Solids-not-fat Research Articles

Preparation, storage and microbiological quality of ready-to-serve low cholesterol masala paneer

Aim: MaterialsandMethods: Results: Brine dipped and dry salted masala paneer products were prepared using fresh skim milk (fat 0.5 % and solid not fat (SNF) 8.7%), vegetable oil (soybean oil), coriander leaves (1%), mint leaves (1%) and green chilies (0.3%), roasted and grounded cumin seeds (0.3%) and black pepper (0.3%). These products were then analyzed for total energy, fat, protein, cholesterol, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The samples were examined for standard plate counts (SPC), yeast and mold counts, coliform counts, Staphylococcus aureus counts and count at 2 days interval up to 8 days and also for the presence of spp. and These products with very low cholesterol content (<2mg/100g) can be labeled as cholesterol free paneer products. Nutritional evaluation revealed that 15% of the Daily Reference Value of energy, 38% of protein and 20% of calcium could be met from single serving of 100g of ready-to-serve products. SPC, coliform count and yeast and mold counts in the products were very low while spp. and were not detected. The products were microbiologically safe and remained so for at least 6 days on refrigeration storage.

Relationship between somatic cell count and udder health in Damascus goats.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between SCC, milk yield and composition in Damascus goats in Egypt, as well as, to evaluate the validity of using SCC for monitoring early udder infection.A total of 204 milk samples were collected at mid lactation (June 2013) from both halves of udders of 51 Damascus goats. Milk bacteriological examination was performed using all half milk samples of morning milking, while percentage of fat (F), total protein (P), lactose (L), total solid (TS), solid not fat (SNF) and SCC were estimated in all collected samples of morning and evening milking. In the present study, 68.3% of the udder half were bacteriologically free of mastitis (healthy), while 31.7% was infected. Seven types of microorganisms were isolated from the milk of Damascus goats. Intermammary infection (IMI) was categorized as 1- healthy (68.3%), 2- infected with single major pathogen (10.9%), 3- infected with single minor pathogen (7.9%), 4- infected with double major pathogens (2.97%), 5- infected with double minor pathogens (0.99%) and 6- infected with one major pathogen plus one minor pathogen (8.9%).Milk yield was significantly higher in healthy than in infected goats, while insignificant changes were recorded on the percentage of protein, fat, lactose, total solid, solid not fat and SCC. Meanwhile, a negative insignificant correlation was detected between milk yield and SCC. Results showed that the highest milk yield was recorded in the 5th parity, while the lowest observed in the 1st parity. Moreover, percentages of protein, total solids and solids not fat were significantly higher for Damascus goats in the 2nd parity than other parities, with a parallel, but insignificant, increase in fat content. High SCC scores combine with alteration in milk composition, where protein and solid not fat percentage increased and lactose percentage decreased with the increase of SCC in milk (log SCC ranged from 6.51 to 7.25). Although, a threshold of 1,000,000 cells /ml showed the best indication for IMI, this study showed that high SCC does not always reflect mastitis probably due to the apocrine secretion in goats. Animals with elevated SCC should declare positive mastitis after successful isolation and identification of bacteria causing mastitis. Nevertheless, in case of suspected udder infection, SCC in goat' milk could be suitable as early and cost-effective screening parameter till initiate further analysis.

Impact of husbandry, stages of lactation and parity number on milk yield and chemical composition of dromedary camel milk

