Solid-state Switches Research Articles

Optimizing Footwear Manufacturing Through Defect Analysis and Spare Parts Optimization

This study investigates the causes of defects in the production line of inlay soles in footwear manufacturing, focusing on the impact of malfunctioning machine spare parts. Using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), critical machines—splitting, cutting, and moulding—are identified, along with their associated spare parts influencing defect occurrence. Process FMEA (PFMEA) prioritizes actions based on discussions with maintenance managers and quality staff. Results highlight top spare parts affecting defects, such as Fertinak, grinding stone, and V-belt for the splitting machine; hydraulic motor, hydraulic seal, and hydraulic filter for the cutting machine; and Solid State Relay, Thermocouple, and Heater for the moulding machine. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining machine performance and addressing spare part malfunctions to enhance product quality and operational efficiency in footwear manufacturing, providing actionable insights for industry practitioners. Hightligh: Critical Machines Identified: Splitting, cutting, and moulding machines analyzed for defect occurrence. Spare Parts Influence: Fertinak, Solid State Relay impact defect occurrence. Practical Industry Insights: Strategies for improving product quality and efficiency highlighted. Keywords: Defect analysis, Footwear manufacturing, Spare parts, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Product quality.

System-Based Protection Method for High-Voltage Pulse Generator Switching Units in Biomass Electroporation

Background High-voltage pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has emerged as a promising technique for enhancing cell membrane permeabilization for biotechnological and medical applications. Given the parametric instability and low resistivity of biomass when used it as an electrical load, it is imperative for the switching unit to meet specific requirements in terms of load capacity and protection against overloads and short circuits. Methods To construct generators capable of producing high-voltage pulses in the microsecond and millisecond duration ranges, we are incorporating a switching unit that employs a hardware-software method to safeguard critical transistors against overloads and short-circuit currents. Our strategy revolves around utilizing the energy storage capacitor (ESC) both as a means of energy storage and as a current sensor. By monitoring the voltage drop during discharge, we can accurately estimate current parameters. The occurrence of an excessively rapid discharge from the ESC serves as an indicator of a short circuit. The microcontroller calculates ESC discharge limits based on preset parameters within a defined timeframe. Should this limit be exceeded, the system promptly interrupts to address the pulse responsible for the short circuit and halts the further supply of remaining pulses to the load. This sophisticated approach ensures the protection and integrity of the system in the face of potential overloads or short circuits. Results Applying a systemic approach in the design of the presented implementation of protection for key transistors in the switching node from overload and short-circuit current for high-voltage pulse generators (HVPG) in the microsecond and millisecond duration ranges allows for a simpler circuit solution. In this case, the system approach also provides a unified control principle when implementing the considered option for organizing protection, regardless of the number and type of transistors or solid-state switching modules used and connected in parallel. Conclusions The configuration and protective circuitry presented in the article are specifically tailored for shielding switching elements from short-circuit currents, with a primary focus on their application in high-voltage pulse generators (HVPG). These generators are commonly employed in the high-voltage pulse treatment of diverse and unstable loads during the electroporation of biomass. The technical solution expounded in the article is intended for use in the switching nodes of HVPG, particularly those with discharge circuits constructed based on a direct capacitive discharge scheme. Notably, this protection configuration introduces local innovation and is characterized by the circuit's simplicity, achieved through the effective utilization of existing system resources. This protective variant for HVPG switches is particularly well-suited for devices utilized in versatile technological installations with relatively lower performance levels.

A Novel Isolated Gate Driver Power Supply Method for Self-Powered SiC DC Solid-State Switch Using Thermoelectric Generation

DC switches using power electronics technology are increasingly used in dc power systems. Unlike other typical power electronic equipment, it is difficult for the DC switch to acquire energy from the primary circuit in the long-term closure state without d <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> /d <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> or potential difference. As a result, the gate drivers of the devices in DC switches can only be powered from the ground via a complicated and expensive secondary isolation power supply system. This paper proposes a novel isolated gate driver power supply method based on thermoelectric generation for SiC DC switches. By utilizing the unique high operating temperature of wide-bandgap devices, self-power generation can be achieved through the temperature difference between the device and the environment even without d <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> /d <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> or voltage difference. Following the comprehensive integration of the thermoelectric generator and the radiator, a 1.7kV/400A DC switch prototype capable of long-term steady self-power supply is developed, proving the efficacy of the proposed method.

