Solid Oxide Electrolysis Research Articles

Energy storage comparison of chemical production decarbonization: Application of photovoltaic and solid oxide electrolysis cells

The fossil fuel driven chemical production leads to significant greenhouse emission, and the low-carbon emission technologies are necessary for carbon neutrality. The integration of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and H2-O2 combustion can replace the fossil fuel and supply high-temperature heat for reactions. However, the energy demand keeps consistent but the renewable energy fluctuates with time. Therefore, energy storage is important for such a change. Clean fuel replacement and electrification are applied in a case study of ethylene plant, which requires 147 MW of clean fuel and 91.36 MW of grid power. Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy drives SOEC and liquefied H2, compressed H2, compressed air energy storage (CAES) are compared. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model is proposed to evaluate decarbonization effect and cost, which are balanced by multi-objective optimization. The results show that the liquefied H2 is superior to other choices because of the high efficiency. The hydrogen of 126.27 MW is the optimal point, which requires 415 MW SOEC and PV panels. Also, this study proposes that the power grid should communicate with energy consumers such as chemical plants to ensure the energy storage method, or supply renewable energy directly, which avoids energy loss and unreasonable energy transition.

Multiphysics analysis of flow uniformity and stack/manifold configuration in a kilowatt-class multistack solid oxide electrolysis cell module

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) can convert excess electrical energy into hydrogen at high temperatures. However, widespread implementation of SOECs is impeded by performance degradation and reliability issues at large-sized stacks. The magnification effects of heat, flow, and reactions within the stacks are necessary to address the limitations. In this study, we focus on a 12 kW multistack module comprising four short stacks, each containing 24 cells. A novel numerical approach based on distributed resistance analogy is employed to predict the multiphysics transport phenomena at the multistack module level. The effects of varying cell/stack numbers on the uniformity of multiphysics are investigated. A distributed gas supply method is introduced to achieve even distribution of gaseous flow across different stacks. Notably, increasing the number of short-stacks enhances flow and temperature uniformities compared to single long-stack configurations. A unified buffer chamber is proposed to decrease the temperature difference to 42.2 K for the magnified mutlistack module. The flow uniformity index of a dual-stack module (2 stacks × 48 cells) exhibits a remarkable 17.1 % improvement over that of a single long-stack (1 stack × 96 cells). A four-stack module (4 stacks × 24 cells) demonstrates a 6.7 % increase in flow uniformity index compared to the dual-stack configuration.

Integration of an Autothermal Outer Electrified Reformer Technology for Methanol Production from Biogas: Enhanced Syngas Quality Production and CO2 Capture and Utilization Assessment

Biogas has emerged as a valid feedstock for biomethanol production from steam reforming. This study investigates an alternative layout based on an auto-thermal electrified reforming assuming a 1 MW equivalent anaerobic digestion plant as a source for methanol synthesis. The process considers an oxy-steam combustion of biogas and direct carbon sequestration with the presence of a reverse water–gas shift reactor to convert CO2 and H2 produced by a solid oxide electrolyzer cell to syngas. Thermal auto-sufficiency is ensured for the reverse water–gas shift reaction through the biogas oxy-combustion, and steam production is met with the integration of heat network recovery, with an overall process total electrical demand. This work compares the proposed process of electrification with standard biogas reforming and data available from the literature. To compare the results, some key performance indicators have been introduced, showing a carbon impact of only 0.04 kgCO2/kgMeOH for the electrified process compared to 1.38 kgCO2/kgMeOH in the case of biogas reforming technology. The auto-thermal electrified design allows for the recovery of 66.32% of the carbon available in the biogas, while a similar electrified process for syngas production reported in literature reaches only 15.34%. The overall energy impact of the simulated scenarios shows 94% of the total energy demand for the auto-thermal scenario associated with the electrolyzer. Finally, the introduction of the new layout is taken into consideration based on the country’s carbon intensity, proving carbon neutrality for values lower than 75 gCO2/kWh and demonstrating the role of renewable energies in the industrial application of the process.