The present study was designed to assess the impact of husbandry, stage of lactation and parity number on milk yield and chemical composition of camel milk within three different camel farms at Khartoum State, Sudan. Camel milk samples (n=220) were collected from 43 healthy she-camels at different lactation stages (early, mid, late and latest stages of lactation) and parity number (1-7 parities). The overall means of daily milk yield and composition of fat, protein, lactose, solids not fat (SNF), acidity and density were 2.73±1.16 L/day, 3.69±1.31%, 3.32±0.33%, 4.59±0.45, 8.49±0.86%, 0.19±0.03% and 1.030±0.017g/cm3, respectively. Camel milk yield and composition were significantly (P<0.05) affected by husbandry, stage of lactation and parity number. The highest milk yield (3.49±0.89 L/day) was recorded for she-camels kept in the intensive farming system during early stage of lactation (2.96±1.28 L/day). The result showed that the she-camels in the second parity gave the highest milk yield (4.06±1.85 L/day), while the lower milk yield was found at the subsequent parities. The highest means of fat (4.05±1.5%), SNF (8.78±0.74%), protein (3.41±0.3%) and lactose (4.67±0.42%) were recorded for the milk of she camels in the semi-intensive farming. The highest means of fat, protein, lactose and SNF (4.46±1.62%, 3.5±0.27%, 4.75±0.42% and 8.88±0.89%, respectively) were found in camel milk during the early stage of lactation. Moreover the highest means of protein, lactose and SNF (3.42±0.33%, 4.71±0.52% and 8.83±0.86%, respectively) were recorded in milk for the she camels at parity number five. This study concluded that husbandry systems, stage of lactation and parity number have impact on milk yield and chemical composition of camel milk. Therefore, factors that cause variations in milk yield and composition should be considered for the nutritional and technological uses of camel milk.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COOKING AND PASTEURIZED BUTTER SOLD IN ALEXANDRIA CITY

Fifty random samples of cooking and pasteurized cow butter (25 samples each) were collected from different markets in Alexandria, city. Samples were examined for organoleptic and physicochemical characters. Sensory evaluation revealed that 10 (40%) ; 9 (36%) and 6 (24%) of cooking butter samples were graded as good, fair and poor, respectively, while 3 (12%) samples of pasteurized butter were excellent ; 16 (64%) good ; 4 (16%) fair and 2 (8%) of poor quality. Cooking butter samples showed average fat %, acid degree value (ADV), iodine value, solid not fat (SNF) and moisture content as 76.27 + 5.17; 2.51 + 1.8 ; 36.29 + 16.7 ; 2.88 + 1.65 and 17.55 + 2.34, respectively. While corresponding results for pasteurized butter were 81.66 + 5.96 ; 0.96 + 0.54 ; 43.07 + 11.9 ; 2.25 +1.12 and 15.07+ 2.09, respectively. Nine (36%) samples of cooking butter and 4 (16%) samples of pasteurized butter had a fat content lower than the legal limit set by the Egyptian Standards not less than 78% (EOSQC 154-5/2005). According to the results of Acid degree value (ADV) 2 (8%) of cooking butter samples graded as normal { 1.5}. Regarding pasteurized butter samples 11 (44%) were normal ; 8 (32%) borderline ; only one (4%) were slightly lipolyzed and 5 (20%) were extremely lipolyzed, while the legal limit set by the Egyptian Standards not exceed than 0.4% (EOSQC 154-5/2005). Measurement of iodine value (IV) declared that 20 (80%) and 21 (84%) of cooking and pasteurized butter samples, respectively were within the normal iodine value range (26-43). While 3 (12%) and 4 (16%) of cooking and pasteurized butter samples, respectively had higher values than the maximum limit and they may be adulterated by vegetable oils. Two (8%) of cooking butter samples showed results lower than the minimum limit of iodine value. According to the results of Solid Not Fat (SNF), 12 (48%) and 16 (64%) of cooking and pasteurized butter samples, respectively were within the normal. While, 11 (44%) and 5 (20%) of cooking and pasteurized butter samples, respectively had high (SNF) content more than 3%. Measurement of moisture content declared that 22 (88%) and 23 (92%) of cooking and pasteurized butter samples, respectively were in the normal limit, while 3 (12%) and 2 (8%) of cooking and pasteurized butter samples, respectively had moisture content higher than 18%. All the examined butter samples were proved to be free from adulteration by starch.

