Solid Waste Discharge Research Articles

Evaluation of drinking water supply schemes in estate sector: A case study on Telbedda estate, Sri Lanka

In the past, Tamil workers on tea plantations in Central Sri Lanka depended on the management of the estate for all their basic needs. In 1992, the plantation industry was privatized and plantation companies claim they cannot afford social welfare programmes (Van & Anita, 1998). As well, District and Provincial government programmes for housing, water supply and sanitation, health care and education in the village sector do not reach the estate communities. As a result of that Plantation workers are among the most economically deprived and therefore the most vulnerable to disease and ill-health.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the present status of drinking water supply schemes in tea estate sector in Sri Lanka. For this purpose six (6) water supply schemes of three (3) divisions of Telbedda Estate, Badulla, Sri Lanka were evaluated in November 2010. In all schemes water sources; Intakes; storage tanks; pipe lines; pump stations; stand posts, etc. were thoroughly studied. Catchment type and area, water flow quantity and quality (visual), water treatment methods and house hold level usage and wastewater disposal methods were also studied. Health Status with regard to water-borne dieses in the scheme collected from the Estate Medical Officer and Climatic data (2009) were also incorporated.The results show that the coldest month is December and the hottest is April. Even though the average annual rainfall is slightly over 2000 mm, the area falls into the wet zone of Sri Lanka. February is usually the driest month of the year. May-June-July and October-November are the two seasons with heavy rain falls. Most of the water schemes are based on open water sources in which water is harvested for supply through gravity flow by weir constructed across stream. The catchments are mostly under tea plantation or with a small scrubland. The high flows as 2 m3/min (during heavy rains) and low flows of around 0.075 m3/min in dry periods. Quality of the stream water is very low in turbidity, no colour, and no objectionable taste. The weirs are made of rubble masonry work provide sufficient clear head and small water pool to extract water from the stream. There was no intake chamber that prevents blockage of inlet due to siltation. The intake pipe, storage tanks and distribution lines are in poor condition, thus water overflows and with risk of contamination. The buried portions of the pipes only have very minimal cover. The distribution system does not include valves for control and water loss is about 10% through the leaks. Also other essential components for proper supply as washouts are not provided in the system. In fact there is no proper maintenance of the system. No treatment is provided to the raw water before distribution, boiling of consumptive water is not practiced in general. The entire population is served using stand posts. Approximately one stand post is available for 2-2.5 households.Since the water sources are located in the tea plantations, extensive application of agrochemicals, inadequate toilet facilities for working communities, improper solid waste and waste water discharge are the identified risk factors for the water sources. Improper design of wires, storage tanks, distribution system, and water stored at households are very likely to be contaminated by human activities. Monitoring of water quality, provision of systematically designed water supply schemes with adequate healthcare and sanitary facilities are highly advisable for the estate community in order to secure their living condition.

Research on the Potential of Resource Saving and Emission Reducing of Papermaking Industry in China: Based on Environment Learning Curve

This paper uses sectional data to analyse the structure of papermaking industry and its environmental influence. In the other hand, this paper uses statistical data in 1992-2010, and takes the energy and water consumption, waste gas, SO2, mist and dust, waste water, COD, the solid waste discharge per 104 RMB Yuan as indexes. The relation between these indexes and economical development is analyzed with the technical advancement and the environmental protection consciousness enhancement, and the statistical model of papermaking industry is established. According to these models, the potentials of saving resources and reducing pollution are calculated. The results are showed that: with economic development, each index is falling by power model, and the relevance presents is high. The environmental loads of different periods gradually drop, because the technical is progressing and the people’s environmental protection consciousness is enhancing. The potentials of saving resources and reducing pollution are falling in papermaking industry, but the potential of present stage is high. This provides scientific foundation for the realization of paper-making industry clean production and envitronmental friendly economy.

