Solid Waste Collection Research Articles

The exploration of customer satisfaction model for municipal solid waste collection performance – a case study in Saravane city, Saravane province, Laos

This study was conducted to assess the customers’ satisfaction level with solid waste collection service in Salavane city, Salavane province, Laos. The interviewed data from 132 households have been tested and analyzed for the correlations between influencing factors and customers’ satisfaction. Through testing Cronbach's alpha coefficient and KMO and Bartlett test, as well as exploratory factor analysis, from 36 observed variables, the authors reduced to 18 significant observed variables. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to build a model to assess the level of satisfaction with solid waste collection services. The results show that “Responsiveness of workers”, “Responsiveness of facility”, and “Reliability” have a great influence on customer's satisfaction.

Willingness to Pay for Improved Solid Waste Management in Itahari, Sunsari, Nepal

Solid waste management (SWM) is a widespread problem in urban areas of developed and underdeveloped countries. Unplanned urbanization, rapid population growth, and migration of people from rural to urban areas are the leading causes for the problem of SWM in the major cities of Nepal. Inadequate services for solid waste collection can lead to environmental problems, pollution, health risks, and economic burdens for the society. Understanding the willingness to pay (WTP) of residents for improved solid waste collection is crucial for deciding effective pricing policies and waste collection techniques. In this context, the main aim of the study is to examine the WTP for the services of improved SWM in the study area. Using simple random sampling method, 377 households were taken as a sample to estimate the WTP for SWM through the Contingent Valuation Model (CVM) and Tobit regression. A field survey was conducted to collect the required data and information related to the WTP of households through the structured questionnaire. The study found that 83.55 percent of respondents would pay for improved SWM services, and the willingness to pay varies from NRs. 50 to NRs.500 per month. Tobit regression results identified the factors influencing WTP for improved SWM in the study area. The factors of gender, ownership of the house, education, profession, income level, and service satisfaction are statistically significant in determining the WTP for SWM.

Assessing the efficiency of solid waste collection services in urban Ghana

Whether private solid waste management companies are efficient in solid waste collection (SWC) has long dominated public discourse in Ghana. In many instances, such discourses are based on an empirical vacuum. This article seeks to provide the empirical basis on which discussions on SWC efficiency can be grounded. It examined the efficiency of resource inputs into SWC using the Data Envelopment Analysis. With cost and allocative efficiencies as model output, the value of total assets, number of trucks, number of collection containers, number of clients, and number of personnel deployed were set as input data, while the quantity of waste hauled and the amount of revenue generated was the output factors. The companies constituted the decision-making units (DMUs). The results showed that the average efficiency score for all DMUs was less than the 1.0 threshold for efficiency score. The results imply that the DMUs consistently operated inefficiently. We argue that the extent of inefficiencies provides the basis for stakeholders to re-examine the existing waste management architecture.

Investigation of Solid Waste Collectors with Economic and Social Dimensions

Solid waste collectors play a key role in collecting domestic waste and recycling it. The negativities in the working environment and conditions of those who try to make a living by collecting solid waste affect their position in the social context. For this reason, in this study, the waste collection experiences of the actors in the solid waste collection sector were discussed. The economic and social disadvantages associated with their work were tried to be understood. In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants (one of whom owns a waste sorting facility and two of whom are facility employees) who make a living by collecting solid waste in Ordu, Turkey. The sampling of the interviews was determined by sequential sampling. But there were also those who were determined by a little snowball sampling. The data collected through interviews were analyzed using descriptive and content analysis techniques. The findings of the study revealed the experiences of solid waste collectors and the challenges they face in the sector with their economic and social dimensions. In this way, ideas were obtained about the working conditions of solid waste collectors and their place in working life, migration experiences, poverty levels and stigma situations. It also allows policymakers to gain insight into improvements to waste collectors' working conditions and social status.