Effect of Pregnancy, Lactation Stage, Parity and Age on Yield and Components of Raw Milk in Holstein Friesian Cows in organized Dairy form in Allahabad

The experiment was carried out on lactating Holstein Friesian cows with the objectives of evaluating the effect of stage of age, pregnancy, lactation, parity and on yield, and components (fat, protein, solid not fat and lactose) and pH of milk. Milk samples were directly collected from the teat and immediately analysed using milk. The result showed that lactation stage and pregnancy significantly (P<0.05) affected the milk yield whereas milk yield did not show significant variation in different age and parity groups. The highest yield was recorded in mid stage and lowest in late stage of lactation. The yield was higher in non-pregnant than pregnant cows. The fat content of the milk was significantly higher (P<0.05) in early and late than mid stage of lactation. However, fat content was not significantly varying with age, pregnancy and parity. The solid not fat (SNF) and protein contents of the milk were significantly different in pregnancy and age but it was not significantly affected by stage of lactation and parity. The lactose content of the milk was affected significantly (P<0.05) by pregnancy only. But the pH of the milk was not affected significantly by stages of lactation, pregnancy, age and parity of the cows. This study indicated that different factors affect the milk yield and milk components.

Evaluation and comparison of camel milk with cow milk and buffalo milk for gross composition

The study was conducted to collect camel milk available nearby Anand-Kheda and Kutchh district and analyse for gross chemical composition. The average total solids (TS) content in camel (Anand and Kheda), camel (Kutchh), cow and buffalo milk was 11.97%, 9.95%, 13.07% and 15.57%, respectively. The average fat content in camel (Anand and Kheda), camel (Kutchh), cow and buffalo milk was 4.43%, 2.90%, 4.68% and 6.38%, respectively. The average solid not fat (SNF) content in camel (Anand and Kheda), camel (Kutchh), cow and buffalo milk was 7.56%, 7.04%, 8.39% and 8.97%, respectively; average protein content in camel (Anand ad Kheda), camel (Kutchh), cow and buffalo milk was 3.00%, 2.66%, 3.32% and 3.87%, respectively. The average lactose content in camel (Anand and Kheda), camel (Kutchh), cow and buffalo milk was 4.25%, 3.77%, 4.42% and 4.70% whereas ash content was 0.71%, 0.84%, 0.68% and 0.69%, respectively. Moreover, camel milk content higher amount of chloride and it was 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.11% and 0.12%, respectively.

Milk Composition and Quality of Sahiwal – Friesian Crossbred Cow Studied in Malaysia

Six groups of Sahiwal-Friesian crossbred cows, namely M50-1, M50-2, M50-3, M56, M63 and M75-1 were evaluated. In total 180 cows were used and milk collected was evaluated for composition and quality. The effect of genotypes was significant (P?0.05) only for titrable acidity (TA) and milk yield (MY). The M50-1 had the highest milk yield per day (8.73 ± 1.65 kg) but this was not significantly different from the yields of M50-3, M56 and M75-1 (7.06 ± 0.84, 7.06 ± 0.96, 7.70 ± 0.82 kg), respectively. Lactation stage had significant (P?0.05) effect on milk yield, fat content, solids-not fat (SNF) content, total solid (TS) content, moisture content and specific gravity (Sp. Gr). Fat content at early lactation was significantly (P?0.01) lower than at middle and late lactation (3.69 vs 4.27 and 4.50, respectively). SNF content for middle lactation was significantly lower (P?0.05) than that at early and late lactations. At late lactation, TS and moisture contents were significantly (P?0.05) higher than those at early lactation. The range of milk composition and quality such as fat (3.96 - 4.50%), SNF (9.02 - 9.40%), TS (13.01-13.81%), moisture (86.26 - 87.07%), Sp.Gr. (1.030- 1.031), pH (6.74 - 6.91), TA (0.13 - 0.15%), MBRT (6.50 -7.40 h) belonged to normal range. M50-1, M50-3, M56 and M75-1 had higher test day milk yield. The optimum level of Friesian inheritance in combination with Sahiwal for MY appeared to be 75%, 56% and 50% with selection for milk production. The composition and quality of milk from the Sahiwal - Friesian crossbred cows met the required standard. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i2.17488 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(2) 58-65