TRIAC Based Isolated AC Load Drive Equivalent Circuit Design of Solid-State Relay

Electronic main boards generally provide the supply and control functions of a system. All electronic main boards include inputs and outputs and are designed according to the design requirements. In this study, a safe and low-cost switching mode power supply (SMPS) board is designed using a flyback converter topology to drive the AC and DC outputs. The triode for alternating current (TRIAC)-based safe and low-cost main board includes a flyback configured transformer with additional winding for driving the TRIAC as an AC output switch in noise immune quadrants II and III. TRIAC is used to switch AC outputs instead of a relay, and the isolation distances of the safety criteria are provided by an optocoupler. In this way, the relay usage is over, and one TRIAC and one optocoupler do the same work that is done by one relay. In this way, the cost of the AC output switch decreases. In addition, the number of AC switches covering the area on the printed-circuit board (PCB) of the mainboard decreases. The flyback topology is designed with half-wave rectified and the transformer is designed with extra winding for producing negative voltage with respect to primer reference for providing negative gate current of TRIAC. TRIAC-based AC output switched, safe, and low-cost main boards can be used for white good main boards, automation (PLC) applications, and automotive electronic control systems. This study provides cost-effective solutions in these areas.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SMART BLUETOOTH BASED AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH CHANGEOVER FOR SMALL HOUSEHOLD GENERATORS

The necessity to develop a cost-effective, smooth, and secure method to automate switching between different power sources resulted in this study. The paper proposes the use of an automatic transfer switch, which automatically switches between the utility power supply and a backup generator, to ensure uninterrupted power supply. The study aims to develop a cost-effective and secure system that utilizes an android device for remote control and monitoring of the power-generating unit. By employing Bluetooth technology, the study eliminates the delays and errors associated with manual source switching. The research specifically focuses on creating an automatic transfer switch compatible with 5 KVA key starter power generators and developing an android application for remote control within a 10-meter Bluetooth range. The system uses electromechanical and solid-state relays for the generator's start/stop sequence and power transmission, respectively.

POWER PROCESSING AND CONTROL UNIT OF THE EECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM

Abstract. The report presents the results of the development of the PPU-500, which is part of the SPS-500 electric propulsion system based on the ST-40 Hall thruster. PPU-500 contains all power supplies necessary for the operation of the propulsion system: discharge; electromagnet; cathode heater and keeper; power supplies for valves and heaters of the storage and feeding working substance, as well as a standby power supply that ensures the standby mode of PPU operation.The converter of the discharge power supply is built using a bridge topology with a phase-shifted output power control circuit. The remaining power supplies are built according to the topology of a step-down synchronous converter with current or voltage stabilization. The discharge power supply is a controlled power supply. The power supplies for the cathode heater and electromagnet current sources are. The accuracy of power supplies output parameters in not worse than 1.5%. The valves of the feeding system are controlled in order to stabilize the pressure in the receiver by periodically turning on/turning off the high- and low-pressure valves. For control the valves, signals taken from pressure sensors installed in the receiver are used. The PPU control unit ensures an accuracy of maintaining pressure in the receiver no worse than 2.5%. The control unit of the PPU is built using a microcontroller with an ARM core. It implements the functions of monitoring the condition of the program, restoring the program firmware if an integrity violation is detected, and the ability to remotely flash a new version. To communicate the SPS-500 with the on-board control system, a galvanically isolated CAN interface is used. It can be also the RS485/RS42 interface.During operation of the propulsion system, operating parameters are measured using multi-channel ADCs and DACs. The obtained data, on the one hand, is used to assess the current state of the propulsion system and control Hall thruster operating modes. On the other hand, they are transmitted as telemetry signals reflecting the current state of the SPS-500, operating mode and emerging emergency conditions of the equipment. PPU is possible to alternately control two thrusters. Solid-state switches are used to switch the corresponding power sources.Testing of the PPU-500 as part of the SPS-500 propulsion system with the ST-40 Hall thruster and a flight prototype of the working substance feeding system confirmed the technical solutions adopted. The operating efficiency of PPU-500 for the nominal operating mode of the propulsion system is 94%.

Imidazole-based solid-state fluorescence switch: Stimuli-responsive emission, mechanochromism and acidochromism

Stimuli modulated fluorescence properties of imidazole-based molecular probe (E)-2-(5,5-dimethyl-3-(4-(1,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)styryl)cyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile (Ph-ISO) in the solid state is presented. Not only did the probe display aggregation induced emission (AIE) activity with intense solid-state fluorescence emission, but also exhibited several repetitive cycles of reversible mechanochromism as well as acidochromism. The solid-state emission is ascribed to the intermolecular interactions in the highly twisted conformation of Ph-ISOviamultiple C–H---N and C–H---π interactions as confirmed by the single crystal X-ray analysis. The applied mechanical stress in the form of grinding results in the transformation of crystalline state to the amorphous state with a red shifted emission band attributed to attaining more planar conformation vs twisted conformation, with extended molecular conjugation. While reversible mechanochromism makes the probe suitable for rewritable papers, the switchable acidochromism is useful for theon-sitemonitoring of pH differences in biological and environmental media.

