Solid Plasticizer Research Articles

Fabrication and characterization of P(VDF-HFP)/SBA-15 composite membranes for Li-ion batteries

This study reports on the preparation of a composite polymer electrolyte for secondary lithium-ion battery. Poly(vinylidiene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) was used as the polymer host, and mesoporous SBA-15 (silica) ceramic fillers used as the solid plasticizer were added into the polymer matrix. The SBA-15 fillers with mesoporous structure and high specific surface can trap more liquid electrolytes to enhance the ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivity of P(VDF-HFP)/SBA-15 composite polymer electrolytes was in the order of 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. The characteristic properties of the composite polymer membranes were examined by using FTIR spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and an AC impedance method. For comparison, the LiFePO4/Li composite batteries with a conventional microporous polyethylene (PE) separator and pure P(VDF-HFP) polymer membrane were also prepared and studied. As a result, the LiFePO4/Li composite battery comprised the P(VDF-HFP)/10 wt.% m-SBA-15 composite polymer electrolyte, which achieves an optimal discharge capacity of 88 mAh g−1 at 20 C rate with a high coulomb efficiency of 95%. It is demonstrated that the P(VDF-HFP)/m-SBA-15 composite membrane exhibits as a good candidate for application to LiFePO4 polymer batteries.

Development and characterization of plasticized polyamides by fluid and solid plasticizers

Polyamides are semicrystalline polymers that are useful in a wide range of applications in the plastics industry. Some applications require higher flexibility and improved workability of polyamides; thus, a plasticization approach that eases compounding and processing procedures and produces better desired product properties can be utilized. Common plasticizers are high‐boiling liquid esters, but solid plasticizers also have been considered. The present research has focused on plasticization of nylon 66/6 (80/20) copolymer by using selected low molecular weight organic materials. Plasticization of the copolyamide was studied with glycerin mono stearate, benzene sulfonamide, and methyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate as the solid plasticizers and diethylhexyl phthalate as the liquid plasticizer. The materials were prepared and characterized by thermal, mechanical, dynamic, rheological, and morphological properties. The experimental results were supported by simulated polymer and plasticizer interactions using molecular dynamic simulations. Plasticization and antiplasticization phenomena were observed and discussed. The plasticizers were classified by their efficiency in reducing Tg and by modification of the other polyamide properties. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Influence of plasticizer type and level on the properties of Eudragit® S100 matrix pellets prepared by hot-melt extrusion

Matrix-type pellets with controlled-release properties may be prepared by hot-melt extrusion applying a single-step, continuous process. However, the manufacture of gastric-resistant pellets is challenging due to the high glass transition temperature of most enteric polymers and an unacceptably high, diffusion-controlled drug release from the matrix during the acidic phase. The objective was to investigate the influence of three plasticizers (triethyl citrate, methylparaben and polyethylene glycol 8000) at two levels (10% or 20%) on the properties of hot-melt extruded Eudragit® S100 matrix pellets. Extrusion experiments showed that all plasticizers produced similar reductions in polymer melt viscosity. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the solid state plasticizers were present in the amorphous state. The drug release in acidic medium was influenced by the aqueous solubility of the plasticizer. Less than 10% drug was released after 2 h at pH 1.2 when triethyl citrate or methylparaben was used, independent of the plasticizer level. Drug release at pH 7.4 resulted from polymer dissolution and was not influenced by low levels of plasticizer, but increased significantly at the 20% level. Mechanical testing by diametral compression demonstrated the high tensile strength of the hot-melt extruded pellets that decreased when plasticizers were present.

