Solid Polymer Blend Electrolytes Research Articles

Enhancing the Performance of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Phenothiazine-Doped Blended Solid Polymer Electrolyte

Enhancing the Performance of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Phenothiazine-Doped Blended Solid Polymer Electrolyte

Preparation and characterization of polymer blend electrolyte membranes based on lithium acetate‐complexed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) blend

AbstractThis work aimed to prepare solid polymer blend electrolytes based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) complexed with lithium acetate (LiCH3COO) for lithium‐ion batteries application. The solid polymer blend electrolytes of LiCH3COO‐complexed CMC/CMCh (50/50) polymer blend electrolyte were prepared by using the casting solution technique, where various weight percentages of LiCH3COO were mixed into CMC/CMCh (50/50) blend as host polymer. Solid polymer blend electrolytes of CMC/CMCh + 30wt% LiCH3COO had the highest ionic conductivity as much as 2.24 × 10−5 S cm−1 among others. The CMC/CMCh blend (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO degraded at temperature interval 256–473°C. Linear sweep voltammetry method shows that CMC/CMCh (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO reached a decomposition voltage around 2.54 V, while CMC/CMCh (50/50) + 10wt% LiCH3COO was decomposed at a lower voltage around 1.55 V. Based on the transference number measurement appeared that the initial and final current values of 0.84 for the CMC/CMCh (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO is higher than that of the CMC/CMCh (50/50) + 10wt% LiCH3COO (0.8). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the CMC/CMCh blend (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO meets the minimum requirements for the main parameters of ion conductivity and thermal stability as a solid electrolyte polymer membrane but needs improvement and attention to its mechanical properties.Highlights CMC and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) have polar groups for ionic conduction. The CMC/CMCh blend (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO has good ionic conductivity of 2.24 × 10−5 S cm−1. The CMC/CMCh blend (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO has high thermal stability 256–473°C. The CMC/CMCh blend (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO has high decomposition voltage around 2.54 V. The CMC/CMCh blend (50/50) + 30wt% LiCH3COO has higher transference number (0.84).

PEO/PEG-b-P(MA-POSS)/LiClO4 blend solid polymer electrolyte for enhanced lithium-ion conductivity: fabrication, characterization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

PEO/PEG-b-P(MA-POSS)/LiClO4 blend solid polymer electrolyte for enhanced lithium-ion conductivity: fabrication, characterization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Studies on a novel microporous electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based polymer electrolyte membranes for high‐performance battery applications

AbstractINTRODUCTIONSolid polymer blend electrolytes are scientifically interesting promising materials as electrolytes in advanced solid state electrochemical devices applications such as batteries, electrochemical display devices, smart windows, etc. The solid polymer blend electrolyte has several advantages including high energy density, a solvent free condition, structural stability, light weight, leak proof, good electrode electrolyte contact, ease of fabrication, easy processability and good mechanical properties.OBJECTIVESThe present research work deals with the study of composition and conductivity behavior of polymer blend electrolyte complex membranes based on PVA and PVP complexed with different weight percent KClO4 salt, prepared by electrospinning technique. The resultant polymer blend electrolytes have been characterized by XRD, FTIR and AC conductivity studies.METHODSPorous PVA based nanofiber membranes were prepared using a typical electrospinning technique with a horizontal arrangement. A stainless steel needle (24 G, outer diameter: 0.50 mm, inner diameter: 0.35 mm) was connected to an electrode of a high voltage power supply (Spellman, model CZE1000R) which could generate positive DC voltages up to 30 kV and a grounded stainless steel plate was placed at 10 cm distance from the needle tip to collect the nanofiber membranes.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA novel electrospun polymer electrolyte membranes comprising a blend of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) containing various concentrations of potassium perchlorate KClO4 salt are prepared using electrospinning technique. The structure and complexation of the polymer electrolyte membranes have been confirmed from X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral studies. The ac conductivity studies are performed to measure the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte complex systems in the temperature range 298‐353 K and it is also found that the temperature dependence ionic conductivity data seems to follows the Arrhenius relation. The influence of complex membranes composition on the ionic conductivity has been discussed. The maximum ionic conductivity value is obtained to be 9.1×10−4 S cm−1 at 298 K for PVA‐PVP‐KClO4 (50‐35‐15) polymer system with 15 wt.% KClO4 salt. Scanning electron microscopy studies have been performed and reported.CONCLUSIONSFree standing, flexible complex polymer electrolyte membranes based on various compositions of PVA‐PVP‐KClO4 have been prepared. The presence of amorphous regions due to complexation of polymer salt matrices has been confirmed from XRD and FTIR analysis. The maximum value of ionic conductivity has been obtained to be 9.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 298 K for PVA‐PVP‐KClO4 (50‐35‐15) complex polymer electrolyte system with 15 wt.% KClO4. The excellent performance, such as high values of ionic conductivity, of polymer blend electrolyte membranes suggest that the membranes can be used as the best candidate for high performance solid state batteries.