Evaluation of toxicity level of the polluted eco-system for an industrial city of Pakistan

The indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial effluents and solid wastes into the open environment poses a serious threat to the ecosystem. Gujranwala is an industrial city of Pakistan wherein a large number of different industries are situated and majority of them are not equipped with proper recycling or effluent treatment plants. Unfortunately, untreated industrial effluents are locally used for the irrigation purposes which may result in higher concentrations of toxic metals in the crops and vegetables. Therefore, prime objective of the present study was to determine concentrations of toxic metals in the polluted soils, vegetables and crops grown in the vicinity of industrial areas using neutron activation analysis technique. The results obtained showed higher values of toxic metals in the studied samples. The observed highest concentration of As (0.94 ± 0.06) in spinach, Br (69 ± 9) in turnip, Co (0.83 ± 0.01) in millet, Cr (51.7 ± 4.2) in wheat, Mn (76.2 ± 7.3) in tomato, Sb (0.5 ± 0.06) in rice, Cl (31698 ± 3921) and Se (3.4 ± 0.4) in carrot. These values are higher than those reported in the literature.

National Indicators Show Biodiversity Progress

In their Report “Global biodiversity: Indicators of recent declines” (28 May, p. [1164][1]), S. H. M. Butchart and colleagues commented that on a global scale there is little evidence that the rate of biodiversity decline is slowing and some evidence that it is increasing. However, there are some encouraging stories at national levels. For instance, the Chinese government has implemented biodiversity conservation action plans. The proportion of China's gross domestic product invested in environmental pollution control and forestry conservation has increased since 1990 and exceeded 1% since 2001; the number of nature reserves was 32 times the number in 1978, and the area devoted to reserves was 120 times the area in reserves in 1978 ([ 1 ][2]). There is more good news: Some indicators of pressures on biodiversity show declining trends. The total discharge of chemical oxygen demand and the amount of sulfur dioxide in waste gas, two nationally targeted pollutants, decreased 9.66 and 13.14%, respectively, as compared with that of 2005 ([ 2 ][3]). The discharge of toxic and harmful pollutants in wastewater, the emission intensity of chemical oxygen demand of key industries, the emission of soot dust and industrial dust in waste gases, and the discharge of solid wastes decreased annually 12.24, 21.62, 5.16, and 16.89% since 1998, respectively ([ 1 ][2]). Some indicators of the state of biodiversity showed recovering trends. The annual average net primary productivity, including forest resources as well as the area and growing stock of natural forests, has been increasing in the past two decades ([ 1 ][2], [ 3 ][4]); there is also a steady increase in the Marine Trophic Index from 1997 until now ([ 1 ][2]). Although substantial progress toward the 2010 target was made ([ 4 ][5]), we agree that China still faces severe environmental pressures, because total pollutant emissions are still high, and trends toward the loss of habitats, threatened species, and genetic resources are not effectively checked ([ 1 ][2]). 1. [↵][6] 1. H. G. Xu 2. et al ., BioScience 59, 843 (2009). [OpenUrl][7][CrossRef][8][Web of Science][9] 2. [↵][10] Ministry of Environmental Protection of China ([www.mep.gov.cn/zhxx/hjyw/201005/t20100514_189487.htm][11] [in Chinese]). 3. [↵][12] 1. Z. Q. Gao, 2. J. Y. Liu , Chin. Sci. Bull. 53, 317 (2008). [OpenUrl][13][CrossRef][14] 4. [↵][15] Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, China's Fourth National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (China Environmental Sciences Press, Beijing, 2009). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1187512 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [7]: {openurl}?query=rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1525%252Fbio.2009.59.10.6%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [8]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1525/bio.2009.59.10.6&link_type=DOI [9]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000271420000007&link_type=ISI [10]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text [11]: http://www.mep.gov.cn/zhxx/hjyw/201005/t20100514_189487.htm [12]: #xref-ref-3-1 View reference 3 in text [13]: {openurl}?query=rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs11434-008-0064-4%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [14]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s11434-008-0064-4&link_type=DOI [15]: #xref-ref-4-1 View reference 4 in text

Impact of wastewater discharge in Jimma, Ethiopia, and remediation possibilities

Discharge of liquid and solid waste from Jimma town has resulted in a gradual degradation of the quality of the river water feeding the Gilgel Gibe dam, which was constructed for the development of the hydroelectric potential of the Gilgel Gibe River. In general, wastewater is not treated, which makes the use of river water problematic. In addition, the region around the dam mainly consists of farmlands; runoff from the fields results in pollution by pesticides, including DDT. The current situation of waste(water) production in and around Jimma (including the campus of Jimma University) will be discussed, along with the expected impact on the water quality in the Gilgel Gibe reservoir. Possibilities for remediation will be discussed.

