) were identified, the resistance to which in streptomyces isolates from soils involved in economic activity was significantly higher than in soil isolates from the background territory. The data obtained in the work indicate the need to monitor the spread of antibiotic resistance in soils that are not only at risk of accumulation of residual concentrations of antibiotics, but also other consequences of anthropogenic influences.

Optimizing Indonesian municipal solid waste collection scenarios: integration of multi-objective search simulation and social cost–benefit analysis

Optimizing Indonesian municipal solid waste collection scenarios: integration of multi-objective search simulation and social cost–benefit analysis

Solid waste management challenges and solutions: The case of the city of Khouribga (Morocco)

In Morocco, like in many developing countries, the management of solid waste, especially household solid waste, is a major concern. It is estimated that each person generates an average of 0.67 kilograms of urban waste per day, while in rural areas, this figure is 0.3 kilograms per day. The collection of urban solid waste is regular and almost daily, reaching approximately 5.5 million metric tons per year. The management of household waste is a major concern for all urban communities. The city of Khouribga, like many other Moroccan cities, faces various environmental challenges such as air pollution, waste management, and preservation of natural resources. In order to address these issues, it is essential to gather accurate and comprehensive information to develop effective and sustainable strategies. In this context, efforts are being made to optimize and improve the collection of household solid waste in the urban municipality of Khouribga. This study has revealed the existence of technical and social constraints that hinder the smooth operation of the current solid waste collection in this city. Therefore, the mobilization of the municipality, service providers, and the population is necessary to overcome these challenges.

Characteristics and mechanism of slagging in a 500 t/d MSW incinerator

With the promotion of classified collection of municipal solid waste (MSW), the heating value of waste sent to incinerators has significantly increased, which affects slagging and ash deposition. Thoroughly studying the slag characteristics in incinerators is important for determining its formation conditions and processes. In this study, slag samples from the furnace and superheaters of a 500 t/d incinerator were comprehensively studied. The slag characteristics were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and field-emission high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the chemical thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were carried out using FactSage; and the melting kinetics were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that under the high-temperature environment of the furnace, CaO and Fe2O3/MgO/Al2O3 react with SiO2 to form low-melting-point eutectic crystals, which are in a molten or semi-molten state and easily adhere to the inner wall of the furnace to form slag that is difficult to remove. CaSO4 does not melt in the furnace but moves with the flue gas and is mainly deposited on the surfaces of the third- and second-stage superheaters. Na2SO4 and K3Na(SO4)2 are in a gaseous state under high-temperature conditions in the furnace, and then transform into a liquid or solid state and condense on the surface of the superheaters. The ash melting process in the furnace can be described using zero-order kinetics. These research results provide a theoretical foundation for the detailed prediction of slagging and ash deposition in waste incinerators.

Optimizing municipal solid waste collection vehicle routing with a priority on infectious waste in a mountainous city landscape context

The growth of the economy, urban sprawl, and population expansion precipitate a substantial increase in solid waste generation, particularly in vital regions like the capital area and economically significant cities, including renowned tourist destinations. Furthermore, the protracted spread of the COVID-19 virus has led to a notable increase in the quantity of infectious waste. In this regard, the safe and effective management of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and transportation emerges as a major concern in MSW management. This paper aims to determine routes for waste collection, both infectious and noninfectious, from waste collection points to diverse waste disposal sites in the mountainous Khao Kho district of Phetchabun province, located in northern Thailand, with the objective of minimizing total fuel consumption and service time. Fuel consumption is contingent upon both the distance traveled and the prevailing condition of the road. The road condition exerts an influence on the vehicle's speed, thereby directly impacting fuel efficiency. In the context of service time, priority is assigned to collection points with substantial quantities of infectious waste, given the imperative to promptly dispose of such waste to mitigate the risk of transmission. In this paper, a mixed-integer programming model and three modified differential evolution (MDE) algorithms were developed to solve the problem. The computational results reveal that the MDE outperformed the traditional DE and is effective for the MSW transportation management system.

Household solid waste management systems in Ukraine taking into account European experience

The article defines that the solid household waste management system is a complex of organizational, technical, economic and social measures aimed at effective collection, sorting, transportation, utilization and processing of solid household waste. An effective solid waste management system helps to ensure sustainable development, reduce the negative impact on the environment and promotes the use of waste as a resource for new products or energy. The article presents the experience of Germany, Sweden and Poland in the field of solid waste management. The peculiarities of such management are described for each of the countries. It has been established that the organization of the solid household waste management system in European countries differs in a number of features, which are determined by environmental standards, social values and strategies of sustainable development, which are aimed at solving problems related to the generation, storage, processing and utilization of waste. We propose directions for improving the solid waste management system in Ukraine, namely: development and implementation of sorting systems in households (will allow more efficient use of resources and ensure their further processing); introduction of extended producer responsibility; increasing the number and development of modern facilities for the processing and secondary processing of solid household waste; attraction of investments for the introduction of the latest technologies in the processing of solid household waste; implementation of effective incentive systems for enterprises engaged in secondary processing of solid household waste; implementation of modern technologies for tracking the volume of solid household waste, its composition and transportation routes; creation of digital platforms for information exchange between waste management, enterprises and citizens; development of programs and educational activities to increase environmental awareness of the community and their active participation in the solid waste management system; revision and improvement of legislation to meet modern environmental requirements; introduction of effective fines and incentives for enterprises and citizens that comply with or violate solid waste management requirements. Improving the solid waste management system in Ukraine can be achieved with the participation of state bodies, the business sector and the public, relying on the best experience of the European Union and other countries.