Investigation of structural and conductivity properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based electrospun composite polymer blend electrolyte membranes for battery applications

AbstractSolid polymer electrolyte has attracted great interest for the next generation of electrochemical devices such as batteries, but the low ionic conductivity and poor stability has retarded their commercial acceptance for energy storage devices applications. To overcome these issues, strategies to develop composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) are drawing interest. Nanocomposite solid polymer blend electrolyte membranes based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) of various compositions that contained potassium nitrate (KNO3) as a dopant salt, and Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) as a filler were prepared with various concentrations of filler using electrospinning technique. The structural and complex formations due to interaction of various groups of the prepared composite polymer electrolyte membranes were investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectral analysis. The conductivity of the PVA‐PVP‐KNO3‐BaTiO3 polymer electrolyte systems was found to vary between 3.71×10‐9 and 1.99×10‐5 S cm‐1 at 298 K with the increase in filler concentration. The maximum room temperature ionic conductivity (1.99×10‐5 S cm‐1) has been obtained for 9 wt% BaTiO3 doped polymer electrolyte system. The addition of filler also enhanced the thermal stability of the electrolyte. The temperature dependence ionic conductivity of the prepared complexed polymer electrolyte systems appears to obey Arrhenius behaviour.

Electrical and thermal analysis on Na+ - ion conducting novel blended solid polymer electrolyte membranes

In this study, the hot press method has been used to synthesize a blended solid polymer electrolyte (BSPE), containing poly (ethylene oxide) and polyacrylonitrile (PEO/PAN) matrix complexed with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) salt. The film with varying salt concentration has been prepared, in which the BSPE OCC (optimum conducting composition) film exhibits the highest ionic conductivity is (σrt) ∼ 2.10 × 10-6 Scm−1 at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques have been adopted for the characterization. These investigations are demonstrated their utility and potential for all-solid-state device applications.

The Triple Impacts of [Emim]Ac Ionic Liquid for Cellulose Derivatives-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Solid Polymer Blend Electrolyte Membranes

The Triple Impacts of [Emim]Ac Ionic Liquid for Cellulose Derivatives-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Solid Polymer Blend Electrolyte Membranes

Studies on structural and electrical properties of NaI doped PEO/CMC blend solid polymer electrolyte