Municipal Solid Waste Management using GIS Analysis: A Case Study of Sehwan City

One of the fundamental issues of the 21st century, and one of the key tasks of a municipal administration is to manage solid waste effectively and efficiently. Cities are developing extremely, and the issue of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is becoming critical, as a result of the growth in quantity and complexity of generated waste and the shortage of land for its disposal. By 2050, the world's waste creation will have more than doubled the rate of population increase. The area is mostly residential, and most of the solid waste is created in the home, such as food and vegetable waste. There are few bins places in Sehwan city and those are not placed at the proper location, due to this reason inhabitants of the city are throwing their municipal waste on the street sides and vacant plots. The research aim of the study was to develop a GIS technology. This research contained three objectives, to Identify the existing municipal solid waste management condition and their effect on different factors such as health and the environment, to Reallocation of waste collection bins in the study area using GIS buffer analysis, and to propose a route plan for the collection of municipal solid waste using GIS network analysis. Furthermore, based on GIS technology, this work provides a framework for optimizing the waste collection and transportation system. The result showed that the misplacement of waste bins the Sehwan city can affect the environment, waste laying around the bins cause land pollution, and also municipal waste on road, affects the health of people. More than 82% of the inhabitants are unsatisfied with the management of the solid waste disposal system in the study area also 90% of residents are suffered from different diseases. This study will help the planner and authorities cope with the issues of municipal solid waste. Municipal authorities need to follow technologies and research studies for solving the solid waste issues of local peoples’ in their city.

Medical waste management in Al-Kut City

This research investigates solid waste management in Al-Kut City. It included the collection of medical and general solid waste generated in five hospitals different in their specialization and capacity through one week, starting from 03/02/2012. Samples were collected and analyzed periodically to find their generation rate, composition, and physical properties. Analysis results indicated that generation rate ranged between (1102 – 212) kg / bed / day, moisture content and density were (19.0 % - 197 kg/ m3) respectively for medical waste and (41%-255 kg/ m3) respectively for general waste. Theoretically, medical solid waste generated in Al-Kut City (like any other city), affected by capacity, number of patients in a day, and hospital specialty The research exposed the incorrect ways used in collecting, storing, waste transport, and inefficient incinerators processing .Laboratory test for six ash collected samples indicated high concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr) , having the rang of (51.0 – 62.0) mg / l of lead, (3.0 – 8.5) mg / l for cadmium, and (43.0 -69.0) mg / l for chrome. In comparison with the US Environmental Protection Agency standards, these samples are higher than the recommended levels that may threat groundwater. A comprehensive and integrated solution there must be to manage medical waste, with the participation of all parties concerned, especially, the Ministry of Health, environment authorities concerned, and the participation of civil society organizations. A color-code trash bags and containers are recommended by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency to be used in hospitals that propose red bags for collecting medical waste while black bags for general waste provided that they are resistant to tearing seeping and should be provided in sufficient numbers.

Unpacking the processes and factors affecting household solid waste collection within a democratic decentralised governance system: Experiences from the Wa Municipality, Ghana

Decentralising solid waste collection to local authorities is expected to respond positively to the enigma of solid waste collection. The study contributes to a contextual understanding of household solid waste collection governance in rapidly growing secondary cities within democratic decentralised government systems. Specifically, the study examined the processes and factors affecting household solid waste collection in a rapidly growing municipality in the Upper West Region, the Wa Municipality. Eleven key informants were purposefully selected and interviewed for data. The results show that the main waste collection modes were house-to-house and communal container collections, although unorganised dumping sites and organised dumping through dugout pits were also found. There was also a mismatch between the quantity of waste generated and that collected. The study found that the local government context - arrangements for financing the local government, partisan politics in the local government, and weaknesses in skills and logistics affect the local government’s ability to collect waste effectively. The study recommends intense education complemented with necessary bylaws to effect positive attitudes on solid waste collection in residents. The beneficiaries of the communal container collection system should be made to pay for service delivery to cater for container repairs. At the same time, the Municipal Assembly should prosecute households that practise indiscriminate dumping.

Circular economy and household e-waste management in India. Part II: A case study on informal e-waste collectors (Kabadiwalas) in India

Rapid advances in electronics and telecommunications technologies have contributed significantly to making e-waste one of the largest and fastest-growing solid waste streams. India produces over 3.23 million tonnes of e-waste each year. Over 90% of the total e-waste generated in the country is processed by the informal waste management sector. Informal waste collectors in India are known as ‘kabadiwalas’. Many people in India employ their services to discard household solid waste items, including e-waste. However, the percentage of people disposing of their e-waste to kabadiwalas is unknown. Moreover, detailed research studies on kabadiwalas’ waste collection activities are very limited to date. A case study was therefore formulated to determine the likelihood of e-waste disposal to kabadiwalas and their solid waste collection strategies, including e-waste fraction. A global positioning system (GPS) based real-time waste collection route tracking method was employed. The results indicated that many people in India (∼45% of survey respondents) prefer to dispose of their e-waste to kabadiwalas. Based on the GPS tracking results, the informal waste collectors were found to travel considerable distances using manual and modified three-wheeler vehicles (20–30 km per day) to collect household waste, out of which e-waste accounted for about 10%. It was deduced that their large workforce and low operating costs enable them to collect e-waste from households all over the country effectively. The results from this study indicate that kabadiwalas play an integral role in the e-waste management system of India and that their integration into the existing formal e-waste industry could help establish improved e-waste management and value recovery operations in India.

