Solid Refuse Fuel Research Articles

SRF 제조·활용 시설 확대의 경제적 파급효과 분석

정부는 온실가스 배출을 저감하면서 친환경적으로 폐기물에너지를 활용하기 위해 폐기물을 고형연료(SRF, solid refuse fuel)로 제조 및 활용하는 시설을 확대하고자 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국은행에서 가장 최근에 발표한 2014년 산업연관표를 이용하여 SRF 제조 활용 시설 확대에 따른 경제적 파급효과를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 수요유도형 모형을 적용하여 생산유발효과, 부가가치 유발효과, 취업유발효과에 대한 결과를 제시한다. 한편, SRF 제조 활용 시설 부문이 산업연관표에 정의되어 있지 않기 때문에 이에 대한 새로운 정의를 시도하여 SRF 제조 활용 시설 부문을 중심에 두고 외생화를 하였다. 분석결과, SRF 제조 활용 시설 확대를 위한 1원 투자의 생산유발효과는 1.9993원이었으며, 부가가치 유발효과는 0.6747원이었다. 아울러 SRF 제조 활용 시설 확대를 위한 10억원 투자의 취업유발효과는 11.1982명으로 분석되었다. 이러한 정략적인 정보는 SRF 제조 활용 시설 확대의 경제적 파급효과를 사전적으로 예측하는 데 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있다. The government is trying to expanding the manufacture and utilization of solid refuse fuel (SRF) facilities in order to mitigate greenhouse gases reducing and eco-friendly waste-to-energy recovery. In this regard, this study attempts to look into the economic effects of expanding the manufacture and utilization of SRF facilities by applying an inter-industry analysis using a 2014 input-output table. Specifically, by applying the demand-driven model presents the results for the production-inducing effect, value-added creation effect, and employment-inducing effect. In particular, this study attempted to redefine for the SRF. In addition, it was accessed by exogenous around the manufacture and utilization of SRF sector. The results show that production-inducing effect and value-added creation effect of expanding the manufacture and utilization of SRF facilities for the investment of 1.0 won are estimated to be 1.9993 and 0.6747, respectively. The employment-inducing effect of one billion of investment in the expanding the manufacture and utilization of SRF facilities is computed to be 11.1982 persons. This information can be utilized in predicting the economic effects of the manufacture and utilization of SRF.

Life cycle assessment of solid refuse fuel production from MSW in Korea

Solid refuse fuel (SRF) produced from waste materials is a promising fuel that can be utilized for energy recovery in industries. This study considered both characterization and weighting modeling as life cycle assessment (LCA) results. This study aimed to analyze the flows of materials and energy and to evaluate the environmental impact of SRF plants using LCA and compared them with an incineration plant. Based on the results of material and energy flow analysis, SRF products had various energy potentials depending on the treatment method of municipal solid waste (MSW) and replaced the current fossil fuels by SRF combustion. Global impacts were mainly influenced by energy consumption, especially drying methods in the production of SRF, and affected the results of the weighting analysis. The SRF plant with a bio-drying option was evaluated as the best effective practice in the weighting analysis. The LCA results in this study indicated 0.021–9.88 points according to drying methods for SRF production and 1.38 points for incineration. In the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impact of SRF production was found to be significantly affected by the drying methods for MSW and the utilization of fossil energy. Thus, improvement of the drying options could significantly reduce the environmental impact.

Estimation of Energy Recovery Potentials and Greenhouse Gas Reduction by Municipal Solid Waste Conversion to Solid Refuse Fuel in D City

Estimation of Energy Recovery Potentials and Greenhouse Gas Reduction by Municipal Solid Waste Conversion to Solid Refuse Fuel in D City

For Waste to Energy, Assessment of Fluff Type Solid Refuse Fuel by Thermal Characteristics Analyses

Waste to energy could be one of the greatest sources of renewable energy in Korea, especially municipal solid waste as it has high heat recovery rate and high energy density. Various types of waste to energy technology exist, including refining of waste oil, plastic pyrolysis, recovery of waste heat and SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel). Main advantages of waste to energy are commercialization in a short period and treatment of waste alongside energy recovery.SRF could be made from various source including MSW (Municipal Solid Waste), plastic, wood etc.SRF is also used as an auxiliary fuel of fossil fuel for cement kiln plants. Depending on theshape SRF could be fluff type and pellet type. Manufacturing processes of fluff type SRF are composed to screening and drying stages. In this study, an assessment on fluff type SRF made of MSW was conducted by thermal characteristics analyses. Thermal characteristics analyses include elementary analysis, TG (Thermogravimetry) analysis, HHV (Higher Heating Value) measurement and proximate analysis. For comparison, SRF with other fuel samples such as biomass, and coal were selected and we evaluated to determine whether SRF is good as fuel or not. In this experiment, representative of fossil fuel was bituminous coal and representative of biomass was EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch). Results of different characteristics analyses of fluff type SRF compared to other fuels, the feasibility of fluff type SRF to use as alternative fuels by waste to energy technology was good enough.