Ecological Study on Zooplankton of Some Fresh Water Bodies of Kathmandu Valley With Reference to Water Quality

The present investigation was carried out in Bagmati river (Lotic water body), Taudah lake, Nag pokhari pond, Siddha pokhari pond and Godavari fish pond (Lentic water bodies) of the Kathmandu valley from May 2000 to April 2002. A monthly samples of water and zooplanktons were collected from those sites and analyzed for the entire twenty four months period. Only three groups of zooplankton viz: Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda were collected from the lotic and lentic water bodies. It was observed that Rotifers were found to be more diversified than Cladocerans and Copepods in all water bodies except in Nagpokhari. A total of seventy one species of zooplankton were recorded during that period. The lentic water bodies supported a higher species richness constituting seventy species whereas the lotic water bodies constituted only seven species of zooplankton. All investigated zooplanktons Rotifera, Cladodera and Copepoda were found contagiously distributed in all lentic water bodies. In the Bagmati river, Rotifers were recorded only in the upstream zone. Cladocerans predominated (74 %) in the upstream, Copepods predominated (70 %) in the mid-stream and again Cladocerans predominated (60 %) in the down-stream of the river. Among the investigated water bodies, the species richness was found higher in Godavari fish pond (36 species) than Taudah lake (35 species), Siddha pokhari (34 species) and Nag pokhari (26 species).The water quality of the investigated waterbodies were found to be deteriorated due to discharge of untreated effluents,solid wastes and poor conservation practices.Journal of Natural History Museum Vol. 23, 2008 Page 1-11

Quantifying energy use, carbon dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from island tourism based on a life cycle assessment approach

The main purpose of industrial ecology is to evaluate and minimize impacts from economic activities of human society. Tourism as one economic activity, results in a full range of environmental impacts, but few applications of industrial ecology to tourism management have previously been discussed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in this research to explore environmental impacts of island tourism, and then the environmental loads per tourist per trip can be found. Penghu Island in Taiwan is taken as an example to examine this new approach. Various environmental loads in transportation, accommodation, and recreation activity sector are all inventoried and calculated here. In summary, per tourist per trip uses 1606 MJ of energy, 607 L of water, and emits 109,034 g of CO 2, 2660 g of CO, 597 g of HC, 70 g of NO x. In addition, per tourist per trip also discharges 416 L of wastewater, 83.1 g of BOD, and 1.95 g of solid waste. In terms of energy use, the transportation consumes the largest energy (67%); in particular, the airplane sector. Moreover, per Penghu tourist results in more environmental loads than local people; for example, the amount of solid waste discharge per tourist is 1.95 kg per day, while that of per local people is 1.18 kg. Finally, the advantages and limitations of such LCA approach are also discussed.

The evolution of phosphorus metabolism model in China

It is important to analyze why phosphorus metabolism is unsustainable in China's modern industrial society. In this paper, the Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) approach is used to build different models of phosphorus metabolism for the following three periods: the prehuman period, traditional agricultural period and modern industrial period. Based on these models, the evolution process of phosphorus metabolism in China is analyzed from the viewpoint of its metabolic structure and intensity. The indices of intensity analysis involve phosphorus input, phosphorus circulation and recycling efficiency, phosphorus production and production efficiency, water phosphorus emission and water emission proportion, solid waste phosphorus output and solid waste discharge proportion. Through the analysis of the evolution process, the key factors that cause the lack of sustainability of phosphorus metabolism in China are identified, which can be summarized by four aspects: the increase of soil phosphorus accumulation, the increase of water phosphorus emission, the decrease of recycling efficiency and the decrease of production efficiency in croplands. Furthermore, the specific unsustainable processes of phosphor resources utilization in China are discussed. For these unsustainable processes, the relevant solutions for the phosphor resources crisis are given.

