Solid Waste Management Activities Research Articles

A baseline scenario of municipal solid waste management

The baseline scenarios of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) activities that will expose the specific challenges militating against sustainable waste management in many developing countries, are not properly documented or not understood. This paper established a baseline scenario of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Ghana, through material flow analysis and understanding of MSW handling practices, using the Wa Municipality as a case study. The study was theoretically based on empirical observation and an exploratory design. The findings showed that sustainable waste management has remained elusive because MSWM in the case study area and Ghana in general, consist of some waste collection, transportation and open dumping, where the entire amount of waste is open dumped without pre-treatment. The sorting of waste at the generation sources, and the provision of adequate MSWM infrastructure, through an integrated solid waste management system can ensure sustainable waste management in the country.

Analisis Reduksi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Dari Pengelolaan Sampah Padat Di Kecamatan Marabahan Kabupaten Barito Kuala Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan

This study analyzes the level and status of greenhouse gas emissions or removals from solid waste management activities in Marabahan Subdistrict, Formulates an action plan for solid waste management that is low in Greenhouse Gas emissions in Marabahan Subdistrict and Projects the level and status of emissions or Greenhouse Gas absorption from waste management solid in Marabahan District until 2030, according to the 2006 IPCC BAU scenario and mitigation actions. The waste sector greenhouse gas emissions inventory results in 2016 reached 5.16 Gg CO2-eq. However, due to improvements in domestic waste management, the 2016 greenhouse gas emissions rate was reduced by 11.1% compared to the BAU scenario. In 2016, waste sector greenhouse gas emissions in the BAU scenario are projected to reach 10.61 Gg CO2-eq, and will continue to grow until 2020 to 11.14 Gg CO2-eq, and in 2030 to 12.64 Gg CO2-eq. In Action Mitigation I waste management is carried out in the community by implementing methane recovery in the waste banks and TPS 3R. In Action Mitigation II, waste management is carried out at the Final Processing Site (TPA) carried out by the local government to handle it. When compared to the BAU scenario, the design of mitigation actions I and II in the context of reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulted in a decrease of 35.2%, 59.5% and 98.3% in 2013, 2020 and 2030.

Systems analysis of municipal solid waste management and recycling system in east Africa: benchmarking performance in Kigali city, Rwanda

This study assessed the current status of solid waste management (SWM) in the City of Kigali (CoK), the capital city of Rwanda. This assessment was done using systems analysis methodology of “wasteaware” benchmark indicators for integrated sustainable waste management in cities. This method of assessing helps to assess the Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in a city according to its physical components and governance features. Data were collected during a 6-month period from May to October 2017, but verification took other four months (Up to February 2018). Data were obtained from official reports, legal documents, and interviews with key personnel and operators and also from official and unofficial dumpsites visits. In CoK, approximately 232,870 tons of MSW is generated per year, MSW collection and transportation is done by private companies but the only dumpsite present in Kigali is fully controlled by the City of Kigali. Residents pay waste collectors according to their social classes and their locations. There is no official recycling system; recycling activities are informally performed by private companies and some wastes, like plastic bottles, are taken to Uganda and Tanzania to be recycled. This study found that the recycling rate was 10% contrarily to the 2% which is recorded by official sources. This study has contributed by filling the gap in literature on waste management for the city of Kigali and it recommends that the Government represented by the CoK should do more in terms of investing in SWM and creating a relationship between private waste collectors and local communities, and the private sector should be mobilized to invest in SWM activities.

Introduction of the circular economy within developing regions: A comparative analysis of advantages and opportunities for waste valorization