Plastic–polymer composite electrolytes for solid state dye-sensitized solar cells

Three types of alkyl-substituted poly(N-alkyl-1-vinyl-imidazolium) iodides were synthesized and plasticized using succinonitrile as a solid plasticizer to develop a series of novel solvent-free plastic–polymer composite electrolytes. All these electrolytes appeared as a soft solid at room temperature and became sticky gel state at high temperature of 100 °C. Among the as-prepared plastic–polymer electrolytes, the SCN–PMVII (succinonitrile–poly(1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium) iodide) electrolytes with a SCN content of 40–60 wt.% showed a room temperature conductivity of 1.0–1.6 mS cm −1and a photoconversion efficiency of >4.1%, which are comparable to those observed from liquid organic carbonate electrolyte and the DSSCs using the liquid electrolyte at the same experimental conditions. Also, the DSSCs assembled with the SCN–PMVII electrolytes maintained their photoconversion efficiency very steadily during aging test of 50 days despite of being placed at 40 °C under 1 sun illumination or stored at 60 °C in an oven. Since these plastic–polymer electrolytes are solvent-free, highly conductive and electrochemically compatible, it is possible to use this type electrolyte for development of practical DSSCs.

Pengaruh Kadar Air Dan Jenis Plastisizer Terhadap Sifat Fisik Plastik Biodegradable Dari Campuran Pati Jagung Dan Polivinil Alkohol

Recently the use of plastic packaging is become avoided because their waste will create environmental problem. As an alternative choice the use of biodegradable plastic packaging has been developed Research on biodegradable plastic has been carried out to study the effect of water content and kind of plasticizer on mechanical properties of the biodegradable plastic made from corn starch and polyvinyl alcohol. The result shows that water can increase the elongation of the plastic, but on the other hand it can decrease the tensile strength and barrier properties by increasing the water vapour transsmision rate. Therefore the use of water as a plasticizer must be mixed with other plasticizer such as glycerol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol and glycerol monostearate. In this study the best result is by using mixture of water and sorbitol with ratio = 5: I and the ratio of solid material (starch + PVOH +nucleating agent) and plasticizer = 1 : I.

Lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate‐based novel nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries

AbstractBACKROUND: HF formation and poor thermal stability found in commercial lithium ion batteries comprising LiPF6 (and other salts) have hampered the replacement of LiPF6. Therefore, a new kind of electrolyte salt is necessary to replace the one commercially available.RESULTS: A novel lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB)‐based nanocomposite polymer electrolyte has been prepared in a matrix of poly[(vinylidene fluoride)‐co‐(hexafluoropropylene)] (PVdF‐HFP). The electrolyte contains ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate as plasticizers and nanoparticulate Sb2O3 as a filler. Membranes obtained by a solution casting technique were characterized by AC impedance, thermogravimetry and tensile strength measurements and morphological studies. Membranes with 5 wt% Sb2O3 exhibit a room‐temperature conductivity of 0.298 mS cm−1, and are thermally stable up to ca 130 °C. Furthermore, the nanocomposite membranes show a 125% increase in mechanical stability as compared to filler‐free membranes. The structural change from α to β phases was confirmed by Raman studies.CONCLUSION: One of the important advantages of using LiDFOB lies in its bulkier DFOB anion, which also acts as solid plasticizer, thus improving the basic requirements of the electrolyte, such as mechanical and thermal stabilities, as well ionic conductivity and with a lower filler content. The overcharge tolerance of LiDFOB salt at higher temperature is also to be noted, because of the oxalate moieties. Preliminary investigations confirmed the possibility of using Sb2O3 nanoparticle‐filled membranes in industry in the near future. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Citric acid as a solid-state plasticizer for Eudragit RS PO