Electrically gated molecular thermal switch.

Controlling heat flow is a key challenge for applications ranging from thermal management in electronics to energy systems, industrial processing, and thermal therapy. However, progress has generally been limited by slow response times and low tunability in thermal conductance. In this work, we demonstrate an electronically gated solid-state thermal switch using self-assembled molecular junctions to achieve excellent performance at room temperature. In this three-terminal device, heat flow is continuously and reversibly modulated by an electric field through carefully controlled chemical bonding and charge distributions within the molecular interface. The devices have ultrahigh switching speeds above 1 megahertz, have on/off ratios in thermal conductance greater than 1300%, and can be switched more than 1 million times. We anticipate that these advances will generate opportunities in molecular engineering for thermal management systems and thermal circuit design.

Design and modeling of an all-solid-state high power bidirectional DC switch

In order to improve the reliability of the aircraft ring network power distribution system for the future development needs of advanced multi-power and all-power aircraft, a design scheme of an all-solid-state high-power bidirectional DC switch is proposed to upgrade the aircraft power distribution system originally composed of traditional mechanical switches and some low-power solid-state power controllers to an all-solid-state aircraft power distribution system. The solid-state high-power bi-directional DC switch uses SiC MOSFETs as switching elements is modeled and simulated by Saber simulation software and uses reverse time overcurrent protection and short circuit protection design to realize high voltage control distribution, circuit protection, and fault isolation functions. The simulation verifies that the designed all-solid-state high-power bidirectional DC switch has short-circuit protection and overcurrent protection intelligent protection functions. Applying the design to the aircraft distribution loop network greatly enhances the reliability of the aircraft distribution system drives the development of aircraft multi-electricity-all-electricity technology, and also promotes the application of digital solid-state series modular switches in civil transportation and high-voltage power supply fields.

Optimization of Natural Cooled Heat Sinks for Panel Mounted Solid State Relays

A solid state relay mounted at a cabinet wall dissipating 30 W heat is considered in this analysis. A parallel plate mid-finned heat sink is designed for the relay to accommodate within 100 × 60 × 100 mm3 volume. A heatsink of 100 mm × 56 mm base size, 6 mm trunk thickness, 3 mm fin thickness, 6 mm fin spacing, and 102 mm length is attained by optimization. Further, it is optimized by trimming off the inefficient portion of the fin height, thereby attaining a taper heat sink without compromising the thermal performance. The appraisement of this trimming is characterized by the taper angle formed between the base of the heat sink and the line connecting all fin tips. The temperature profiles for heatsinks with 90°, 85° and 80° taper angle are presented in this paper for various power levels. The heat sink with 85° taper angle is optimum and the same is fabricated and tested experimentally. Thus, the parallel plate heat sink is optimized to improve the overall fin effectiveness and a 13% reduction in weight is achieved at 85° taper angle with a notional increment in temperature.

10-kV, 400-A, 10-kHz Solid-State Switch for Lightning Indirect Effect Test

The lightning indirect effect is the effect of magnetic field induced by lightning, and electrical devices frequently exposed to lightning require verification test against this effect. In order to simulate the lightning indirect effect defined in international test standards, a discharge switch to handle high-voltage and high-current pulses and to operate at high repetition rate is required. This article describes a solid-state switch achieving target simulated waveforms with a very simple structure. The two-pack module insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module is used for high-current discharge and six modules (12 IGBTs) are stacked in series to handle high voltage. Typical considerations for using a series-stacked structure include voltage balance, synchronized operation, and high-voltage insulation. To satisfy this, a special driving circuit using a high-voltage cable and a toroidal core was applied. Based on this, a totem pole structure-based gate driver that can be applied to a two-pack module was proposed, and it not only enables on/off driving control but also includes a function to prevent self-turn with very simple structure. Through PSpice simulation and experiments, it was confirmed that the voltage balance and synchronized switching operation are achieved. Finally, the experiments to generate the simulated lightning indirect effect waveform were conducted and it was verified that the developed solid-state switch can output high voltage (over 10-kV), high-current (over 400-A) pulse, and operates stably under high repetition rate condition (over 10-kHz).