The introduction of effective solid waste management strategies in developing countries should be considered for improving sustainability at global level. Many barriers should be overcome, concerning the introduction of environmental policies, effective investments, social inclusion and public awareness, which are significant issues in low-middle income countries. The Circular Economy could represent the answer for improving current solid waste management activities worldwide, since denote the principle of waste valorization and recycling for boosting developing economies. This paper is focused on this theme, analyzing main opportunities for improving the current state of solid waste management in developing big cities. The solid waste management of two countries are reviewed: Romania is the emerging country where Circular Economy is becoming a future objective due to economic aids and strength regulations which the European Union (EU) established for the nations forming parts the alliance; as a comparison, Bolivia is reported for evaluating main differences founded for developing recycling systems in a no-EU country. These two case studies could be of interest for highlighting main pros and cons of the participation into a wide organization like the EU for introducing in short terms Circular Economy principles. Moreover, a theoretical Circular Economy model for developing big cities in low-middle income countries is described within the study for effectively comparing which chances can spread for these countries as regard municipal solid waste exploitation. Despite the economic level, Romania and Bolivia are both facing with many solid waste management issues although in different magnitude. For the Romanian case study, it is visible how it cannot achieve the European goals for 2020 due the need of change in public recycling behavior. Bolivia, instead, represents the case where international aids and new investments are required, considering the informal sector into the formal management system as a real opportunity for improving local recycling rate. In conclusion, the comparison suggests how external supports led to implement the principles of the Circular Economy within a developing region. The model of Circular Economy proposed is recommended for developing big cities in order to advance a new form of safe employment, encouraging the activities that are still in action (i.e. informal sector) and boosting the principles of sustainable development.

Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy Applied As a Tool to Enhance an University Campus Waste Management

The aim of this work is to discuss the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy potential to enhance Brazilian universities waste management by analyzing the University of São Paulo, Campus of São context in accordance with the national policy requirements. Universities in Brazil lack a legal instrument to strengthen its waste management, which brings this paper innovation by applying the Brazilian waste policy as a standardization instrument to adapt waste management at Brazilian higher education institutions. The research used a descriptive and qualitative approach, data were collected from literature review, university documents and semi structured interviews, a case study approach is used to analyze the campus solid waste management activities, procedures and operations inherent the. The main findings conclude that University of São Paulo waste policy is being deployed, based on Brazilian Solid Waste National Policy requirements, confirming it translation into a potential framework tool to support decision making for adequacy of environmentally sound management of Brazilian. Further studies are required ex-post the policy enactment to assess the impacts of the waste policy at the university impacts.

Locating the role of urbanites in solid waste management in Ghana

Conventional wisdom views municipal solid waste management (MSWM) as the responsibility of government or city authorities in Ghana and many African countries with urbanites (i.e. urban residents) always calling on government to deliver them from the problem. Overwhelmed with the scale of the problem, city authorities frequently seek public-private partnerships with firms (both local and international) to address the problem. While city authorities’ efforts maybe praiseworthy, the problem seems intractable. Using a case study from Berekum municipality in Ghana, this paper demonstrates how a lack of attention to the role of urbanites in MSWM has contributed to poor state of solid waste management (SWM). It presents a situational analysis of MSWM, and perceptions and roles of urbanites in the MSWM. Using agency interviews and household surveys, findings indicate that the state of MSWM reflects the indescribable condition of filth across many African countries. Although household respondents expressed willingness to actively participate in MSWM (e.g., provision of logistics, supervision of SWM activities etc.), they are not involved by the government agencies who consider MSWM as government’s responsibility. Unfortunately, the political economy of awarding SWM contracts to political party supporters and financiers have contributed to poor SWM. As a consequence, some households are gradually becoming apathetic to MSWM issues due to their non-involvement. Policy recommendations to improve MSWM are proffered.

Sustainable Solid Waste Management System: Barangay Bayog, Los Baños, Laguna

The study analyzed how Barangay Bayog, Los Baños, Laguna can attain a sustainable solid waste management program. Specifically, it determined how the communities can be classified according to social class and examined how the different social classes can implement a sustainable solid waste management program. The study concludes that the behavior of the different social classes varies in terms of managing their waste. The current solid waste management system of Barangay Bayog undergoes a long process and produces an enormous amount of solid waste. Such current practices are unsustainable. The Barangay does not have the necessary policy program to enhance the sustainability of solid waste management. The study recommends that the barangay captain together with other officials and representatives from the different social classes should convene and discuss several issues with regards to different policy programs that need to be implemented in the Barangay. These include preparation of Barangay strategic solid waste management plan, organization of Barangay solid waste management team and association of classes D and E, putting up a material recovery facility, and development of appropriate technology to reduce waste. Technical and financial assistance can also be secured from the Los Baños Science Community Foundation, Inc. (LBSCFI) members. There should be Information-Education Campaign (IEC) activities and a regular barangay clean-up day, and rehabilitation of rivers to encourage participation. Monitoring and evaluation of the solid waste management activities should be done to provide continuity of the program.