A comparative study of ground water quality and water quality index of certain selected areas situated around Tumkur city, Karnataka

Ground water is believed to be comparatively clean and free from pollution than surface water. Prolonged discharge of domestic sewage and solid waste causes the ground water to become polluted and create health hazards, but the National Water Policy (2002) states, adequate clean water should be provided to the entire population both in urban and rural areas. Therefore the ground water samples from 15 locations of 5 selected areas namely, Kadaba, Kallambella, Honnudike, Hebbur and Kunigal of situated around Tumkur city have been collected from August to December, 2007 and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. The values obtained were compared with standards prescribed by ISI and WHO. The data have revealed that certain water samples from Kallambella, Kadaba and Honnudike area have high nitrate level and are of immediate health concern. The water samples of Kallambella area were found to be too hard. The Canadian Council of Ministers of The Environment (CCEM) water quality index (WQI) values were calculated fro a few samples of selected areas and compared with the approved values. The results so obtained would account for the fact that the water samples from Hebbur (S 1 ) and Kunigal (S 2 ) area are of excellent quality; samples (S2) of Kadada area are of good quality, samples (S1) of Honnudike area are of fair quality whereas samples (S 2 ) of Kallambella area are of marginal quality.

Recent developments in biodegradation of industrial pollutants by white rot fungi and their enzyme system

Increasing discharge and improper management of liquid and solid industrial wastes have created a great concern among industrialists and the scientific community over their economic treatment and safe disposal. White rot fungi (WRF) are versatile and robust organisms having enormous potential for oxidative bioremediation of a variety of toxic chemical pollutants due to high tolerance to toxic substances in the environment. WRF are capable of mineralizing a wide variety of toxic xenobiotics due to non-specific nature of their extracellular lignin mineralizing enzymes (LMEs). In recent years, a lot of work has been done on the development and optimization of bioremediation processes using WRF, with emphasis on the study of their enzyme systems involved in biodegradation of industrial pollutants. Many new strains have been identified and their LMEs isolated, purified and characterized. In this review, we have tried to cover the latest developments on enzyme systems of WRF, their low molecular mass mediators and their potential use for bioremediation of industrial pollutants.

Quality of Water from Hand Dug Wells in Onitsha Metropolitan Areas of Nigeria

Wide Range of human and anthropogenic activities impinges on the urban environment in most cities in Nigeria, to degrade the quality of water resources. Some of these activities (daily discharge of solid and liquid waste, industrial effluent, and physo-chemical weathering processes) are discharged directly on sources of water supply to the populace of Onitsha. Based on this problem, this paper examines the quality of water from hand-dug wells in Onitsha. 15 wells water samples were collected during the month of January, July, and August with the aid of sterilized containers. And sent to the laboratory for analyses, results showed that wells that are located close to dumpsites are more polluted in terms of turbidity, TSS, CaCo2 conductivity salinity acidity, Pb, Fe and bacteriological quality of the well water. Also most of the hand-dug well water qualities are unsafe for human consumption, because they are generally above the WHO maximum acceptable threshold. Since this source of water form one of the major source of water to the inhabitants, there is need for purification proper disposal of waste, public education of the health implication of waste/impure water and other management measures.

Heavy metals distribution in agricultural topsoils in urban area

Intensive urbanisation of the Croatian capital of Zagreb has led to a situation where very good agricultural soils, developed mostly on Pleistocene eolian sediments and alluvial and proluvian Holocene sediments are entrapped within urban and suburban areas. Therefore the influence of urban and industrialised environments on the accumulation of metals in agricultural topsoils has been investigated. On an area of 860 km2 of the wider Zagreb region, 331 samples were taken according to a regular 1×1 km square mesh. Samples were dissolved in aqua regia and analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn with flame atomic aqua regia absorption spectroscopy. The following concentration ranges have been determined: Cd 0.25–3.85 mg kg–1 (average 0.66 mg kg–1), Cu 4.30–183 mg kg–1 (average 20.8 mg kg–1), Fe 5.8–51.8 g kg–1 (average 27 g kg–1), Mn 79.2–1282 mg kg–1 (average 613 mg kg–1), Ni 0.70–282 mg kg–1 (average 49.5 mg kg–1), Pb 1.50–139 mg kg–1 (average 25.9 mg kg–1), and Zn 15.2–277 mg kg–1 (average 77.9 mg kg–1). Visualisation of the spatial data is made by the aid of GIS, and selected maps of the heavy metal concentrations in topsoils are displayed. Statistical multivariate analysis was carried out for quantitative study and data were processed by means of R-mode factor analysis, applying the varimax-raw rotational technique. F1, which grouped Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and partially Ni, is characterized as a factor with strongly scattered anthropogenic influence. The elements in F2, Fe, Mn and partially Ni are mainly of geogenic, i.e. pedogenic, origin. The variations in concentrations of the investigated elements are thus of both natural and anthropogenic origins. The variations in the main soil constituents, particularly Fe and Mn, are determined primarily by the composition of different regolithic substrates of the fluvial origin in recent pedogenesis. High concentrations of nickel are also related to morphogenetic characteristics of the wider region, primarily basic and ultrabasic magmatic rocks of the surrounding mountain range. It is, however, assumed that the anomalous nickel concentrations in the vicinity of the highway and the airport are of anthropogenic origin, i.e. caused by fuel combustion. Copper is characterized by strongly scattered anthropogenic influence, which is related particularly to uncontrolled solid waste disposals or discharges of liquid waste from households or agricultural enterprises. With Zn, Pb and Cd, there are two possible ways of diffuse pollution. The Sava River, which drains the area and feeds the abundant Quaternary aquifer spreading below the major part of the investigated agricultural areas, has been exposed to intensive pollution by mining, industry and cities in the recent history. The part of the area with the highest determined concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd was repeatedly flooded as recently as the previous decade; therefore, the recent sedimentation of the river deposits exposed to pollution is a very probable cause of the accumulation of metals in this until recently inundation area. The other way is atmospheric deposition of particles from urban sources (industrial emission, traffic, waste disposals, heating plants, etc.). In addition to agricultural enterprises, several economically important, but ecologically risky, facilities are situated in the vicinity of the water-protection area. The area is intersected by a very busy ring road, while a marshalling yard, the city dump, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, the district-heating plant and the airport are all located in close proximity. The geochemical maps show a clear relationship between human activities and metal concentration gradients.