Solid Waste Handling Scenarios, Management and Economic Study in Erbil City

Solid waste management has become an important issue for developing countries. Solid waste management is also a weighty problem in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. To date, weak points have been observed in Erbil City, particularly in the handling and transportation of municipal solid waste. Consequently, this issue affects the environment, human health, management, finances, and aesthetics of the city. This research focused on handling scenarios, management, and an economic study of solid waste in New Zanco Village, Erbil City. Data on the quantity and generation rate (GR) of solid waste and current routes for solid waste collection were collected directly. Additionally, truck volume, handling options, and economic subjects were studied. Untimorous software was applied to find the optimum routes for solid waste collection in the studied area. Results revealed that the average GR for 48 samples was 1.114 kg/capita/day. The minimum and maximum values were 0.24 kg/capita/day and 3.28 kg/capita/day, respectively. The optimized capacity for the trucks was 7 m3. The number of pick-up locations per truck was 92. From the current waste collection route, waste is collected in eight cycles each week and the total weekly travel length equals 321.12 km. Based on the results obtained from OptimoRoute software, waste is collected in seven cycles and the total weekly travel length equals 294.03 km. The waste collection will reduce the 27.09 km of travel length in each week, which equals a reduction of 8.43% of the total distance. The operation cost will be reduced by 8.43% per week. Additionally, the total yearly travel length will be reduced by 1,300.32 km and the total yearly cost will be reduced by about $2,730.67.

RFID and IoT Enabled Framework to Make Pune City an Eco-friendly Smart City

The increasing volume and complexity of waste associated with the modern economy pose a serious risk to ecosystems and human health. Due to the intensive increase in computation, Machine learning is popular. Intelligent solid waste management motivates the Swachh Bharat mission to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the birth of astrapita Mahatma Gandhi. In the context of smart city development, an innovative means of implementing smart solid waste collection is to improve daily solid waste collection at the household level. An intelligent solid waste collection system will be implemented in the Smart City to improve solid waste collection. It is required to educate households about solid waste handling. Municipal Corporation can implement an innovative PPP model as part of an independent India campaign to motivate startup ntrepreneurs, which will generate jobs in India. The city of Pune is in a phase of intelligent urban mobility development to improve citizens’ living standards. Ensure safe traffic management, adequate water supply, smart amenities, and services such as the intelligent collection, transport, and processing of solid waste. RFID and IoT base IT solutions have the potential to develop sustainable, innovative technology to achieve 100% household collections and transportation and treatment of waste so that to minimize waste to send landfill side.

Can commercialisation address consumer debt in local government? A case study of South African metropolitan municipalities

ABSTRACT Consumer debt continues to challenge local government financial sustainability. There is a debate in the literature on whether developing countries should consider commercialising local service delivery. Using data from South African metropolitan municipalities, this study examines the impact of commercialising service delivery on consumer debt. Fixed effects modelling is adopted, and results show that commercialising sanitation increased consumer debt by 22.5 per cent, commercialising solid waste collection reduced consumer debt by 11.9 per cent, while commercialising electricity had no significant impact on consumer debt. These results imply that policymakers should consider the type and nature of public service when deciding its commercialisation.

A smart framework for municipal solid waste collection management: A case study in Greater Cairo Region

Around 28 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are annually generated in Egypt, with 40% in Greater Cairo Region (GCR). Although, the government aims at improving the MSW service coverage and collection efficiency, formal collection service is still limited and operates with low transportation efficiency resulting in illegal waste collection and dumping. This research aims at providing optimized collection systems to accommodate various housing levels and considering the available resources. As a case study, the collection routes in Al-Mostakbal City, are optimized by selecting the appropriate location and containers order. Meanwhile, the pick-up time is optimized using the appropriate vehicle type, fleet size, and rounds. In addition, dynamic routing is applied using developed production models. A simulation model is developed to assess various improvement scenarios and recommend the effective one for various schemes. The outcome is a highly-efficient framework; with potential to be extended to cover other urban areas.