Solid polymer blend electrolyte (SPE) films of Polyethylene oxide(PEO)/Carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) doped with Sodium iodide (NaI), were prepared by solution cast method and their structural, optical and electrical properties were investigated using X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and Electrical impedance analyser respectively. X-Ray diffraction spectra indicate that, deformation occurred in the structure of the blend followed by doping with NaI salt. The variation in intensity and shifting of characteristic bands in FTIR spectra provides the evidence for formation of complex due to the interaction occurred in the blend with the dopant. Optical energy band gap decreases in the blend samples upon doping and is confirmed by UV–Vis spectrophotometer analysis. Increase of dielectric constant and loss upon doping, exhibits usual behaviour of the polymer electrolytes. An increase in AC conductivity is observed upon doping and maximum conductivity of 9.41 × 10−3 Scm−1 is obtained for 10/90 sample doped with 0.03% Sodium iodide and DC conductivity for the same sample at room temperature is 1.05 × 10–2 Scm−1. In addition, I-T studies confirm the conductivity exhibited by the sample as due to ions and I-V studies show electrochemical stability in the range of good working potential. From the results obtained, it can be inferred that, the prepared sample can be used as polymer electrolytes in the manufacturing of energy storage devices.

Fabrication and Characterization of Flexible Solid Polymers Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Application.

In this work, solid flexible polymer blend electrolytes (PBE) composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) with different amounts of sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) salt mixed in double-distilled water (solvent) are prepared via solution casting method. The obtained films are characterized using several techniques. The study of the surface morphology of the polymer blend salt complex films via the POM technique reveals the presence of amorphous regions due to the NaSCN effect. FTIR spectra studies confirm the complex formation between PVA, PVP, and NaSCN. The addition of 20 wt% NaSCN salt in the composition PVA: PVP (50:50 wt%) polymer blend matrix leads to an increase in the number of charge carriers and thus improves the ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivity of each polymer blend electrolyte was studied using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. The highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 8.1 × 10−5 S/cm S cm−1 is obtained for the composition of PVA: PVP (50:50 wt%) with 20 wt% NaSCN. LSV test shows the optimized ion-conducting polymer blend electrolyte is electrochemically stable up to 1.5 V. TNM analysis reveals that 99% of ions contribute for the conductivity against 1% of electrons only in the highly conductive polymer electrolyte PVA: PVP (50:50 wt%) + 20 wt% NaSCN. A supercapacitor device was fabricated using the optimized ion-conducting polymer blend film and graphene oxide (GO) coated electrodes. The GCD curve clearly reveals the behavior of an ideal capacitor with less Faradic process and low ESR value. The columbic efficiency of the GO-based system is found to be 100%, the GO-based electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 12.15 F/g and the system delivers the charge for a long duration. The specific capacitance of the solid-state supercapacitor cell was found to be 13.28 F/g via the CV approach close to 14.25 F/g obtained with EIS data at low frequency.

Magnesium ion conducting free-standing biopolymer blend electrolyte films for electrochemical device application

Solid polymer blend electrolyte films composed of 70 wt.% of chitosan (CS) and 30 wt.% of methylcellulose (MC) were prepared with different weight percentages of MgCl2 by solution casting method. FTIR analysis demonstrated the interactions between blend and MgCl2, XRD study revealed the amorphous nature of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to study the thermal stability. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study showed that the bulk resistance decreased with increasing salt concentration and is due to the influence of carrier concentration. From EIS measurement, the highest value of DC conductivity at ambient temperature (30 °C) was found to be 2.75 × 10−3 Scm−1 for the sample containing 30 wt.% of MgCl2. The voltage stability window of the highest conducting film was found to be 3.86 V. The total ionic transference number was found to be 0.98. Finally, the highest conducting polymer electrolyte was employed to construct a primary magnesium ion battery.

Insights into ion transport in biodegradable solid polymer blend electrolyte based on FTIR analysis and circuit design