The use of solid-state plasticizers for the hot-melt extrusion of pharmaceutical dosage forms has been shown to be beneficial compared with liquid plasticizers. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of citric acid (CA) as a solid plasticizer for the preparation of Eudragit RS PO extended-release matrix systems by a melt extrusion technique. The influence of increasing levels of CA monohydrate (CA MH) or anhydrous CA in the powder blend on the extrusion process parameters (screw speed and motor load) was determined as a function of temperature. The solubility of CA MH in extruded tablets was studied by means of modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Films were cast from organic solutions to demonstrate the plasticizing effect of CA MH as a change in physico-mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation). The CA release from extruded tablets was studied over 12 h. The monohydrate form was found to distinctly facilitate the extrusion of Eudragit RS PO, whereas the addition of anhydrous CA to the polymer powder was less effective. This divergent behaviour in plasticization of Eudragit RS PO was attributed to the higher solubility of the monohydrate in the acrylic polymer. The plasticizing effect of the CA MH reached a plateau at 25% during hot-melt extrusion, which coincided with the solubility limit of the organic acid in the polymer as shown by MDSC and PXRD results. The CA MH increased the flexibility of Eudragit RS PO films, as demonstrated by a decrease in tensile strength and elastic modulus and an increase in elongation as a function of CA MH concentration. The dissolution of CA from the matrix tablets followed an extended-release profile, with CA MH exhibiting a faster dissolution rate than the anhydrous form. In conclusion, CA MH was found to be an effective plasticizer for Eudragit RS PO that facilitates the production of controlled-release matrix systems by hot-melt extrusion.

The Effects of Different Plasticizers on the Properties of Thermoplastic Starch as Solid Polymer Electrolytes

AbstractPlasticizers with amide groups (urea and formamide) and polyols (glycerol, glucose, and sorbitol) were used to prepare thermoplastic starch (TPS) containing NaCl salt as solid polymer electrolytes (SPE). Fourier Transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy revealed that both plasticizers and Na+ could form the interaction with starch, and plasticizers containing amide groups had stronger hydrogen bond‐forming abilities with starch than polyols. These interactions prevented starch molecules from crystallizing again, indicated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that starch granules were in a molten state and a continuous phase of TPS was formed. Among TPS as SPE, formamide‐plasticized TPS (FPTPS) had the largest elongation at break and lowest tensile stress. The conductance of TPS was sensitive to water. TPS plasticized by solid plasticizers had the higher sensitivity of the conductance to water contents at the low water contents (<0.1). The relationship of the conductance and water contents was in agreement with the second‐order polynomial correlation when water contents were below 0.45. FPTPS had the best conductance as a whole. At the medium water content (0.2), the conductance of FPTPS containing NaCl was about 10−3 S · cm−1.magnified image

Composite effects in poly(ethylene oxide)–succinonitrile based all-solid electrolytes

New types of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based composite polymer electrolyte membranes, prepared by adding succinonitrile (SN) as a solid plasticizer, and lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulphonimide (LiTFSI) as a salt, are discussed. The complete miscibility of the polymer with the plastic crystal was confirmed by measuring electrical and also thermal properties of the materials. By optimizing the content of PEO and SN, an appropriate compromise between high ionic conductivity and mechanical stability can be obtained.

Caracterização mecânica e térmica de compósitos de poli (cloreto de vinila) reforçados com fibras de sisal

Compósitos de PVC, plastificados com diferentes sistemas de plastificação e reforçados com fibras de sisal, foram processados em moinho de dois rolos. A influência do tipo e teor do plastificante, do comprimento e do teor das fibras nas propriedades dos compósitos obtidos foi estudada. Dois tipos de plastificantes foram usados, um líquido (do tipo poliéster) e um sólido permanente (copolímero etileno/ acetato de vinila/ monóxido de carbono). As fibras usadas foram previamente lavadas com água a 80 °C por uma hora. Os compósitos, com fibras curtas aleatoriamente distribuídas, foram caracterizados através de ensaio mecânico de resistência à tração, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e análises térmicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise por termogravimetria (TG). O comprimento ótimo de fibra obtido para os compósitos foi de 6 mm. O uso do plastificante sólido mostrou-se viável e promoveu uma maior molhabilidade da fibra pela matriz nos compósitos, principalmente para teores acima de 40 pcr. As análises térmicas mostraram que a substituição do plastificante líquido pelo plastificante sólido não afetou a estabilidade térmica das matrizes e dos compósitos.