홀스타인 착유우에서 중성세제불용섬유소의 수준과 조사료유래 중성세제불용섬유소의 수준이 사료섭취량 및 유생산성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 사료 내 총NDF 수준과 조사료에서 기인된 NDF 수준(fNDF)이 착유우에서의 영양소 섭취량과 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 분만우 36두를 대상으로 6개의 처리구를 나누어 <TEX>$2{\times}3$</TEX> 요인실험으로 설계를 하였고, 각 처리구별 사료는 건물기준 NDF 38%에 1) fNDF 18%, 2) fNDF 15%, 3) fNDF 12% 와 건물기준 NDF 34%에 4) fNDF 18%, 5) fNDF 15%, 6) fNDF 12%로 구분하여 분만 후 3주부터 20주까지 급여하였으며 결과의 처리는 분만 4주부터 영양소 섭취량 및 산유성적을 분석하였다. 사료 내 총 NDF 함량과 fNDF 함량이 감소함에 따라 건물섭취량, NEl 섭취량 그리고 비구조탄수화물 섭취량이 유의적으로(p<0.01) 증가하였고, 통계적인 유의성은 없었으나 유생산량 또한 다소 증가하는 경향이었으며 유지방율은 감소하였다(p<0.01). 건물섭취량의 증가에 따른 NEl 섭취량의 증가가 유발되었고, NDF 섭취량은 감소하였음에도 불구하고 NDF 함량이 낮은 처리구와 높은 처리구간의 비교에서 유지방율에 대한 유의적인 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 총 NDF와 조사료유래 NDF의 사료 내 함량변화는 유단백질율과 무지유고형분 함량에는 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 유단백질 함량과 무지유고형분 생산량에 있어서는 유량 증가에 의한 영향으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 조사료유래 NDF 섭취량과 유지방율 간의 상관관계는 저수준 NDF 함량에서 고수준 NDF 함량보다 높게 나타났으며 유량과 영양소 섭취량간의 상관관계 또한 저수준의 NDF 처리구에서 고수준 처리구보다 높게 나타났다. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of total neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and forage-derived NDF (fNDF) on nutrient intake and milk production in Holstein dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein dairy cows at weeks 4 to 20 of lactation were included in this study. The cows were arranged in a randomized complete block design and assigned to one of six diets: 1) 38% NDF with 18% fNDF (HN-HF); 2) 38% NDF with 15% fNDF (HN-MF); 3) 38% with 12% fNDF (HN-LF); 4) 34% NDF with 18% fNDF (LN-HF); 5) 34% NDF with 15% fNDF (LN-MF); and 6) 34% with 12% fNDF (LN-LF). The cows were fed a total mixed ration twice daily (07:00 and 18:00 h) and given ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experiment. Data on the intake of nutrients (DM, NEl, CP, NDF, fNDF, NFC), milk yield, composition, fat-corrected milk (FCM), fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM), and energy corrected milk (ECM) were analyzed. Lower dietary concentrations of total NDF or fNDF resulted in an increase in DM, NEl, and NFC intake (p<0.01), milk yield (p<0.05) and a lower milk fat concentration (p<0.01). The LN treatment showed no significant differences in milk fat concentration compared to the HN however, further reduction in fNDF decreased milk fat content (p<0.01). The lowest level of milk fat was observed in the LN-LF diet group. Changes in the dietary concentrations of NDF or fNDF did not affect the concentrations of milk protein or SNF (solid not fat), although the yield of milk protein and SNF increased with higher milk yield (p<0.01). The level of fNDF influenced the level of FCM (p=0.07), as well as FPCM and ECM yield (p<0.05). A highly positive correlation between fNDF intake and milk fat concentration was observed in animals with low NDF compared to those offered high NDF. A strong correlation was also observed between milk yield and low NDF intake compared to high NDF intake.

Standardization of Fat:SNF ratio of milk and addition of sprouted wheat fada (semolina) for the manufacture of halvasan.

Traditional Indian Dairy Products such as Halvasan are manufactured in India using an age old practice. For manufacture of such products industrially, a standard formulation is required. Halvasan is a region specific, very popular heat desiccated milk product but has not been studied scientifically. Fat and Solids-not-fat (SNF) plays an important role in physico-chemical, sensory, textural characteristics and also the shelf life of any milk sweet. Hence for process standardization of Halvasan manufacture, different levels of Fat:SNF ratios i.e. 0.44, 0.55, 0.66 and 0.77 of milk were studied so that an optimum level yielding best organoleptic characteristics in final product can be selected. The product was made from milk standardized to these ratios of Fat:SNF and the product was manufactured as per the method tentatively employed on the basis of characterization of market samples of the product in laboratory. Based on the sensory results obtained, a Fat:SNF ratio of 0.66 for the milk has been selected. In the similar way, for standardizing the rate of addition of fada (semolina); 30, 40, 50 and 60g fada (semolina) per kg of milk were added and based on the sensory observations, the level of fada (semolina) addition @50 gm/kg of milk was adjudged the best for Halvasan manufacture and hence selected.