Process integration and analysis of coupling solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and CO2 to methanol

The coupling of renewable energy electrolysis for hydrogen production and methanol synthesis can not only reduce CO2 emissions, but also achieve on-site consumption of renewable electricity. In this paper, an integrated system of solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) with CO2 to methanol (SOEC-CO2tM) is studied: (1) The energy-intensive SOEC is combined with the intense exothermic CO2tM, (2) the heat of the system is redistributed to energy realize cascade utilization and electrification transformation of public works to further improve energy efficiency, (3) multi-dimensional techno-economic assessments are performed to reveal the development potential. The results show that the carbon utilization and carbon emissions of the new process are better controlled. The energy efficiency of the SOEC-CO2tM process after electrification transformation is also higher than that of traditional methanol synthesis processes. The production cost of methanol is currently higher than the market price, which does not give the SOEC-CO2tM process a competitive advantage. However, when considering carbon taxes and changes in raw material costs and renewable electricity prices, the future cost of the SOEC-CO2tM process can be comparable to or even more favorable than other processes. Through the research and analysis, we aim to explore the potential integration of SOEC and CO2tM process.

Simultaneous electrochemical reduction of water and oxidation of carbon in a solid oxide cell for separately producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide

Hydrogen can be produced from reduction of water at the cathode of a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and electricity and CO gas can be co-generated from the oxidation of carbon at the anode of a direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (DC-SOFC). In the present work, a solid oxide cell (SOC) combining the cathode reaction of the SOEC and the anode reaction of the DC-SOFC is proposed, prepared, and investigated. It is demonstrated that hydrogen and CO can be separately produced from the cathode and anode through simultaneous reduction of water and oxidation of carbon in such a H2O-C SOC. Resistances from electrode polarizations are analyzed through measuring current-voltage characteristics, overpotentials, and AC impedances of the cell. The advantage of the H2O-C SOC over two separately operated SOEC and DC-SOFC is verified by the resistance analysis. An electrolyte-supported H2O-C SOC, with a cermet of silver and gadolinium-doped ceria (Ag-GDC) as the symmetrical electrode material and a steam concentration of 50 % at the cathode, gives an operating current density of 0.67 A cm-2 at the thermal neutral voltage (0.7 V). It stably operates at 0.2 A cm-2 under an applied voltage of only 0.16 V, producing pure hydrogen from the cathode and CO with a concentration of 88 % from the anode. The performance is significantly improved by using an anode-supported H2O-C SOC which gives an operating current density of 2.27 A cm-2 at the thermal neutral voltage.

Analysis of the effect of component size and demand pattern on the final price for a green hydrogen production system

Hydrogen emerges as a pivotal energy carrier, shaping the future of the energy landscape. This study explores the potential of utilizing solar energy for green hydrogen production, presenting a promising avenue for low-carbon energy generation. Despite its potential, uncertainties stemming from the intermittent nature of solar energy, demand fluctuations, and economic considerations pose challenges to its widespread adoption. The paper delves into the performance of a power-to-hydrogen system, employing solid oxide electrolyzers to convert electricity from solar arrays into green hydrogen. Two distinct system architectures are proposed: the dedicated configuration, where the owner of the solar array and power-to-hydrogen facilities are the same, and the non-dedicated configuration, where the power-to-hydrogen system purchases solar electricity from the owner of the solar power plant. Simulation results from the case study reveal that the non-dedicated system offers superior economic performance compared to the dedicated system. Considering different hydrogen demand levels and electrolyzer sizes, the levelized cost of hydrogen in the non-dedicated scheme is below 2 $/kg, demonstrating competitive pricing within the realm of renewable technologies. However, solar-assisted green hydrogen faces tough competition with traditional sources of hydrogen production when considering economic aspects.

