Solid Discharge Research Articles

Analyzing the dimensional deviation in wire cut electric discharge machining of nickel aluminium bronze using molybdenum wire electrode

Nickel aluminium bronze alloys are critically developed for applications in industries which provide optimized performance and economically greater alternative to other alloy metals. NAB alloys are easily fabricated in both conventional and non-conventional methods. In this work Molybdenum wire of high tensile strength, solid electrical discharge, smooth finish, high cutting speed, long life, and so on describe wire for wire cutting applications. Molybdenum wires have properties like high precision, control of line tolerance is less than 0 to 0.002 mm. The four critical information factors, for example, beat on schedule, beat off time, current and wire strain are taken as info factors and material expulsion rate and kerf width as the yield factors. To locate the ideal factors, Taguchi's L9 symmetrical exhibit and Signal to Noise (S/N) proportion investigation are utilized in the current work. Rate commitments of reaction factors are likewise assessed from the S/N ratio, the diagram shows that the beat off and wire pressure have the most significant reaction for acquiring higher MRR and kerf width, trailed by beat on schedule and current. SEM image shows the interactions created by the WEDM in NAB alloys and the responses of input and output variables are well established.

A Low‐Cost Sensor for Detecting Illicit Discharge in Sewerage

The presence of illicit discharges in sewerage systems generates an important impact in wastewater treatment plants and the ecosystem. In this paper, we present two prototypes for monitoring the presence of solids in wastewater and to study the effect of the water height. The prototypes are based on color and infrared LEDs and two photosensors located in the prototypes at 0° and 180° degrees. When the photosensor is located at 180°, all color LEDs present a good range of output voltage (approximately 5 V to 0 V) and good R2. However, for the typical concentration of solids in wastewater, the prototypes do not work correctly. When the photosensor is located in the prototypes the LEDs, yellow, red, and white have a good operation with voltage differences of 1.73 V, 1.76 V, and 1.13 V in P1 and 1.58 V, 1.84 V, and 1.35 V in P2, respectively. We calculate the mathematical model with the heights and solid concentration. The mathematical models which do not consider height present good R2. In conclusion, when the photosensor is located in the prototype, the height does not have an important effect and can detect the illicit discharge of solids. When the photosensor is located at 180°, it can be used for water with important changes in solid concentrations.

The Mineral Composition of Sediments as an Indicator of the Supply Sources and Features of the Distribution of Clastic Material in the Sea of Okhotsk

The mineral composition of the heavy subfraction from surface sediments of the Sea of Okhotsk has been studied using two detailed profiles (the Magadan-Kuril Islands and the Shantar Islands-Central part of the Sea of Okhotsk) and data from the Sakhalin Gulf. The obtained data have been analyzed by the methods of multivariate statistics, which allowed us to identify the main associations of heavy minerals that show regional differences in the mineral complexes of marine sediments. A significant effect of the solid discharge of the Amur River on sedimentation processes has been recorded. Two large regional sources of clastic material, the Amur-Sakhalin and Kuril-Kamchatka supplying provinces, had a major influence on the formation of the mineral composition of the sediments.

ZIF-8 derived hollow carbon to trap polysulfides for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have a high theoretical energy density and are low cost. However, the undesirable shuttle effect with the solid discharge product, Li2S, greatly impedes their market penetration. Conductive carbon materials with functional elements are beneficial in controlling the shuttle effect and can reactivate the Li2S, leading to improved long term cycling performance of LSBs. Herein, we report zinc (Zn) and nitrogen (N) co-doped ZIF-8 derived hollow carbon (ZHC) as a promising separator coating for LSBs to control the shuttle effect. The hollow area in the ZHC is identified to be around 250 nm with a carbonized outer surface thickness of approximately 50 nm. The presence of Zn and N in the nanohollow carbon structure helps to mitigate polysulfide (PS) diffusion in LSBs. Furthermore, the hollow interior of the carbon acts as a PS pocket to physically capture the PS and in addition Zn and N chemically attract the PS through polar-polar and metal sulfide interactions. The ZHC with its unique architecture and functional groups shows a promising performance with an initial specific capacity (S.cap) of 842 mA h g-1 at 4.80 mg cm-2 and cycling stability until 400 cycles, which is considerably higher in comparison with the cycling performance of parent ZIF-8.