EFFECTS OF ZINC, MANGANESE METHIONINE COMPLEX AS FEED, SUPPLEMENT ON THE YIELD, COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF COW'S MILK AND ITS PRODUCTS.

Twelve Local breed lactating dairy cows in early lactation were selected to investigate the effect of feeding supplemented with a combination of organic trace minerals Zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) tied with methionine (Met.) on milk yield, its components, the gross chemical composition, pH, rate of acid production, Zn and Mn concentrations and their activities on starter culture for processing plain yoghurt. Cows were randomly divided into four experimental groups (3 each) using 3 × 3 Latin Square design for 35 days periods. Treatments were: T1 (control): concentrate feed mixture (60% CFM) + berseemhay (20% BH) + rice straw (20% RS), T2: control ration plus 40mg Zinc-Methionine/head /day, T3: control ration plus 40mg Manganese- Methionine/ head/ day, T4: control ration plus 20mg Zn- Methionine plus 20mg Mn- Methionine / head/ day (as total diet DM). Milk samples were collected daily from each cow morning and evening for the estimation of milk yield production. Pooled milk from each period was used in the manufacture of yoghurt. Yoghurt samples were stored at refrigerator (6±1C°) for 10 days. Results showed that the addition of organic minerals Zinc and Manganese -methionine to the cow diet significantly increased (P< 0.05) milk yield, milk fat percentage and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) compared with the control treatment. Also, fat, solids not fat (SNF), ash and total protein (TP) were significantly increased in treated group. Milk produced from cows fed on Zn- Methionine and Mn- Methionine did not significantly affect, Ts, Fat, protein and Ash of resultant plain yoghurt through the storage period. Reduction in pH values, lactose content and the rate of synersis with treated yoghurt samples compared to the control. Whereas, an opposite trend was noticed for acidity, curd tension. While, the concentrations of these organic trace minerals in different treatments of plain yoghurt increased, the ratio of Mn remained in the curd plain yoghurt was increased, and the ratio of remained Zn in the curd was decreased. Viscosity of fresh samples of both control and treatments were significantly increased then, significantly decreased till the end of storage. The incubation time was shorter in treated yoghurt with Zn Met. than the other treatments. The inhibition effect of Zn Met. on the yoghurt bacteria was stronger than those other treatments. Sensory properties values revealed that flavor , body and texture were significant increased with containing yoghurt Zn - methionine when compared with the other treatments.

A Comparative Study on the Physicochemical Parameters of Camel and Buffalo Milk

This research work was carried out to compare the various physicochemical parameters of two species, camel and buffalo. Camel milk samples were collected at National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner and buffaloes milk samples were collected from the surroundings villages of Bikaner. After collection milk samples were brought to the laboratory of NRCC Bikaner and they were analyzed for fat, SNF (Solid Not Fat), protein, lactose, total ash and pH using milk analyzer (Lactoscan). Camel milk had 2.71±0.11 fat, 6.91±0.03 SNF, 2.23±0.02 protein, 3.86±0.02 lactose, 0.79±0.004 total ash and 6.95±0.01 pH while buffalo milk had 8.71±0.82 fat, 8.44±0.19 SNF, 4.11±0.02 protein, 4.46±0.15 lactose, 0.98±0.05 total ash and 7.59±0.02 pH. Fat, SNF, protein and pH of buffalo milk was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher than camel milk. Lactose and total ash in buffalo milk was also higher than camel milk but at P&lt;0.05 level. So it can be concluded that all the studied parameters were high in buffalo milk than camel milk