This study reports the use of the solution casting method to prepare a biodegradable polymer blend electrolyte composed of chitosan (CS) and potato starch (PS). Different concentrations of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) salt as an ionic provider were added to the CS:PS host. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a substantial reduction in the crystalline phase of the host polymers of up to 40 wt% of the added KSCN salt. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to detect microstructural modifications to the films to explore the complexation between the blended polymer chains and ions of the salt. Deconvoluted FTIR spectra were used to compute the free ions, contact ion pairs, and ion aggregates, which were then used as a sensitive method to determine the parameters of ion transport, including mobility (μ), carrier density (n), and the diffusion coefficient (D). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used based on electrical equivalent circuit modeling to study the electrical properties of the electrolyte films. A circuit design for each electrolyte was presented based on the curves of fitting of the EIS data. The parameters associated with elements of the circuit were of significant interest, especially for determining the conductivity of the films. The sample with the highest KSCN concentration of 50 wt% exhibited a reduction in conductivity due to the formation of ion pairs, the recrystallization of salt, and a decline in the amorphous fraction of the system, which was also visualized from its surface morphology by using an optical microscope. An analysis of properties of the dielectric manifested an enhancement upon the addition of salt, with characteristics of dispersive relaxation that verified the non-Debye behavior of the solid polymer electrolyte films. This behavior was further confirmed through the appearance of a distorted arc in the Argand plot. A decrease in the relaxation time was noted with the addition of salt, where this was in agreement with the results of EIS and AC conductivity measurements. An examination of the electric modulus revealed the process of viscoelastic relaxation whereby ion hopping was supported by coupling with segmental chain dynamics.

Development of Flexible Plasticized Ion Conducting Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA): Chitosan (CS) with High Ion Transport Parameters Close to Gel Based Electrolytes.

In the current study, flexible films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA): chitosan (CS) solid polymer blend electrolytes (PBEs) with high ion transport property close enough to gel based electrolytes were prepared with the aid of casting methodology. Glycerol (GL) as a plasticizer and sodium bromide (NaBr) as an ionic source provider are added to PBEs. The flexible films have been examined for their structural and electrical properties. The GL content changed the brittle and solid behavior of the films to a soft manner. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) methods were used to examine the structural behavior of the electrolyte films. X-ray diffraction investigation revealed that the crystalline character of PVA:CS:NaBr declined with increasing GL concentration. The FTIR investigation hypothesized the interaction between polymer mix salt systems and added plasticizer. Infrared (FTIR) band shifts and fluctuations in intensity have been found. The ion transport characteristics such as mobility, carrier density, and diffusion were successfully calculated using the experimental impedance data that had been fitted with EEC components and dielectric parameters. CS:PVA at ambient temperature has the highest ionic conductivity of 3.8 × 10 S/cm for 35 wt.% of NaBr loaded with 55 wt.% of GL. The high ionic conductivity and improved transport properties revealed the suitableness of the films for energy storage device applications. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were higher at lower frequencies. The relaxation nature of the samples was investigated using loss tangent and electric modulus plots. The peak detected in the spectra of tanδ and M” plots and the distribution of data points are asymmetric besides the peak positions. The movements of ions are not free from the polymer chain dynamics due to viscoelastic relaxation being dominant. The distorted arcs in the Argand plot have confirmed the viscoelastic relaxation in all the prepared films.

Effect of EC plasticizer on Na+ ion based PMMA:PEO blend solid polymer electrolyte system

Solution casting method was used to prepare the Ethylene Carbonate (EC) doped in NaClO4 salt added PMMA:PEO blend polymer electrolyte thin films. Different characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, DSC and FTIR were employed to study the effect on structural properties of these prepared thin films. The XRD, SEM and DSC results revealed the dominant presence of amorphous content in PMMA based polymer blend with the addition of PEO, NaClO4 and EC, which functions to enhance in ionic conductivity. FTIR spectra results elucidated that the vibrational band peaks corresponds to PMMA shifted towards lower or higher wave number side in presence of PEO, NaClO4 and EC, which confirms the interaction/complexation between PMMA, PEO polymers with NaClO4 salt and EC plasticizer.