A Study on Environmental Assessment of Residue from Gasification of Polyurethane Waste in E-Waste Recycling Process

With expanding economic growth, the consumption and changing period of electronics products have increased rapidly in last couple of decades in Korea. A refrigerator generally contains 10% of polyurethane. Since the amount of used refrigerators collected at recycling facilities of E-wastes (electronic waste) has increased since 2007, the generation of polyurethane waste has also increased. Polyurethane recycling technologies have been investigated for polyol production and sound-absorbing materials, which are not commercialized yet due to high cost of the technology. However many kinds of plastic wastes are being used as SRF (solid refuse fuel) like RDF (refuse derived fuel), so polyurethane in E-waste could be utilized as valuable fuels, since it has high calorific values and contains low sulfur, low chlorine, and less hazardous substances[Park, C. S. (2013).]. Using a fixed bed reactor, gasification experiment was conducted onpellet type SRF made of polyurethane at 1,000 °C temperature for study purpose. Environmental assessment on gasification residue was also performed byleaching test and the loss on ignition[Kim, C. S., 2008]. The main objective of this experiment was to assess whether polyurethane gasification residue is hazardous for environment or not and also to find out it is recyclable or not.

The Characteristics of Oxygen-enriched Gasification for Fluff SRF

In the gasification process, the composition of the syngas and its heating value are influenced by the oxidization agents. The oxidization agents include air, oxygen, oxygen enriched air or steam. A preliminary study on oxygen-enriched gasification of fluff solid refuse fuel (SRF) was carried out in a bench-scale down-draft fixed bed reactor. The purpose of this study is investigation for the influence of the oxygen concentration in the oxidization agent on the gasification characteristics such as syngas heating value, carbon conversion ratio and cold gas efficiency with a bench-scale fixed bed reactor.Low heating values (LHV) of sample 1 and 2 are 3,821kcal/kg and 4,946kcal/kg, respectively. The down-draft fixed bed reactor consists of nitrogen, oxygen and air inlet zone, reaction zone, gas purification zone and gas analysis zone. An electric heater with variable power is attached to the fixed bed reactor. The fluff SRF is fed inside the reactor. The dust, tar and moisture in the gas are separated by a cyclone, a venturi scrubber and a water separator. The purified gas was analyzed with gas chromatography (Inficon Micro GC 3000) at an interval of 3 minutes.The concentrations of H2 and CO in the syngas for test 3 were 15.51% and 19.00%, respectively. However, in the case of test 4 the concentrations of H2 and CO in the syngas were 26.30% and 23.21%, respectively. Therefore the concentration of combustible gas such as H2, CO and CH4 increased with increasing O2 concentration in the oxidization agent. However syngas cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion ratio was not increased with increasing O2 concentration in the oxidization agent.

Study on a Fixed Bed Gasification of Polyurethane SRF from Electronic Waste

With expanding economic growth, the consumption and changing period of electronics products have increased rapidly last a couple of decades in Korea. A refrigerator generally contains 10% of polyurethane. Since the amount of used refrigerators collected at recycling facilities of E-wastes has increased since 2007, the generation of polyurethane waste has also increased. Polyurethane recycling technologies have been investigated such as polyol production and sound-absorbing materials, which are not commercialized yet due to high cost of the technology. However many kinds of plastic wastes are being used as solid refuse fuel (SRF) like RDF, so polyurethane in E-waste could be utilized as valuable fuels, since it has higher heating values and contains low sulfur, low chlorine, and less hazardous substances. In this study an attempt to fabricate pellet type of SRF from polyurethane waste was conducted to use them as fuels even though it was not easy to make pellet, because characteristics of polyurethane were high volume and low density. Recently, Korean Association of Electronics Environment (KAEE) is producing pelletized SRF. The basic characteristics of polyurethane such as elemental composition, thermal properties and proximate analysis were carried out to assess whether they could be used as fuels or not. Using a fixed bed test reactor, gasification experiments were also conducted at the temperature of 1,000 ℃ by measuring exhaust gas compositions and gas pollutants.

A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste

The aim of this work is to identify the current level of energy recovery through waste thermal treatment. The state of the art in energy recovery from waste was investigated, highlighting the differences for different types of thermal treatment, considering combustion/incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. Also different types of wastes – Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or Solid Refuse Fuels (SRF) and some typologies of Industrial Waste (IW) (sludge, plastic scraps, etc.) – were included in the analysis. The investigation was carried out mainly reviewing papers, published in scientific journals and conferences, but also considering technical reports, to gather more information.In particular the goal of this review work was to synthesize studies in order to compare the values of energy conversion efficiencies measured or calculated for different types of thermal processes and different types of waste.It emerged that the dominant type of thermal treatment is incineration associated to energy recovery in a steam cycle. When waste gasification is applied, the produced syngas is generally combusted in a boiler to generate steam for energy recovery in a steam cycle. For both the possibilities – incineration or gasification – cogeneration is the mean to improve energy recovery, especially for small scale plants. In the case of only electricity production, the achievable values are strongly dependent on the plant size: for large plant size, where advanced technical solutions can be applied and sustained from an economic point of view, net electric efficiency may reach values up to 30–31%. In small-medium plants, net electric efficiency is constrained by scale effect and remains at values around 20–24%. Other types of technical solutions – gasification with syngas use in internally fired devices, pyrolysis and plasma gasification – are less common or studied at pilot or demonstrative scale and, in any case, offer at present similar or lower levels of energy efficiency.