Stability and energy consumption of solid oxide electrolysis cells under wide fluctuating and stable conditions

The combination of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with renewable electricity has enormous potential, but this requires the cells to be able to adapt to strong fluctuation conditions. This work directly combines fluctuating actual wind power with flat-tube Ni-YSZ/YSZ/LSCF-GDC SOECs to study the operational stability and energy consumption under wide fluctuation and constant current electrolysis. The results indicate that under an average electrolysis current density of 0.26 A cm−2, there is little difference in stability between fluctuation and constant current electrolysis. At a high current density of 0.58 A cm−2, the cells operating for 375 h under fluctuation conditions exhibit a larger degradation rate. The current density is dynamically switched between 0 and 0.93 A cm−2 to simulate actual wind turbine power fluctuations from 0 to 100 %. After rapid large-scale current switches for 2000 times in 375 h, little change is observed in the cell structure. Under fluctuating electrolysis, the minimum energy consumption for power-to-gas conversion in SOEC is 2.84 kWh/Nm3, while under constant current electrolysis, the lowest energy consumption is 2.67 kWh/Nm3. In summary, SOECs can efficiently and stably consume and store highly fluctuating renewable power and can also dynamically respond to wide power ranges from 0 to 100 %.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of porous CeO2 single crystal for effective electrolysis of carbon dioxide

In the quest for long-lasting energy alternatives, solid oxide electrolysers have become a crucial technology in facilitating the transformation of CO2 toward fuels and valuable chemicals. This study proposes a unique method for the catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide at the cathode using porous CeO2 single-crystal electrodes in a solid oxide electrolyser, utilizing temperatures from an industrial waste heat stream. The fluxes and chemical states of oxygen-containing species evolved from the cathode were identified and designed, and the catalytic process of CO2 reduction to CO was effectively regulated by the oxygen-containing species (lattice oxygen, oxygen vacancies and adsorbed oxygen). The results show that the CO yield can reach 6.05 mL min−1 cm−1 with porous (111) CeO2 single crystal as the cathode at 850 °C and 1.8 V. The solid oxide electrolyser exhibits remarkable stability even after 100 h of continuous operation.

Integration of Concentrating Solar Power With High Temperature Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen has been identified as a leading sustainable contender to replace fossil fuels for transportation or electricity generation, and hydrogen generated from renewable sources can be an energy carrier for a carbon-free economy. Several hydrogen production methods are under development or deployment with various technical readiness levels and technoeconomic potentials. This study focuses on integrating concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) with high temperature electrolysis (HTE) using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). The CSP-HTE integration approach provides the benefits of thermal energy storage for continuous operation, improved capacity, and reduced thermal cycling for improved SOEC life. The CSP-HTE system analysis utilizes a Python-based system modeling program in connection with solar receiver thermal output derived from the NREL System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The system model facilitates component sizing, performance simulation, and evaluation of operation modes on an annual basis for various CSP-HTE configurations including CSP with thermal energy storage (TES). The SOEC operation conditions were simulated to assess component sizing and performance and to derive system capacity factors.

Investigation of limiting H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis to convert renewable electricity into chemical energy using solid oxide electrolysis cell

H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis offers an efficient way to convert renewable electricity into chemical energy. However, carbon deposition is a serious problem for H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis. In this work, limiting electrolytic potential, limiting electrolytic voltage and conversion ratios of H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis are investigated. At low temperatures, the limiting potential of H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis is low and the conversion ratio cannot reach high because solid carbon is easily formed through CO electrolysis or disproportionation reactions. At high temperatures, the electrolytic voltage and conversion ratios of H2O and CO2 can reach high because CO electrolysis or disproportionation reactions are not easy to take place. The conversion ratios of CO2 and H2O can reach 99.6 % and 99.4 % at the H2O/CO2 ratio of 1:1 and 1273 K without solid carbon formation. The polarization resistance of fuel electrode has different effects on the conversion ratios of CO2 and H2O under different conditions, which is obvious at low temperatures and high polarization resistance of fuel electrode. The conversion ratios of CO2 and H2O under limiting electrolysis condition decrease from 9.8 % to 36.6 %–1.8 % and 8.5 % when the polarization resistance of fuel electrode increases from 0 to 0.1 Ω cm2 at the H2O/CO2 ratio of 1:2 and 773 K.