EFFECT OF STORAGE PERIOD ON THE CONTENT OF FULL AND LOW FAT PASTEURIZED COW’S MILK

Pasteurized milk samples packaged in 2 liter plastic containers were collected from four factories in Riyadh city, named(1- A) ,( 2-A) ,(3- A), and (4-A)for full fat milk and(1- B) ,( 2-B),(3- B) , and(4- B) for low –fat milk. All samples were stored in the refrigerator at 4°C for 1, 3 and 8 days of production. Effect of refrigeration storage on the chemical composition of full and low – fat milk was followed. Vitamins (A) and Vitamin (D) contents were also determined in all samples during the same storage period. Effect of refrigeration storage was quite clear. Protein ,fat ,total solids and solids-not fat as well as vitamins (A) and (B) significantly decreased as the storage period progressed. Some samples were free from vitamins (D). so , consumption of pasteurized milk in the first days of production is the better.

Effect of Cotton Seed Cake on Cattle Milk Yield and Composition at Livestock Research and Development Station Surezai, Peshawar, Pakistan

3 Abstract: The present study was conducted at Livestock Research and Development Station Surezai, Peshawar during June to August 2011. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of Cotton Seed Cake (CSC) on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, Body Condition Score (BCS) and live weight of Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred cows. A total of nine mid-lactation crossbred cows were randomly distributed to three groups and allocated to diets containing zero (control), 20 and 35 percent CSC. All the three rations were Isocaloric and Isonitrogeniuos. Each cow was given a daily feed ration according to NRC standards. Mean daily milk yield differed (P 0.05) effect on protein content in milk as cows on 35% CSC diet produced the least 2.7±0.09 percent protein, while the control group produce the highest 3.00±0.09 percent. The concentration of Lactose and total milk solid not fat (SNF) content was higher (P>0.05) for control group than the cows fed on other diet. There was significant (P 0.05) effect on mean changes in BCS. The Live weight was not effected significantly (P>0.05) by rations, However highest mean change in weight gain of 7.66±4.95kg/45day was recorded for cows fed ration having 35% CSC while least 5.00 ±7.90 kg/45day was recorded for cows fed zero% CSC in the ration. Economically ration having 35% CSC had the lowest cost of milk production (Rs: 17.14/kg) as compared to ration having 20% (Rs.19.68/kg) and Zero% CSC (Rs.21.6/kg). These results concluded that milk yield; milk fat and feed intake was increased with supplementation of high level of cotton seed cake in the dairy cattle ration. Higher proportion of CSC (35%) has shown the best efficiency of production as compare to other rations.

Clinical Study Report on Milk Production in the Offspring of a Somatic Cell Cloned Holstein Cow

This study examined two female offspring of a somatic cell cloned Holstein cow that had reproduction problems and milk production performance issues. The two offspring heifers, which showed healthy appearances and normal reproductive characteristics, calved on two separate occasions. The mean milk yields of the heifers in the first lactation period were 9,037 kg and 7,228 kg. The relative mean milk yields of these cows were 111.2% and 88.9%, respectively, when compared with that of the control group. No particular clinical abnormalities were revealed in milk yields and milk composition rate [e.g., fat, protein and solids-not-fat (SNF)], and reproductive characteristics of the offspring of the somatic cell cloned Holstein cow suggested that the cloned offspring had normal milk production.

The relationship estimates amongst milk yield and milk composition characteristics of Bunaji and Friesian × Bunaji cows

The milk yield of 24 Bunaji and 26 cross breed (Friesian × Bunaji) cows were analyzed for milk yield characteristics [Initial milk yield (IY), peak week yield (PWK), peak yield (PY), end of lactation yield (ENLY), lactation length (LL) and total milk yield (TMY)] and milk composition [fat, crude protein (CP), solid-not- fat (SNF), total solid (TS) and ash]. The relationship within and between the milk yield characteristic and milk composition was analyzed. The results show that PY, PWK, ENLY and LL were positively and significantly correlated with TMY (P 0.05) except with ash (r = 0.267). The relationships of milk fat with ash, SNF and TS was significant and positive (P 0.05) correlated with milk yield characteristics; the relationship was positively low for IY and PY and negatively low for PWK, ENLY, TMY and LL. Milk ash was significantly (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with PY, ENLY, TMY and LL (r = 0.315 to 0.0577). In view of the relationship that exists within and between milk yield and milk composition characteristics, it is therefore suggested that, a milk selection index that will incorporate both milk yield and milk composition characteristics in a more balanced manner would help in improving the milk yield and milk composition characteristic of the dairy cows. Key words: Bunaji, Friesian × Bunaji, milk yield, milk composition.