종량제봉투 내 폐자원에 대한 최적 처리방안 연구

인천광역시에서 배출되는 종량제봉투 안에는 재활용 가능자원이 4.5% (알루미늄캔류 0.2%, 철캔류 2.5%, 유리류 1.8%), 에너지회수가 가능한 자원이 92.5% (종이류 23.0%, 플라스틱류 15.5%, 가연성 기타류 54.0%) 및 매립이 필요한 불연성 기타류가 3.0%로 분석되었다. 알루미늄캔류, 철캔류 및 유리류는 기존의 매립처리보다 재활용처리가 효과적이며, 종이류와 플라스틱류는 기존의 단순 소각처리보다 폐기물 고형원료 (SRF)로 만들어 에너지회수처리하는 편이 더 효과적이고, 가연성 기타류는 기존의 단순 소각처리가 재활용처리보다 효과적이다. 본 연구에서 제안한 폐자원별 처리방안을 적용하면 2,068,948 Million Btu의 에너지가 절감되고, 21,008 <TEX>$MTCO_2E$</TEX>의 온실가스가 저감되는 것으로 분석되었다. 총 에너지 절감량을 경제적 효과로 환산하면 연간 약 422억 원의 비용절감 효과가 있으며, 총 온실가스 저감량을 승용차의 이산화탄소 배출량으로 환산하면 연간 약 4,119대의 운행감축 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 종량제봉투 내 가연성 물질의 저위발열량은 종이류 1,936 kcal/kg, 플라스틱류 5,079 kcal/kg, 가연성 기타류 2,462 kcal/kg로 분석되었다. 종이류와 플라스틱류를 적절하게 혼합한다면 SRF로 활용이 가능하고, 가연성 기타류는 저위발열량이 고형연료 기준을 충족시키지 못하고 구성성분들이 폐기물 고형연료로 사용하기엔 부적절하였다. A standard plastic garbage bag which was discarded from Incheon Metropolitan City was composed of 4.5% recyclable resources (aluminum cans 0.2%, steel cans 2.5%, glass 1.8%), 92.5% resources with recoverable energy (papers 23.0%, plastics 15.5%, combustible etc. 54.0%) and 3.0% non-combustible etc. Recycling is more effective than landfilling for aluminum cans, steel cans, and glass. The energy recovery process using solid refuse fuel (SRF) is more effective than incineration for papers and plastics. Incineration is more effective than recycling for combustible etc. 2,068,948 Million Btu of total energy savings and 21,008 <TEX>$MTCO_2E$</TEX> of total GHG reductions were obtained by the application of the proposed scheme. The total energy savings were equivalent to an economic benefit of 422 billion won per year. The total GHG reductions were equivalent to a GHG benefit of 4,119 passenger cars not running per year. The lower calorific value of the combustible materials was obtained to be 1,936 kcal/kg of papers, 5,079 kcal/kg of plastics and 2,462 kcal/kg of combustible other resources, respectively. If papers and plastics are properly mixed, the mixture can be used as SRF. The lower calorific value of combustible other resources does not meet the quality criteria for refuse derived fuel, therefore its components are inappropriate to used as solid refuse fuel.

Development of metal bearing plastic moulding material: K. Hoshino et al. (Mitsubishi Materials Corp., Omiya, Japan.) J.Japan Soc. Powder and Powder Metallurgy, vol 42, no 8, 1995, 871–8755. (In Japanese.)

Environmentally sound management of plastic packaging waste is an issue of concern around the world because it causes potential threats to oceans and the environment upon disposal and mismanagement. This study examines the current efforts on recycling of the waste by extended producer responsibility (EPR) in South Korea as well as other countries. Material flow analysis (MFA) was performed on plastic packaging by life cycle. Based on the results in this study, material footprint of common single use plastics (i.e., PET water bottles, plastic cups, plastic bags, and plastic containers and cutlery by food delivery) by consumption was estimated to be on average 11.8 kg or 638 disposable plastics per capita a year, resulting in 32.6 billion disposable plastics and 603,000 ton of waste for disposal in South Korea. Approximately, 3 million ton of plastic packaging waste from household waste streams in 2017 in South Korea was generated and treated by energy recovery with solid refuse fuels and heat recovery, incineration without energy recovery, material recycling, and landfilling. Material recycling and recovery rates of plastic packaging waste from households were relatively low at 13.5% and 50.5%, respectively. It was estimated that as much as 3.6 million ton of CO2eq was generated from 2.7 million ton of plastic waste by incineration in 2017. Approximately 6.6 million ton CO2eq could be avoided by material recycling. Challenges and efforts have been discussed to improve current recycling system of plastic packaging waste towards a circular economy.