MOF-derived 1D CGO Cathode for Efficient Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

MOF-derived 1D CGO Cathode for Efficient Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

In-situ construction of Ni–Fe alloy nanoparticles on perovskite surface for CO2 direct electrolysis

Perovskite (ABO3) materials are commonly used as cathodes for solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), but their electrochemical performance is poor due to the low CO2 adsorption and conductivity. Herein, we design an A-site deficient (La0.5Sr0.5)0.95Fe0.85Mn0.1Ni0.05O3-δ (95LSFMNi) perovskite cathode with rich oxygen vacancy and Ni–Fe alloy to enhance the CO2 adsorption. The surface precipitated Ni–Fe alloy nanoparticles introduce more oxygen vacancies into the matrix and increase the active sites for CO2 adsorption, enhancing the electrochemical reduction reaction for CO2 (CO2RR). Fe element exsolution was stimulated after the Ni reduction, and Fe content in the nanoparticles increased with the reduced time. The 95LSFMNi with in-situ dissolved Ni–Fe particles exhibits a doubled conductivity than the parent La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.9Mn0.1O3-δ (LSFM) at 800 °C and 5%H2/Ar. In addition, the electrolysis current density at 1.6 V and 800 °C reaches 1.09 A cm−2, representing a 28.2% increase compared to the LSFM. These findings demonstrate that the in-situ precipitated nano Ni–Fe particles are highly effective in enhancing the catalytic ability of CO2RR.

A parametric life cycle framework to promote sustainable-by-design product development: Application to a hydrogen production technology

The European Ecodesign Directive is an effective normative framework that has been extensively proven to support the energy transition of numerous European industrial sectors. From an analytical standpoint, it provides practitioners with the EcoReport tool, a simplified life cycle spreadsheet that is aimed at guiding the development of ecodesign measures of mandatory compliance in European countries. In this regard, several studies have highlighted the limitations of the EcoReport tool when addressing emerging technologies like those tied to the hydrogen sector. These works also propose to further integrate material criticality and social metrics in order to enlarge the scope of the European Directive and foster the shift from ecodesign to sustainable-by-design product development. In this situation, building upon the principles of the EcoReport tool and recognizing the outcomes of the aforementioned critical analyses, the conceptualization of a novel sustainable-by-design framework is presented and applied to a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) stack for hydrogen production. The operationalization of the framework is conducted, for the first time in the context of sustainable design, by combining the use of the Brightway2 and lca_algebraic Python packages. Overall, the proposed approach succeeds in providing a complete sustainability perspective to the design of emerging technologies. Regarding the tangible lessons learned on the hydrogen-related case study, product concepts are proven to progressively improve the sustainability performance of the technology. It is noticeable that the enhancement of the economic competitivity is more limited than that achieved at the remaining sustainability indicators (i.e., environmental, social and material criticality metrics). In line with the outcomes of the life cycle contribution assessment, multi-criteria decision analysis ratings lead to concluding that a sustainable-by-design SOEC stack product concept should prioritize limiting its material intensity.

Electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene in a solid oxide electrolysis cell with in situ grown metal-oxide interface active electrodes

The shale gas revolution bolsters ethane supply, thereby enhancing the economic viability of ethylene production from ethane. Presently, catalytic ethane dehydrogenation technology exhibits immense potential in the realm of ethylene production. This study achieves the electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation conversion of ethane to ethylene via a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), effectively circumventing the issue of excessive oxidation during the ethane oxidative dehydrogenation process. An active electrode with an in situ grown metal-oxide interface significantly promotes the activation of the ethane C–H bond, leading to efficient ethylene production. Under the co-electrolysis mode of ethane with CO2, the Co@CeO2 electrode demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving an ethane conversion rate of 33.1% and an ethylene selectivity of 88.9% at an applied voltage of 1.0 V. Moreover, the metal-oxide interface constructed via an in situ exsolved method effectively prevents the agglomeration of nanoparticles at high temperatures, thus enhancing the catalyst's resistance to coking and stability. Notably, the electrode's performance does not exhibit significant degradation even after 100 h of electrochemical reaction.