Effect of supplementation of fish and canola oil in the diet on milk Fatty Acid composition in early lactating holstein cows.

This study examined the effects of supplementation of fish oil and canola oil in the diet on milk yield, milk components and fatty acid composition of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows (42±12 DIM, 40±6 kg daily milk yield) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (Control), 2% fish oil (FO), 1% canola oil +1% fish oil (FOCO), or 2% canola oil (CO) according to a double 4×4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Supplemental oils were added to a basal diet which was formulated according to NRC (2001) and consisted of 20% alfalfa, 20% corn silage and 60% concentrate. Milk yield was similar between diets (p>0.05), but dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) in cows fed FO diet compared to other diets. Milk fat percentage and daily yield decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of fish and canola oil. The daily yield and percentage of milk protein, lactose and solids-not-fat (SNF) were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion (g/100 g fatty acids) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p<0.05) in milk of all cows fed diets supplemented with oil. The proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 10:0 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p<0.01) for all diets supplemented with oil, but the proportions of 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion of trans(t)-18:1 increased (p<0.01) in milk fat of cows fed FO and FOCO diets, but CO diet had the highest proportion of cis(c)-11 18:1 (p<0.01). The concentration of t-10, c-12 18:2, c-9 t-11 18:2, 18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) increased (p<0.05) in FO and FOCO diets in comparison with the other two diets. These data indicate that including fish oil in combination with canola oil significantly modifies the fatty acid composition of milk.

Factors affecting yield and composition of camel milk kept under desert conditions of central Punjab, Pakistan

This study was planned to study the herd composition, farming system, and reproductive traits and to evaluate the effect of season, stage of lactation and parity on milk production, and composition of camels kept under pastoral environment of central Punjab, Pakistan. Based on purposive sampling method, 50 herds belonging to small, medium, and large-sized herds were selected. From these herds, 1,137 she-camels were entered in this study and their composite milk samples were collected and analyzed through standard procedures to determine the milk yield and percentages of milk contents. The results showed that the male camels constituted a lesser percentage (p < 0.05: 43.08; 380/882) in the total herd composition compared to that of she-camels (56.92; 502/882). The mean daily milk yield was 8.17 ± 0.09 L and mean percentage of fat was 3.79 ± 0.13%, protein was 3.66 ± 0.07%, lactose was 5.15 ± 0.09%, ash was 0.81 ± 0.02%, acidity was 0.20 ± 0.01%, solids not fat (SNF) was 9.63 ± 0.15%, total solids was 13.42 ± 0.21, and moisture was 86.58 ± 0.43. Mean daily milk yield was significantly higher (p < 0.01) during rainy season followed by winter season, warm dry summer, and hot summer season. Milk fat and protein contents were the highest in hot dry summer, while lactose contents were higher during rainy season. The stage of lactation and parity confirmed to impinge significantly (p < 0.01) on protein, lactose, and SNF. The present study will be helpful to design measures for the eradication of reproductive constraints and for the improvement of milk yield and composition in order to make camel rearing an economical proposition.

Effect of supplementation with protein differ for rumen degradability on milk production and nutrients utilization in early lactating Sahiwal cows