Structural and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA):Methyl cellulose (MC) based solid polymer blend electrolytes inserted with sodium iodide (NaI) salt

This paper studies the structural and electrical properties of solid polymer blend electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with sodium iodide (NaI). The polymer electrolyte films were assembled through a solution casting technique. The host matrix, which is doped with different NaI salt concentrations between 10 and 50 wt%, utilizes the most amorphous blend compositions (60 wt% Polyvinyl alcohol and 40 wt% methylcellulose). The structural behaviour of the electrolyte films was examined utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) techniques. The semi crystalline nature of PVA:MC with inserted NaI was derived from the X-ray diffraction studies, while the XRD analysis suggests that the highest ion conductive sample displays the minimum crystalline nature. The interaction between polymer blends and inserted salt was conceived from the FTIR investigation. Shifting of peaks and variation in the intensity of FTIR bands was detected. To investigate the structural properties and calculate the degree of crystallinity of the films, the (XRD) technique was employed, while electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilized for studying the conductivity of the samples. In order to comprehend all of the electrical properties of the ion-conducting systems, the EIS outcome of each electrolyte was matched with Equivalent Electrical Circuits ( EEC) s. Ion transport parameters including mobility, carrier density and diffusion are well assessed for the samples and the dielectric properties were compared with the conductivity measurement. At lower frequencies, the dielectric constant was elevated and dielectric loss was detected. Loss tangent and electric modulus plots were used to study the relaxation nature of the samples. The highest ambient temperature conductivity of PVA loaded 50 wt% of NaI was determined to be 1.53 × 10 −5 S/cm. The loss tangent relaxation peak shifts towards high-frequency side which indicates the decrease of relaxation time and faster ion dynamics.

Development of bio-degradable based polymer electrolytes for EDLC application

In this work, bio-degradable blended solid polymer electrolyte (BSPE) films made up of PVA:PS:(CH3COO)2Mg with different wt% ratios 50:50:00, 40:40:20, 35:35:30 and 30:30:40, prepared using solution casting technique at room temperature. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared BSPE films were done using XRD, FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy, TGA and SEM techniques. The electrical properties were measured using impedance analyzer. The highest conductivity 6.28 × 10−4 S/cm and the highest energy band gap 3.52 eV observed for the BSPE film with ratio at room temperature was. The charge storage capability of the material was analysed using dielectric analysis. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis of PVA:PS:(CH3COO)2Mg (35:35:30 wt%) BSPE film showed specific capacitance value as 2 F/g, energy density value as 8.68 W h kg-1 and power density value as 312 W kg-1 respectively.

Impact of polymer blending on ionic conduction mechanism and dielectric properties of sodium based PEO-PVdF solid polymer electrolyte systems

Solid polymer blend electrolyte systems have been prepared with Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), Poly (Vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) and complexed with NaNO3 salt by using solution cast method. The complexation of salt with polymer blend has been verified by X-Ray diffractogram, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopic studies. AC and DC conductivity measurements on these polymer blends were carried out by changing the weight percentages of PEO and PVdF with a constant weight percentage of NaNO3. The electric modulus(M') and the dielectric properties for all the polymer blend systems have been investigated with impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range 100–30 MHz. The variation of ionic conductivity of the blend polymer electrolyte systems with temperature followed Arrhenius behaviour and the maximum ionic conductivity 9.334 × 10−5 S cm−1 was observed for PEO:PVdF:NaNO3 (80:20:5) at room temperature which is attributed to the formation of the amorphous phase.

Preparation and characterisation of chitosan extracted from shrimp shell (Penaeus monodon) and chitosan-based blended solid polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries

A bioactive and non-toxic biopolymer-based electrolyte has gained attention in recent research for their potential applications in the fabrication of electrochemical devices. In this work, we extracted the chitosan successfully prepared from shrimp shells using Brine’s method. The solid polymer electrolyte comprising the blend of chitosan and agar–agar, plasticised with polyethylene glycol (PEG), as host polymer and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as a dopant is prepared by solution casting technique. Also, the effect of different weight percentage of the plasticiser PEG at a fixed ratio of perchlorate content is investigated. The obtained chitosan blended film is highly suitable as a electrolyte for electrochemical devices. The prepared polymer electrolyte is characterised using attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR–SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The ATR–FTIR spectroscopy confirms the presence of particular functional groups present in chitosan and complex formation between blended polymers and lithium perchlorate. The surface morphology and amorphous crystallinity of chitosan and blended polymer electrolytes revealed from HR–SEM and XRD analysis. The ionic conductivity of the prepared materials is studied using AC impedance spectroscopy and compared. The highest ionic conductivity at room temperature obtained for the sample is 4.56 × 10−4 Scm−1 (CAP3). The mechanical properties of films have been studied using a Universal testing machine analysis. Wagner’s polarisation measurements have estimated the Li+ transport numbers of SPEs. Linear sweep voltammetry was performed on half-cell method to study the electrochemical stability window of the maximum ionic conductivity of SPEs.

Synthesis of Porous Proton Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on PVA: CS Polymers: Structural, Morphological and Electrochemical Properties.

In this study, porous cationic hydrogen (H+) conducting polymer blend electrolytes with an amorphous structure were prepared using a casting technique. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CS), and NH4SCN were used as raw materials. The peak broadening and drop in intensity of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the electrolyte systems established the growth of the amorphous phase. The porous structure is associated with the amorphous nature, which was visualized through the field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images. The enhancement of DC ionic conductivity with increasing salt content was observed up to 40 wt.% of the added salt. The dielectric and electric modulus results were helpful in understanding the ionic conductivity behavior. The transfer number measurement (TNM) technique was used to determine the ion (tion) and electron (telec) transference numbers. The high electrochemical stability up to 2.25 V was recorded using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique.

The Study of Plasticized Solid Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Natural Polymers and Their Application for Energy Storage EDLC Devices.

In this work, plasticized magnesium ion-conducting polymer blend electrolytes based on chitosan:methylcellulose (CS:MC) were prepared using a solution cast technique. Magnesium acetate [Mg(CH3COO)2] was used as a source of the ions. Nickel metal-complex [Ni(II)-complex)] was employed to expand the amorphous phase. For the ions dissociation enhancement, glycerol plasticizer was also engaged. Incorporating 42 wt% of the glycerol into the electrolyte system has been shown to improve the conductivity to 1.02 × 10−4 S cm−1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the electrolyte with the highest conductivity has a minimum crystallinity degree. The ionic transference number was estimated to be more than the electronic transference number. It is concluded that in CS:MC:Mg(CH3COO)2:Ni(II)-complex:glycerol, ions are the primary charge carriers. Results from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) showed electrochemical stability to be 2.48 V. An electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) based on activated carbon electrode and a prepared solid polymer electrolyte was constructed. The EDLC cell was then analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge methods. The CV test disclosed rectangular shapes with slight distortion, and there was no appearance of any redox currents on both anodic and cathodic parts, signifying a typical behavior of EDLC. The EDLC cell indicated a good cyclability of about (95%) for throughout of 200 cycles with a specific capacitance of 47.4 F/g.

Impact of ionic liquid on lithium ion battery with a solid poly(ionic liquid) pentablock terpolymer as electrolyte and separator

In this study, the physical, transport, mechanical, morphological, and electrochemical properties of a ternary blend solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) (poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) multiblock polymer, lithium salt, and ionic liquid (IL)) were systematically investigated as a function of IL concentration. With increasing IL concentration, the conductive volume increases along with the polymer chain segmental mobility. This facilitates high ionic conductivity, while the mechanical modulus exhibits a percolation threshold. Surprisingly, at higher IL concentrations, there is a reduction in the lithium cation mobility as evidenced by pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, which coincides with an increased overpotential evidenced by lithium metal stripping and plating. Stable lithium ion battery cycling durability (over 100 cycles at room temperature) is demonstrated with the ternary blend SPE as the electrolyte and separator. This work provides valuable insights into the design of new SPEs with both high ionic conductivity and improved battery stability.