Boosting CO2 electrolysis via synergy between active heterogeneous interface and oxygen defects

The commercial viability of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO is hampered by the sluggish electrocatalytic activity of the electrode materials. In this study, a series of perovskites, Pr0.5Sr0.5Cr0.1Fe0.9-xNixO3-δ (x = 0.1, 0.2, PSCFNx) with different Ni doping levels were synthesized. The results showed that increasing Ni doping led to the creation of more oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, treatment of PSCFNx in a reducing atmosphere resulted in a structural transformation into a composite with a heterogeneous interface between the Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite (RP-PSCFNx) and an exsolved Ni-Fe metal alloy. The re-PSCFN0.2-based cell showed a current density of 2.40 A cm−2 and a Faraday efficiency (FE%) of almost 100 % at 850 °C and 1.6 V, an improvement of 18 % in comparison to the re-PSCFN0.1-based cell. This study provides a strategy to synergistically improve the electrochemical reduction of CO2 activity of SOECs by constructing an active heterogeneous interface and increasing the oxygen vacancy content.

Realizing Efficient Activity and High Conductivity of Perovskite Symmetrical Electrode by Vanadium Doping for CO2 Electrolysis.

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) show significant promise in converting CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals, yet exploiting efficient electrode materials poses a great challenge. Perovskite oxides, known for their stability as SOEC electrodes, require improvements in electrocatalytic activity and conductivity. Herein, vanadium(V) cation is newly introduced into the B-site of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ perovskite to promote its electrochemical performance. The substitution of variable valence V5+ for Mo6+ along with the creation of oxygen vacancies contribute to improved electronic conductivity and enhanced electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction. Notably, the Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.4V0.1O6-δ based symmetrical SOEC achieves a current density of 1.56 A cm-2 at 1.5 V and 800 °C, maintaining outstanding durability over 300 h. Theoretical analysis unveils that V-doping facilitates the formation of oxygen vacancies, resulting in high intrinsic electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction. These findings present a viable and facile strategy for advancing electrocatalysts in CO2 conversion technologies.

Performance evaluation and economic analysis of integrated solid oxide electrolyzer cell and proton exchange membrane fuel cell for power generation

In order to generate clean electricity from thermal energy, a hybrid electrochemical system is conceptually developed by coupling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). For evaluating the proposed hybrid system, firstly, the two subsystems are modeled numerically and then they are merged into an integrated SOEC-PEMFC system. Moreover, the SOEC-PEMFC is analytically modeled for further evaluation. The effects of important operational parameters are examined. The outcomes show that when the SOEC operating temperature increases from 823 to 1273 K, the efficiency increases from 18.7 % to 38 % and the net output power improves about 36 % while cost per unit of power of hybrid system decreases about 80 %. Furthermore, by increasing the PEMFC operating temperature from 323 to 348 K, the system net output power and efficiency increase about 16.7 % and 10 %, respectively, whilst the cost per unit of electricity decreases about 19 %. In addition by increasing operating pressure of system, the net output power and efficiency are also improved. The proposed system has maximum output power density of 3.9 kW.m−2 and maximum efficiency of 38 %. In addition, the SOEC-PEMFC system is compared with the previously studied proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell-proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMEC-PEMFC) system. In comparison with the previous PEMEC-PEMFC system, the present system's cost per unit of power and efficiency are about 16 % and 17 % higher, respectively; while the output power density is about double that of the PEMEC-PEMFC system. Generally, because hydrogen-powered systems offer reliable operation from an economic and energetic perspective, the SOEC-PEMFC system represents a promising technological solution to the clean energy demands.