Measuring the effect of environmental education for sustainable development at elementary schools: A case study in Da Nang city, Vietnam

Abstract This study provides a detailed description of the environmental education of elementary school students in Da Nang city, Vietnam. In January 2014, the study surveyed 247 students in two elementary schools. An evaluation of the students' knowledge of solid waste management was conducted. Students had basic knowledge about the environment, but their knowledge was limited with regard to solid waste management. In February 2015, an environmental education workshop was conducted for the students. The result showed that 96% of the students were interested in solid waste management activities. In addition, the study found that there were changes in the students' knowledge before and after environmental education activities. Before the activity 29% of the students said that they knew about eco-bags, and 55% of the students said that they knew “that plastic bags are difficult to decompose naturally.” After environmental education 87% of the students answered that they knew about eco-bags, and 71% of the students said that they knew “that plastic bags are difficult to decompose naturally.” Given these results, this study was successful in increasing students' knowledge about solid waste management.

THE RUKUN WARGA-BASED 3RS AND WASTE BANK AS SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Communities store a potential power to support overall performance of urban solid waste management through various creative and innovative arrangements. In Indonesia, the Rukun Warga (RW) is the lowest hierarchy of community organizational system which can implement creative and innovative arrangements to support solid waste management activities with less financial requirement. This study observed RW-based activity on fifty RWs with 412 respondents in terms of 3Rs, household waste separation, waste recycling business and waste bank system undertaken by the community for the sake of cleanliness and income-earning. The result shows that the correlation between level of the activity of the RWs communities in undertaking 3Rs, recycling business and waste bank, and the perceived cleanliness by the community members was validated. It is also showed positive results such as improved urban environment and provided strong push-factor influencing the community members to join the movement and the activities towards sustainable solid waste management are not always cost-intensive activities but a socially bounded engagement would also workable.

THE RUKUN WARGA-BASED 3RS AND WASTE BANK AS SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Communities store a potential power to support overall performance of urban solid waste management through various creative and innovative arrangements. In Indonesia, the Rukun Warga (RW) is the lowest hierarchy of community organizational system which can implement creative and innovative arrangements to support solid waste management activities with less financial requirement. This study observed RW-based activity on fifty RWs with 412 respondents in terms of 3Rs, household waste separation, waste recycling business and waste bank system undertaken by the community for the sake of cleanliness and income-earning. The result shows that the correlation between level of the activity of the RWs communities in undertaking 3Rs, recycling business and waste bank, and the perceived cleanliness by the community members was validated. It is also showed positive results such as improved urban environment and provided strong push-factor influencing the community members to join the movement and the activities towards sustainable solid waste management are not always cost-intensive activities but a socially bounded engagement would also workable.

A systematic critical review of epidemiological studies on public health concerns of municipal solid waste handling.

The ultimate aim of this review was to summarise the epidemiological evidence on the association between municipal solid waste management operations and health risks to populations residing near landfills and incinerators, waste workers and recyclers. To accomplish this, the sub-aims of this review article were to (1) examine the health risks posed by municipal solid waste management activities, (2) determine the strengths and gaps of available literature on health risks from municipal waste management operations and (3) suggest possible research needs for future studies. The article reviewed epidemiological literature on public health concerns of municipal solid waste handling published in the period 1995-2014. The PubMed and MEDLINE computerised literature searches were employed to identify the relevant papers using the keywords solid waste, waste management, health risks, recycling, landfills and incinerators. Additionally, all references of potential papers were examined to determine more articles that met the inclusion criteria. A total of 379 papers were identified, but after intensive screening only 72 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Of these studies, 33 were on adverse health effects in communities living near waste dumpsites or incinerators, 24 on municipal solid waste workers and 15 on informal waste recyclers. Reviewed studies were unable to demonstrate a causal or non-causal relationship due to various limitations. In light of the above findings, our review concludes that overall epidemiological evidence in reviewed articles is inadequate mainly due to methodological limitations and future research needs to develop tools capable of demonstrating causal or non-causal relationships between specific waste management operations and adverse health endpoints.