Early lactating Sahiwal cows (n=24) of approximately similar yield and lactation were selected and randomly divided into four groups of six cows in each. These groups were fed ad libitum four iso- energetic and iso- proteic diets with different rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources: diet A 30% RUP, diet B 40% RUP, diet C 50% RUP and diet D 60% RUP in a completely randomized design. Among nutrients intake, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake was significantly (P<0.01) different, while neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intakes were similar across four diets. DM, CP and NDF digestibility were also different (P<0.05) except, NDF digestibility. Whole milk yield (kg/d) and 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) (kg/d), fat (g/d) and protein (g/d) was found maximum on diet B, followed by diet A. Not significant differences were found in fat, solid not fat (SNF), protein, lactose, salts and total solids percentage across all diet except SNF, lactose and salts percentages which were significantly lower (P<0.05) on diet D. Nitrogen intake, balance and utilization were statistically similar across all diets however, nitrogen excretion in milk (g/d and percentage of intake) and urine (percentage of intake) were significantly different across diets. Nitrogen intake and output varied (P<0.01) across all diets. Nitrogen balance and its utilization were maximum (P<0.001) on diet B, while other diets showed not significant differences among themselves. Based on presenting findings, it is concluded that feed intake, digestibility and production performance was maximum in early lactating Sahiwal cows when fed 40% rumen undegradable protein in total mixed ration based diet.

Mechanism of Deoxyguanosine Kinase Inhibition by Nucleotide Derivatives: A Molecular Dynamic Approach

A study was conducted to investigate effect of prepartum supplementary feeding of free grazing Bunaji cows on the early lactation milk yield (MY) and interrelationships between the resulting milk constituents. Twenty cows, balanced for their weight and parity, were allocated to a completely randomized design, with five animals per treatment. The treatments were: A, range grazing (RG); B, RG + 100% corn bran (CB); C, RG + 60% CB + 40% palm kernel cake (PKC), and D, RG + 60% CB + 40% dried brewer's grains (DBG). W hereas milk yield was significantly (P 0.05) correlated to total solid (TS) and crude protein (CP) (r = -0.885; - 0.6989). Contrarily, insignificant (P > 0.05) but positive correlations existed between TS and CP (r = 0.8607), TS and lactose (r = 0.8554), CP and solids-not-fat (SNF) (r = 0.7677), lactose and CP (r = 0.6210) and MY and CP (= 0.560). There was a negative and highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation between MF and SNF (r = -0.9893) and MF and lactose (r = 0.9944). The relationships between TS and SNF and MF and gross energy were positive and highly significant (P < 0.01, r = 0.9962; 0.9459). However, MY and MF were significantly negatively related (P < 0.05, -0.9840). Prepartum supplementary feeding improved the milk yield of the grazing cows in the early lactation while both positive and negative relationships existed between milk constituents of the cows suggesting that the regression equations can be used to predict one milk constituent from the other.

Effect of feeding protected fat and proteins on milk production, composition and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding protected fat and proteins on milk production, composition and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Eighteen buffaloes were divided into two groups (9 each) on the basis of most probable production ability. Buffaloes in control group (C group; most probable production ability 2204kg) were fed chaffed wheat straw, chopped maize fodder and concentrate mixture as per requirements. Buffaloes in supplemented group (S group; most probable production ability 2211kg) were fed same ration as C group plus 2.5% rumen protected fat (on dry matter intake basis) and formaldehyde treated mustard and groundnut oil cake (1.2g formaldehyde/100g crude protein) in place of unprotected cakes. Group S buffaloes were supplemented rumen protected fat and protein 60 days pre-partum to 90 days postpartum and persistence of milk production was monitored up to 210 days of lactation. Milk yield during supplementation period (90 days) in S group was 13.11kg/d and was 19% higher (P<0.01) than the C group (11.01kg/d), whereas after supplement withdrawal (120 days), it was 11.04kg/d and was 15% higher (P<0.01) than the C group (9.61kg/d). There was no effect on total solid, protein, solid-not fat (SNF) and lactose contents in the two groups, whereas milk fat yield was increased (P<0.05) and level of milk urea nitrogen was decreased (P<0.01) in S group. Moreover, the supplement produced noticeable changes in the fatty acid profile of the milk fat, i.e., reduction in the concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) by 19% and an increase in that of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) by 36%. Besides, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were not affected, whereas ether extract digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in S group. There was no effect on plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations between two groups, whereas blood urea nitrogen concentration was lower (P<0.01) in S group. Supplementation of protected nutrients to buffaloes increased milk production and unsaturated fatty acids content in milk fat and persistence of lactation after supplements were withdrawn.