When the time is right: testing for dynamic effects in collaborative performance

ABSTRACT Evaluations of public service collaborations tend to ignore time and timing as potential explanatory variables. Drawing on theories of environmental dynamism, organizational inertia, accountability ‘drift’, and isomorphism, we test whether the timing of inter-municipal cooperation, and its duration, affect financial performance for solid waste collection inter-municipal partnerships in the Spanish region of Catalonia over the period 2000–2019. Though still present and significant, the cost advantages of cooperation declined over this period due to population growth and reduced interdependence between municipalities. Timing of cooperation has no effect on savings; although early-adopter and follower groups differ in policy objectives.

A diagnostic study of the perception of the residential environmental quality of the residents of the neighborhood Vale do Sol in the city of Parnamirim/RN, Brazil

The perception of environmental quality in urban space correlates with the concept of urban quality of life, which encompasses daily practices and forms of interaction of the population with the environment and access to basic services and housing conditions. The objective of this research was to analyze the residential environmental quality from the point of view of residents of the Vale do Sol neighborhood in the city of Parnamirim in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, based on environmental, economic, and social indicators. This study is justified by its important contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental problems experienced by the interviewed population at the household level. To this end, the research is configured as a case study, with a quantitative approach, with on-site visits, through which questionnaires were applied, in addition to theoretical support, in order to obtain knowledge related to the theme addressed. The results obtained indicated that the environmental perception of the residents of the Vale do Sol neighborhood was satisfactory for the indicators of solid waste collection and water supply system, as for the drainage system and health services suggest improvements.

Influence of Seasons and Tides on the Distribution of Enteric Protozoa on the Shores of the Atlantic Ocean in Kribi (South Region of Cameroon): Health Risks Related to Bathing

Beaches are major sites of microbiological pollution. Assessment of the abundance of resistant forms of enteric protozoa on these recreational waters is important for the prevention and management of health risks. Based on sedimentation and flotation methods, this study found that Kribi beach waters concentrate considerable amounts of enteric protozoa, which are potentially pathogenic. They include Coccidia (Cryptosporidium sp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis), Amoebae (Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli) and Flagellates (Giardia intestinalis). In general, seasonal changes and tidal cycles have significantly impacted the spread of these parasites along Kribi beaches. Thus, at all sites surveyed (Mpalla, Ngoyè and Mboamanga), maximum protozoan abundances were recorded at low tide and during the rainy seasons. It should also be noted that at each sampling site, significant correlations were recorded between certain protozoa and certain physico-chemical variables (p < 0.05). At Mboamanga, for example, Cryptosporidium sp. and Endolimax nana were positively correlated during the Short Rainy Season with temperature (r = 0.601, p = 0.044 and r = 0.632, p = 0.042). At Mpalla, a positive and significant correlation was observed during the Short Rainy Season between Entamoeba coli and pH (r = 0.605, p = 0.033). The high concentration of resistant forms of these enteric protozoa at Kribi beaches is a real public health threat for bathers. Therefore, in this tourist town, it is urgent to put in place an effective plan for the collection and sustainable treatment of solid and liquid waste, which are the main sources of contamination.

Sequential Artificial Intelligence Models to Forecast Urban Solid Waste in the City of Sousse, Tunisia

Urban solid waste (USW) is a major environmental problem for all countries. The rapid acceleration of economic growth, industrialization, urbanization, and population growth is correlated with the production of solid waste. Solid waste is usually disposed of in solid waste collection bins, so estimating the potential number of solid waste collection bins is necessary to plan an efficient USW management system. In this article, the purpose is to forecast the solid waste generation based on the monthly recorded amount of waste to determine the appropriate number of waste bins. Several artificial intelligence regression and classification approaches have been evaluated for their efficiency to estimate the number of bins. We highlight the effectiveness of sequential models, namely, long short-term memory (LSTM) and bidirectional LSTM (BLSTM), as waste data commonly consist of real-valued time series. Our experiments demonstrate the performance of the LSTM and BLSTM models, in terms of the number of waste bins prediction, when compared with other methods.