An All-Solid-State Rectangular Current Pulse Generator Based on Coupling Inductor

To explore the application of pulsed current in biomedicine, an all-solid-state rectangular pulse current generator (RCPG) is proposed. The RCPG uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA) as the control system and a solid-state semiconductor switching metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) as the control switch. The RCPG is modular in design, with each module consisting of a diode, a switch, and a coupled inductor. Each inductor of the RCPG is coupled to each other, increasing the energy storage density of the system. When the switch is on, the inductors are charged in series. And when the switch is off, the inductors are discharged in parallel to the load. The energy on the inductor can be superimposed on the load in the form of a current. Through simulation, the principle of RCPG topology and its feasibility is verified. Finally, a five-stage RCPG miniaturized prototype was developed. The experiments show that the RCPG can be adjusted by adjusting the inductor parameters to meet different load requirements, such as biomedical. In addition, the number of modules can be increased to achieve higher current output.

Development of a DC hybrid fault-current limiting and interrupting device for microgrid applications with a new approach for current-limiting capability

This research presents the development of a hybrid DC fault current limiter (HDCFCL) for microgrid applications. The proposed HDCFCL configuration comprises two parallel branches; the first is the main circuit, which includes a superconducting material as a current limiting element in series with the auxiliary solid-state switch. The second branch includes the commutation circuit, composed of two groups of ultra-fast turn-off semiconductor switches, IGCTs, connected back-to-back across the absorbing energy branch. A new approach to the current limitation is presented, where a superconducting fault current limiter is used to reduce the short circuit current together with a capacitor to absorb the energy of the commutation circuit during the interrupting process. The PLECS program was used to analyze the results theoretically, and they were verified via building and testing a laboratory prototype. The experimental results showed the capability of the proposed system isolating the fault within 3.6 ms, which is quite fast compared to other presented systems in the relevant literature.

Analysis of IGBT Pseudodesaturation Effect Caused by Stray Parameters in DC Circuit Breaker

As a highly integrated high-voltage power electronic equipment in the power grid, the DC circuit breaker (DCCB) has misjudged overcurrent protection caused by the IGBT pseudo desaturation effect (PDE) in DC short-circuit fault. To analyze the reasons for the effect, this paper established a wide-band equivalent circuit model of a hybrid high-voltage DCCB at the initial stage of DC fault. And revealed the mechanism of PDE: the stray inductance of series-connected solid-state switches, the junction capacitance of metal oxide varistors (MOVs), and the parasitic capacitance to the ground of DCCB form multiple resonant circuits. The external disturbance is converted into the interference of DCCB port through these stray parameters, and the interference would exceed the IGBT desaturation detection threshold. Furthermore, an equivalent experimental circuit that reproduces the electromagnetic interference of DCCB at the DC fault transient process was proposed, and the correctness of the mechanism analysis was verified by the scaled prototype of DCCB, the main resonance frequency error is less than 15%. Finally, the frequency domain and time domain characteristics of electromagnetic interference on the IGBT desaturation detection monitoring ports in 200kV DCCB at the initial stage of DC fault were analyzed. Based on these characteristics, a scheme of adding a delay time to the overcurrent protection criterion to avoid electromagnetic interference was proposed, which is adopted by an industrial project.

Effective DC acceleration of charged particles in a circular ring and its potential application

A novel scheme is proposed for realizing effective DC acceleration of charged particles in a circular ring. The key is to use an induction acceleration cell with multi-insulating gaps that allow forced short circuit using solid-state switching devices such as SiC-MOSFET or unforced short circuit using diodes. A baseline design of the induction acceleration cell is shown. A coasting beam is accelerated in the circular ring without bunching. As its possible application, a continuous-wave terahertz free-electron laser (FEL) is proposed with numerical parameters, where this effective DC acceleration compensates for energy loss of the electron beam occupying the entire isochronous storage ring due to synchrotron radiation and FEL interaction. As a result, FEL microbunching of a coasting beam can be created, resulting in a high average output power that has not been possible with existing linac-driven FELs or RF storage-ring FELs.

Tuning Solid-State Switching of the First Dihydroazulene@MOF Hybrid Materials

Tuning Solid-State Switching of the First Dihydroazulene@MOF Hybrid Materials

A plasma-based pressure pulse generator for simulating pellet-cladding mechanical interaction during reactivity-initiated accident.