Process improvements with innovative technologies in the starch and sugar industries

In the sugar and starch industries, increasing constraints could require producers to significantly modify their manufacturing processes. As main trends, we can mention reduction of the environmental impact of these processes regarding liquid and solid waste discharge, potential alternatives to the use of lime to achieve savings in operating costs and getting value out of the by-products. In this context, this presentation focuses on the introduction of innovative technologies that can potentially replace conventional processes, such as rotary filters, IX resins, centrifugation, etc. These allow Eurodia to propose cost-effective solutions while meeting the above-mentioned requirements. Operating for several years in European mills, the following technologies will be described: (1) Clarification of diffusion juices by crossflow microfiltration with Scepter® membranes. While the capital investment might be 50% higher with microfiltration, the operating costs are two times lower than rotary filters, and fixed costs are comparable. (2) Demineralization and purification by conventional electrodialysis (ED). Compared with IX resins, this technology allows mainly a reduction of the pollution load and an improvement of the sugar yield. (3) Separation of sugars from non-sugars by the Improved Simulated Moving Bed (ISMB®) process. This type of chromatography allows high separation yields at lower capital and running costs than traditional simulated moving bed chromatography. These three techniques were supplied by Eurodia Industrie in European plants and are the basis of innovative process combinations for the production of sugars or starch derivatives.

An Assessment of Solid Waste and Landfilis in Muscat Area, Oman

The paper presents the results of a 1998 study of the solid waste generation within the greater Muscat City area. The recent data were compared with the available data from the last 10 years to assess the solid waste problems within the area. Five operating landfills were used as the data collection points. It appeared that through the last decade, the solid waste generation rate has increased sharply. However, the rate of waste production stabilized to 750 – 800 ton/day during the last three years of the 1990s. The rate amounts to 1.5 kg/person/day. Overall municipal waste volume decreased through the years while the amounts generated from private sources such as industries and commercial centers increased during the same period. This is due to the fact that the Sultanate of Oman is developing very fast with increasing industrial, commercial and residential activities. About 80 % of the solid wastes is organic materials. This amount is high when compared to figures found in western countries. The data indicate that about 40 percent of the solid wastes are composed of recoverable materials. The concerned authorities should encourage the growth of industries to be involved in recycling business. Such activities will reduce the solid waste discharge in landfills and increase nearly 1.6 folds the expected life of existing landfills. A survey of the operating landfills indicate that the operational efficiency may be substantially improved by incorporating measures that deal with problems of gas production and leachate movements. The paper includes a detailed discussion of the problem and makes recommendations for possible future actions.