Effect of Al 2O 3 nanoparticles on the electrochemical characteristics of P(VDF-HFP)-based polymer electrolyte

Alumina (Al 2O 3) nanoparticles have been used as fillers in the preparation of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluorpropylene) (P(VDF-HFP))-based porous polymer electrolyte. The degree of crystallization of polymer film filled with Al 2O 3 nanoparticles decreases with increase of the mass fraction of Al 2O 3 nanoparticles and the amorphous phases of polymer film expand accordingly. The Al 2O 3 nanoparticles play the role of solid plasticizer for polymer matrix. Nevertheless that excessive Al 2O 3 nanoparticles existing in polymer matrix leads to micro-phase separation between polymer matrix and fillers. As a result, both ionic conductivity and lithium ions transference number reduces whereas the activation energy for ions transport increases. When the polymer film is filled with 10% of the mass fraction of Al 2O 3 nanoparticles, polymer electrolyte possesses the ionic conductivity up to 1.95 × 10 −3 S cm −1 and the lithium ions transference number to 0.73 while the activation energy for ions transport of them falls to 5.6 kJ mol −1. Effect of Al 2O 3 on the electrochemical properties of polymer electrolyte has been investigated in this paper. Analysis of FTIR spectra shows that there is the interaction between Al 2O 3 nanoparticles and polymer chains.

New directions in self-assembly:: materials synthesis over ‘all’ length scales

Recent advances in self-assembly include novel synthetic pathways to well-ordered porous materials with channel and cavity dimensions that traverse multiple length scales. A creative amalgamation of surfactant and colloidal crystal templating methods together with microfabrication techniques allow unprecedented control over the organization of inorganic and organic building units and the construction of angstrom to millimeter composite architectures. These structurally and topologically complex solids display hierarchical building principles and properties that transcend those of the individual components. Possible utility for materials of this genre include, fuel cell electrodes, solid state battery electrolytes and plasticizers, chemical sensors, photovoltaics, bone implants, membranes, chromatography supports and chemical delivery systems.

Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries

Ionically conducting polymer membranes (polymer electrolytes) might enhance lithium-battery technology by replacing the liquid electrolyte currently in use and thereby enabling the fabrication of flexible, compact, laminated solid-state structures free from leaks and available in varied geometries1. Polymer electrolytes explored for these purposes are commonly complexes of a lithium salt (LiX) with a high-molecular-weight polymer such as polyethylene oxide (PEO). But PEO tends to crystallize below 60 °C, whereas fast ion transport is a characteristic of the amorphous phase. So the conductivity of PEO–LiX electrolytes reaches practically useful values (of about 10−4 S cm−1) only at temperatures of 60–80 °C. The most common approach for lowering the operational temperature has been to add liquid plasticizers, but this promotes deterioration of the electrolyte's mechanical properties and increases its reactivity towards the lithium metal anode. Here we show that nanometre-sized ceramic powders can perform as solid plasticizers for PEO, kinetically inhibiting crystallization on annealing from the amorphous state above 60 °C. We demonstrate conductivities of around 10−4 S cm−1 at 50 °C and 10−5 S cm−1 at 30 °C in a PEO–LiClO4 mixture containing powders of TiO2 and Al2O3 with particle sizes of 5.8–13 nm. Further optimization might lead to practical solid-state polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries.

Analysis of plasticizer activity in cellulose esters

Abstractβ′‐relaxation temperatures (Tβ′) provide a sensitive measure of the relative efficiencies of plasticizers in altering such properties of cellulose ester plastics as their impact strength, melt‐How, and modulus. Anomalies may occur, however, if the plasticizer‐compatibility limit in the polymer is surpassed. In addition, different correlations of Tβ′ and polymer properties are observed for liquid and solid plasticizers.

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RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTcomes substantial savings on 4 new Benzoflex® Solid Plasticizers.Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1971, 49, 47, 30Publication Date (Print):November 15, 1971Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 15 November 1971https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v049n047.p030Copyright © 1971 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (333 KB) Get e-Alerts