EReaxFF force field development for BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ solid oxide electrolysis cells applications

The use of solid-oxide materials in electrocatalysis applications, especially in hydrogen-evolution reactions, is promising. However, further improvements are warranted to overcome the fundamental bottlenecks to enhancing the performance of solid-oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), which is directly linked to the more-refined fundamental understanding of complex physical and chemical phenomena and mass exchanges that take place at the surfaces and in the bulk of electrocatalysis materials. Here, we developed an eReaxFF force field for barium zirconate doped with 20 mol% of yttrium, BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ (BZY20) to enable a systematic, large-length-scale, and longer-timescale atomistic simulation of solid-oxide electrocatalysis for hydrogen generation. All parameters for the eReaxFF were optimized to reproduce quantum-mechanical (QM) calculations on relevant condensed phase and cluster systems describing oxygen vacancies, vacancy migrations, electron localization, water adsorption, water splitting, and hydrogen generation on the surfaces of the BZY20 solid oxide. Using the developed force field, we performed both zero-voltage (excess electrons absent) and non-zero-voltage (excess electrons present) molecular dynamics simulations to observe water adsorption, water splitting, proton migration, oxygen-vacancy migrations, and eventual hydrogen-production reactions. Based on investigations offered in the present study, we conclude that the eReaxFF force field-based approach can enable computationally efficient simulations for electron conductivity, electron leakage, and other non-zero-voltage effects on the solid oxide materials using the explicit-electron concept. Moreover, we demonstrate how the eReaxFF force field-based atomistic-simulation approach can enhance our understanding of processes in SOEC applications and potentially other renewable-energy applications.

Current-Voltage (i-V) characteristics of electrolyte-supported (NiO-YSZ/NiO-SDC/ScSZ/LSCF-GDC/LSCF) solid oxide electrolysis cell during CO2/H2O co-electrolysis

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) stabilize CO2 emissions by converting CO2/H2O into synfuel. Current-Voltage (i-V) characteristics of an electrolyte-supported button cell (NiO-YSZ/NiO-SDC/ScSZ/LSCF-GDC/LSCF) were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor concentration, and CO2 gas concentrations. The cell microstructure was characterized by the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). FE-SEM micrographs depict that the electrolyte layer is relatively dense, and porous fuel and air electrode layers are well adhered to the electrolyte. The i-V curves were obtained at a scan rate of 0.02 Vs−1 from 0.3 to 1.5 V. Electrolysis current density increases as the temperature increases. SOEC performance increases, but SOFC performance decreases with increased water vapor concentration. Electrolysis current densities decrease as the CO2 concentration increases. The i-V characteristics show only ohmic polarization under fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions. At optimal conditions, current density values at 800 °C/1.5 V are -174, -187, and -195 mA cm−2 for 5 %H2O, 30 %CO2, and 30 %CO2/5 %H2O co-electrolysis. At 800 °C, open-circuit voltage (OCV) values for H2O, CO2, and co-electrolysis are 0.906, 0.891, and 0.885 V, respectively. The electrolysis area-specific resistances (ASRs) give information on the reduction of CO2 or H2O, forming CO or H2, respectively. At optimal conditions, ASR values are 3.43, 3.29, and 3.18 Ω cm2 for H2O, CO2, and co-electrolysis, respectively. Co-electrolysis has a lower ASR value than pure H2O and CO2 electrolysis, indicating that H2O and CO2 are involved in the electrochemical processes.

A novel control strategy to neutralize internal heat source within solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) under variable solar power conditions

The integration of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with a photovoltaic (PV) system presents a viable method of storing variable solar energy through the production of green hydrogen. To ensure the safety and longevity of SOEC amidst dramatic fluctuations in solar power, control strategies are needed to limit temperature gradients and rates of temperature change within the cell. Recognizing that the supply of the reactant influences the current, a novel control strategy is developed to modulate internal heat source in the SOEC by adjusting the steam flow rate. The effectiveness of this strategy is assessed through numerical simulations conducted on a coupled PV-SOEC system using actual solar irradiance data. The irradiance data are recorded at two-second intervals to account for rapid changes in solar exposure. The results indicate that conventional control strategies, which increase airflow rates, are inadequate in effectively suppressing the rate of temperature variation in scenarios of drastic changes in solar power. In contrast, our proposed strategy demonstrates precise management of SOEC internal heat generation, thus reducing the temperature gradient and variation within the cell to less than 5 K cm−1 and 1 K min−1, respectively, and maintaining a high electricity-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 94.9%.