Risks and Impacts of Children's Engagement in Solid Waste Management Activities in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

There are a number of international conventions and national legislations in response to child labor. However, children are being vulnerable to different work related risks. The risks and impacts of child labor can be determined by the age of child, the type and hours of work performed and the condition under which it is performed. To explore these issues, this study was conducted on children aged 5-14 years who were engaged in solid waste management activities in Hawassa City Administration. The objective was to explore the risks and impacts of children's engagement in solid waste management activities. A survey method, which is supplemented by ethnographic qualitative research, was applied to explore children work risks and impacts through the use of tools such as focus group discussion, key informant interview and observation.

Reverse logistics in plastics subsector: main facilitators and barriers

<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent">Industrial solid waste (ISW) is increasing in both quantity and complexity and it is a priority to establish strategies to manage it. Reverse Logistics (RL) is a strategy that enables material recovery and reuse avoiding the damage that ISW may cause; also RL organizes solid waste management activities and supports other activities such as ISW trading. Most of the research linking ISW and RL in developed countries is related to the electronics subsector because of the negative effects on the environment; however, research oriented towards plastics subsector waste is lower. This is the case in Colombia where the plastics subsector is composed mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) facing diverse constraints for their operation. Main facilitators and barriers that face SMEs in the Colombian plastics subsector to undertake RL programs were identified. An exploratory study was carried out in which business managers assessed the facilitators and barriers identified in the literature. The results showed that the availability of skilled people to perform RL activities is one of the most important internal facilitators and the lack of secondary markets for recovered materials is among the external barriers. The findings contribute to the body of knowledge in the field that is still maturing in Colombia.</p>

Sustainable solid waste management practices and perceived cleanliness in a low income city

Waste reduction and waste separation are two preferred practices in sustainable solid waste management (SSWM). These two methods are seemingly impossible to implement without high awareness within the communities as well as a strong commitment and support from the city authorities. Despite the limited extent of these practices, this study attempts to analyze the current SSWM practices in Makassar City, Indonesia. The SSWM practices focused on waste separation and waste recycling. Assessing waste separation and recycling practices were carried out by field observations, focus group discussions, interviews with the actors, and a questionnaire survey. To avoid significant bias in the responses on perceived cleanliness of the city, we classified the respondents into three groups. Group 1 consists of all eligible members of local communities involved in daily solid waste management activities – common households. Group 2 consists of those actively involved in waste separation activities – SSWM households. Group 3 was composed of those institutionally responsible for conducting solid waste management. The primary result of this study shows that the presence of community practices on waste reduction and waste separation was strongly correlated to a sense of cleanliness in the community. This result implicitly indicates that by a using positive environmental image and performance within a locality, the community can become enthusiastically involved and push for sustainable SWM practices.

An interval-based regret-analysis method for identifying long-term municipal solid waste management policy under uncertainty

In this study, an interval-based regret-analysis (IBRA) model is developed for supporting long-term planning of municipal solid waste (MSW) management activities in the City of Changchun, the capital of Jilin Province, China. The developed IBRA model incorporates approaches of interval–parameter programming (IPP) and minimax–regret (MMR) analysis within an integer programming framework, such that uncertainties expressed as both interval values and random variables can be reflected. The IBRA can account for economic consequences under all possible scenarios associated with different system costs and risk levels without making assumptions on probabilistic distributions for random variables. A regret matrix with interval elements is generated based on a matrix of interval system costs, such that desired decision alternatives can be identified according to the interval minimax regret (IMMR) criterion. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated. They can help decision makers identify the desired alternatives regarding long-term MSW management with a compromise between minimized system cost and minimized system-failure risk.

ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KOSOFE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE

Solid waste is a significant and growing problem in many urban areas of the Developing world. Current systems of waste management in most developing country cities are very rudimentary at best and are grossly inefficient and effective. Uncontrolled landfill disposal of solid waste is a pervasive problem which causes a range of external costs, including human health hazards. This research analyzes the solid waste management and its problems in Lagos. The research makes use of both structured questionnaire survey to the state of solid waste management activities as well as the challenges while published data from Lagos state waste management Agency as well as other published documents were used to supplement the primary data sources . It is concluded that the most fundamental requirement is an integrated regulatory framework and supporting institutions. Once this framework is established then the problems of waste management will be reduced to the minimal level.

Evaluating financial aspects of municipal solid waste management in Mysore City, India

Majority of waste management plans are severely constrained by the lack of resources to finance these services. In developing countries, collection and transportation of waste are the most costly Solid Waste Management (SWM) activities. Safe disposal invariably receives less attention. Mysore City, one of the largest cities of Karnataka (India) with a population of around 0.8 million, is facing acute shortage of funds to run SWM activities. Present paper analyses the current financial aspects of Mysore City municipal SWM based on empirical studies as well as authentic data obtained from Mysore City Corporation (MCC). The study revealed that the financial allocation for SWM is inadequate and MCC is running in deficient finance.

Relationships between solid waste management performance and environmental practice adoption in Welsh small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

For small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs), the determination of whether the adoption of environmentally supportive practices relates to good environmental performance has only been scarcely investigated. By using an empirical sample of 299 Welsh SMEs, this paper investigates just this issue. SMEs that have adopted five environmental practices and those that have not are compared as well as their environmental and economic performance using solid waste management activities. The results show that those organizations that have not adopted these practices perform better on environmental performance measures. The explanation, for what seems like a counterintuitive result, may be due to a reactive adoption of these practices to help mitigate poor performance on solid waste management practices. Additional insights and managerial implications are presented since these results will help identify methods to aid SMEs further in the adoption of environmentally supportive practices.

Spatial–temporal model for demand and allocation of waste landfills in growing urban regions

Shortage of land for waste disposal is a serious and growing potential problem in most large urban regions. However, no practical studies have been reported in the literature that incorporate the process of consumption and depletion of landfill space in urban regions over time and analyse its implications for the management of waste. An evaluation of existing models of waste management indicates that they can provide significant insights into the design of solid waste management activities. However, these models do not integrate spatial and temporal aspects of waste disposal that are essential to understand and measure the problem of shortage of land. The lack of adequate models is caused in part due to limitations of the methodologies the existing models are based upon, such as limitations of geographic information systems (GIS) in handling dynamic processes, and the limitations of systems analysis in incorporating spatial physical properties. This indicates that new methods need to be introduced in waste management modelling. Moreover, existing models generally do not link waste management to the process of urban growth. This paper presents a model to spatially and dynamically model the demand for and allocation of facilities for urban solid waste disposal in growing urban regions. The model developed here consists of a loose-coupled system that integrates GIS (geographic information systems) and cellular automata (CA) in order to give it spatial and dynamic capabilities. The model combines three sub-systems: (1) a CA-based model to simulate spatial urban growth over the future; (2) a spread-sheet calculation for designing waste disposal options and hence evaluating demand for landfill space over time; and (3) a model developed within a GIS to evaluate the availability and suitability of land for landfill over time and then simulate allocation of landfills in the available land. The proposed model has been tested and set up with data from a real source (Porto Alegre City, Brazil), and has successfully assessed the demand for landfills and their allocation over time under a range of scenarios of decision-making regarding waste disposal systems, urban growth patterns and land evaluation criteria.

BESTCOMP: expert system for Sri Lankan solid waste composting

Abstract A user friendly expert system, BESTCOMP was developed for better management of solid waste composting by local authorities in Sri Lanka. BESTCOMP expert system mainly focussed on the behaviour of the physical, chemical and biological process in composting. The intention had been to provide distant users with scientific and techno-economic information using modern tools but at a much lower cost. This research has put very strong emphasis on allowing the user to browse around the knowledge that has being extracted from books, published research articles, reports, audio, video, Internet, case studies and the domain experts who involved in solid waste management activities, so the user can get an accurate and a real feel for the solid waste management subject.