This paper describes the characteristics of a plasma-based pressure pulse generator and its potential use as a simulator for studying pellet-cladding mechanical interaction (PCMI) during reactivity-initiated accidents (RIAs). In this device, a transient pressure pulse is generated by rapid heating and expansion of hot, dense plasma inside a nuclear fuel cladding. Thus, the parameters of a pressure pulse, such as peak pressure and pressure rise-rate, can be controlled by modifying the electrical parameters of a pulse discharge circuit. The pulse discharge circuit utilizes a capacitor bank comprising several energy storage capacitors connected in parallel and a high-power solid-state switch. A pressure loading system is attached as a load to the pulse discharge circuit. The power and energy delivered to the load are calculated by measuring the voltage and current waveforms at one end of the loading system. A piezoelectric sensor is connected at the other end of the loading system to simultaneously measure the pressure pulse inside the cladding tube. Preliminary experiments are carried out with a stainless-steel tube to characterize the performance of the device as well as with a pre-hydrided ZIRLO™ cladding tube to demonstrate the potential of the device as a simulator for studying the failure characteristics of the cladding as a result of an RIA. The high pressurization rate of the device is expected to offer unique advantages for studying the PCMI mechanism.

2-Pyridone-based stilbazoles containing cyano and trifluoromethyl acceptors: Synthesis and fluorescence properties in solutions and in solid state

A novel simple and efficient stilbazole-based D-π-А system containing cyano and trifluoromethyl acceptors was designed. The developed system demonstrated pronounced (fluoro)solvatochromic properties. The behavior of compound in solution was studied and three forms were identified, namely pyridone (PY), hydroxypyridine (HP), and anionic form (AN). Synthetic equivalents of these forms were prepared and their photophysical characteristics were investigated. It was shown that fluorescence of the stilbazole-based D-π-А chromophore is originated exclusively from hydroxypyridine form, while the pyridone form makes a significant contribution to the absorption properties of the compound. Basing on the obtained 6-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-2-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile a three position solid-state fluorescent acid-base switch was developed.

Performance assessment of active insulation systems in residential buildings for energy savings and peak demand reduction

Active insulation systems (AISs) in buildings are envelopes that integrate thermal insulation, thermal energy storage, and controls. Although different designs for AISs have been proposed in the literature, a comprehensive analysis of feasible AISs is lacking. This paper discusses the energy performance, peak demand reduction potential, and performance characteristics of an AIS that uses a concrete wall as thermal mass sandwiched between two solid-state thermal switches (STSs). These STSs change their thermal conductivity using an on/off metal switch to create or break a thermal bridge across the STS. This paper first describes the experimental setup, used to determine the ratio of thermal resistance during R-high (low thermal conductivity) and R-low (high thermal conductivity) states of the STSs. This ratio was then used in whole-building energy simulations to evaluate the performance of AIS walls across different climate zones with/without a freeze timer of 60 min. The timer was added to reduce the number of switches of STSs from one state to another, and hence the energy needed for these switches. Analysis of the switching frequency and interval of STSs, thermal conductivity of walls, impact of wall orientation, and heat transfer through the wall from the use of AIS at different climate zones/locations were performed. The simulation results show that the AIS can achieve energy savings ranging from ∼ 980 to 2,290 kWh in a single-family home with a floor area of ∼ 220 m2 compared with an IECC 2018 baseline. The energy savings was higher in dry climate zones which represent 17% of residential buildings in the United States, compared to humid or marine climate.

Motorized Circuit Breaker by using Arduino

Circuit breakers are the primary devices for the protection and switching operations of electrical systems. B. If the building burns down or the control panel is damaged by exposure to direct impact from an electrical short circuit or overload, to limit these risks: It is necessary to take more advanced measures such as B. Intelligent and fast reacting circuit breaker. Protect your system from overloads and short circuits through this project. The concept of electronic circuit breakers came to the fore when it was discovered that traditional circuit breakers such as MCBs take a long time to trip. Therefore, it is very important for sensitive loads to activate the trigger mechanism as soon as possible, preferably immediately. Electronic circuit breakers are based on the voltage drop across a series element (usually a low value resistor) proportional to the load current. This voltage is detected and converted to direct current. It is then compared to a preset voltage by a level comparator and produces an output that drives a relay through the Arduino Uno to trigger the load. Since such solid-state switches will inevitably fail in the event of an accidental short circuit, it is preferable to use relays instead of solid-state switches. This project is very fast and overcomes the shortcomings of thermal circuit breakers. In this project, a motorized circuit breaker is built based on an Arduino and the necessary sensors, so you can print the voltage and current results with the help of current and voltage sensors and an LCD. In a short circuit condition, the current is very high and the voltage is almost zero. The Arduino receives these values from the sensors and compares them to thresholds to make the correct decisions to protect the system from damage. The same principle applies. to increase the load limit. Additionally, this project can be extended by using a current transformer (CT) for galvanic isolation between mains and control circuits. The use of power electronics devices such as high-power transistors enables faster operation compared to conventional ones