An investigation of the environmental loads of Shei-Pa National Park in Taiwan

Recreation is one of the functions of national parks. Nevertheless, heavy tourism has started to impose serious problems on the maintenance of some national parks in Taiwan. This study has tried to survey as well as calculate the impact problems resulting from park tourism in terms of environmental loads. A simple method is proposed to calculate the quantity of environmental loads. Only visitor information from questionnaires and per capita data are needed in the calculation process. Shei-Pa National Park was taken as an example. The water demand, the electricity used and the various forms of the environmental loads, including wastewater and solid waste discharge, were all surveyed and calculated on a per capita basis.

90Sr in an alkaline pulp mill located in the South of Spain

The flux and concentration of 90Sr in an alkaline pulp mill located in the South of Spain have been obtained. 90Sr activity has been measured via its daughter 90Y by the Cerenkov counting with a liquid scintillation counter. A parameterised colour quenching correction was introduced in order to adequately evaluate the 90Y sample activity concentration. Pulp production, recovery cycles and the biofuel-powered electric and heat plant were the main mill sections studied in this work. As expected 90Sr seems to be retained at the Ca-cycle. 90Sr concentrations and flux have also been calculated in the controlled solid, liquid and gaseous waste discharges. It is estimated that, respectively, some 5.6, 5×10 -4 and 2 GBq are annually discharged into the environment under typical working conditions.

都市更新における環境負荷に関する研究

In this study, we developed the method of applying LCA approach to the downtown areas of large cities. This method enables comparisons of environmental load between the case of natural renewal, in which the urban structures is merely left as is, and the case of planned renewal, in which various approaches are used to give directionality and consistency for a project. For the analysis, we selected four quantities as indices for the environmental aspects - material usage, energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and solid waste discharge. Utilizing this method, we tried to analyze the life cycle environmental aspects of the western district of Nakanoshima in downtown Osaka. Through this analysis, we found that the load relating of building accounts for a large proportion of the total emission in the district covered by our analysis.

An analysis of proposed U.S. Navy Shipborne waste handling practices to address MARPOL Annex V provisions

In 1987, the United States ratified Annex V of the MARPOL Protocol. Under the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 (P.L. 100–220), the U.S. Navy was ordered to observe the MARPOL Annex V provisions for solid waste disposal at sea by 1994. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103–160), however, allows some U.S. Navy vessels until December 31, 2008 to comply. In accordance with Annex V, disposal of any solid waste is to be prohibited in designated Special Areas—the Antarctic Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Wider Caribbean Region (which includes the Gulf of Mexico), Mediterranean Sea, Middle Eastern Gulfs Area (which includes the Persian Gulf), North Sea, and Red Sea. The U.S. Navy is considering new waste‐handling procedures in the hope that overboard discharge of nonhazardous solid wastes will meet the primary objectives of Annex V and, in particular, will be acceptable in the Special Areas. This plan would require a continued exemption for the U.S. Navy from Annex V guidelines pertaining to Special Areas. In a broader context, analysis of the U.S. Navy plan raises some questions regarding some of the technical provisions of Annex V. Some existing technological restrictions may limit overall environmental benefits.

An overview on solid waste and hazardous waste in Japan

There are not enough accurate data on the discharge and disposal of industrial solid waste in Japan, but an estimate is possible. This estimate shows that further recovery and recycling of resources is possible. The classification and disposal of hazardous waste is not satisfactory in Japan. On the other hand, many efforts are described for the substitution, reduction, recovery, recycling, separation, treatment and disposal of solid waste. All purpose technical solutions, such as a large scale landfill and a region-wide sewerage system, are not feasible in Japan, where smaller systems are necessary. Because industrial structure is changing rapidly, it is difficult to estimate further trends, but generally the change is in the direction of less resource consumption and less waste discharge, with more de-centralised handling of the waste. On the other hand, new types of industrial waste are being produced which present a great challenge for Japanese industry.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SHIPBOARD MULTIFUNCTIONAL WASTE INCINERATOR

ABSTRACTOne of the problems facing the shipping industry is the disposal of shipboard generated waste. The problem is especially acute in coastal areas and in the Mediterranean Sea where the overboard discharge of solid and oily waste is prohibited. One of the Navy's solutions to this problem is the development of a shipboard multifunctional waste incinerator. This incinerator is designed to process on a daily basis shipboard generated trash, food waste, sewage sludge from a sewage treatment system, and oily waste from the effluent side of an oil‐water separator. This paper discusses decisions made during the laboratory evaluation as well as solutions to these problems for the multifunctional waste incinerator.