Environment and Health Impact of Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Review

The subject of Solid Waste Management has attained global attention over recent years. This issue is observed to be more prominent in developing countries than in developed countries due to inadequate funds and resources. Solid waste generation, segregation practices, storage facilities, collection frequencies and disposal methods are evidenced to be unsustainable in developing countries. Uncontrolled dumping and open burning are common scenarios in these countries. Open dumping and burning of waste pose serious environmental and health risks. They have led to severe forms of air, water and soil pollution. Municipal Solid Waste pollution increases the mortality as well as morbidity of diseases. Thus, the present study reviews the environmental consequences and subsequent health jeopardies due to improper and inefficient Solid Waste Management. The study focuses more on environmental sustainability of Solid Waste Management than economic and social sustainability. Hence, a paradigm shift towards green and clean Solid Waste Management is vital as it safeguards the ecosystem while preserving a green economy and social equity amongst present and future generations.

Study on Solid Waste Management in TKR Educational Society -Hyderabad

India being an agricultural country has a present population of approximately 1,405.2 million with 29 states and 7 union territories. The hassle of SWM in India is growing noticeably because of rapid urbanization and population boom. Out of the total waste generated from the industrial, residential, commercial, and agricultural areas a massive amount of waste is generated from residential areas comprising municipal waste. Solid-waste management is the collection, handling, and disposal of solid waste that is thrown away after serving its purpose or becoming unusable. We collected all the information on the solid waste generation rate at the TKR Educational Society. We have studied information on solid waste generation in different months (December, January, and February). TKR Campus.The food waste is 15%,paper waste is 12%,plastic is 13%,concrete waste is 2.17%,vegetable waste is 35%,electric waste is 3.04% and wood waste is 4.3%.the highest percentage of food waste is more. The physio-chemical parameter like moisture content, bulk density, PH value, carbon, nitrogen, and carbon and nitrogen content find in different blocks K9 block, R9 block, boy hostel, pharmacy, and canteen. We find that the mean value of moisture content is 51.2, bulk density is 297.9, PH value is 6.4, Carbon is 52.58, Nitrogen is 6.5, and C/N is 8.

Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Coverage Rates in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The annual volume of waste generated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) increased from 81 million tonnes to 174 million tonnes per year between 2012 and 2016 and is projected to reach 269 million tonnes in 2030. In 2018, SSA’s municipal solid waste (MSW) collection coverage was estimated at 44%. Concerned that the waste generation rate outweighs the collection pace, we conducted a systematic review of studies on MSW collection to examine the current situation in the region concerning the waste collection and coverage rates and to highlight the impediments to rapid progress in waste collection using the lens of four cities. Findings reveal that, despite the involvement of private waste collectors, collection and coverage rates are still below the desired 100% with backlogs of uncollected waste in public spaces, especially in low-income neighbourhoods where coverage remains abysmally low. This study fortifies the systematic discussion on MSW collection and coverage rates by conducting a meta-analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the waste collection and coverage rates are 65% and 67% in SSA, respectively. Aside from the paucity of data on waste generation rate and characterisation, most available data are incongruent. The review further shows that although several studies have been carried out on waste disposal, waste treatment and recycling in SSA studies directly focused on MSW collection are still few, leaving room for more research in this area. The review offers suggestions on how collection and coverage rates can be increased and equally proposes a strategy for reducing scavenging activities in the region’s unsanitary landfills, given its concomitant health impacts on the scavengers.

Mining from Landfills as a Remediation Strategy Regarding Open Dumpsites using Artificial Intelligence Hybrid Models

Due to the subsequent environmental effects of volatility, precise data on waste properties and their seasonal change are essential for sustainable waste management planning. As traditional waste characterization methods are time consuming and costly in most developing countries, it is necessary to approach the problem from a modelling perspective. Objective of this study was to identify the most efficient combinations of network architecture, activation function and formation strategy to reliably estimate the proportion of physical waste streams using meteorological parameters. The city of Gwalior is also affected by this global issue. The goal of this case study was to look at the potential and issues related to solid waste in Gwalior. Extensive investigations on the collection, transportation, treatment, storage, destruction, and disposal of solid waste generated in the city of Gwalior were done. Through interactions with people and website visits, GDS-related data is gathered. This study demonstrates that the city lacks a suitable system to deal with the solid waste generated, resulting in waste being dumped into vacant space, creating a number of issues for the local population as well as the environment. The three regions that make up the city of Gwalior are the city of Gwalior, Morar and Laskhar regions.