Effective treatment and the valorization of solid and liquid toxic discharges from olive oil industries, for sustainable and clean production of bio-coal

Abstract Olive oil extraction processes generate significant quantities of wastes, olive mill solid waste, and olive mill wastewater, which are rich in precious compounds but toxic to the environment. In particular, olive mill wastewater is highly toxic. It is often discarded in water bodies without pre-treatment, causing severe problems for the aquatic environments. In this work, a new method was developed (based on high-temperature pyrolysis (500–950 °C)) to characterize and carbonize olive mill wastewater (25% weight of carbon) and olive mill solid waste (50% weight of carbon) with thermal shock (furnace pre-heated) under atmospheric pressure. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to properly characterize the produced bio-coal. The results proved the effectiveness of this pyrolysis technique. The solid and liquid wastes could be completely transformed into clean bio-coals, without the generation of by-products (pyrolysis oil or tar). The results showed that carbonization at 950 °C led to the production of porous and clean bio-coal (82% atomic of carbon) in 18% yield (compared to the initially treated mass). The optimal filling rate of the pyrolysis cell was approximately 30%. Moreover, the surface mass and the residence time influenced the yield of olive mill solid waste post carbonization. The optimal values were 210 mg/cm2 and 30 s, for a 51% yield of bio-coal relative to the initially treated mass. This carbonization process, according to the newly developed technique and the identified parameters, ensured a profitable, clean, and sustainable conversion and valorization of these wastes, in particular the olive mill wastewater.

Scoring Antarctic surface mass balance in climate models to refine future projections

Abstract. An increase in Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) surface mass balance (SMB) has the potential to mitigate future sea level rise that is driven by enhanced solid ice discharge from the ice sheet. For climate models, AIS SMB provides a difficult challenge, as it is highly susceptible to spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability. Here we use a reconstructed data set of AIS snow accumulation as “true” observational data, to evaluate the ability of the CMIP5 and CMIP6 suites of models in capturing the mean, trends, temporal variability, and spatial variability in SMB over the historical period (1850–2000). This gives insight into which models are most reliable for predicting SMB into the future. We found that the best scoring models included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) GISS model and the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Meteorology's model for CMIP5, as well as one of the Community Earth System Model v2 (CESM2) models and one MPI model for CMIP6. Using a scoring system based on SMB mean value, trend, and temporal variability across the AIS, as well as spatial SMB variability, we selected a subset of the top 10th percentile of models to refine 21st century (2000–2100) AIS-integrated SMB projections to 2274 ± 282 Gt yr−1, 2358 ± 286 Gt yr−1, and 2495 ± 291 Gt yr−1 for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, respectively. We also reduced the spread in AIS-integrated mean SMB by 79 %, 79 %, and 74 % in RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, respectively. Notably, we find that there is no improvement from CMIP5 to CMIP6 in overall score. In fact, CMIP6 performed slightly worse on average compared to CMIP5 at capturing the aforementioned SMB criteria. Our results also indicate that model performance scoring is affected by internal climate variability (particularly the spatial variability), which is illustrated by the fact that the range in overall score between ensemble members within the CESM1 Large Ensemble is comparable to the range in overall score between CESM1 model simulations within the CMIP5 model suite. We also find that a higher horizontal resolution does not yield to a conclusive improvement in score.

EFEITOS DOS CONFLITOS DE USO DO SOLO EM ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE SOBRE A PRODUÇÃO E TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS EM BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS: O CASO DA BACIA DO RIO DO COCO, TOCANTINS, BRASIL

Objetivou-se avaliar os conflitos de uso do solo em áreas de preservação permanente e sua relação com a produção e transporte de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica do Rio do Coco. Para tanto, foram realizadas medições de descargas líquidas e sólidas no exutório das principais sub-bacias que compõem a Bacia do Rio do Coco, bem como o mapeamento dos usos presentes nas APPs. As descargas sólidas foram analisadas por meio de coletas de amostras de água para a determinação dos sólidos em suspensão usando-se a técnica de amostragem por integração vertical com uso de amostradores (DH-48 e DH-59). Já as medições de vazão foram realizadas através dos medidores de vazão ADV e ADCP. Para o mapeamento da cobertura e uso da terra nas APPs foram utilizadas imagens do satélite Landsat 8, ano 2015, sendo a segmentação das imagens realizada no ENVI, com posterior classificação por meio da inspeção visual. Os resultados indicaram que a região da alta bacia apresentou maiores irregularidades nas APPs, sendo também responsável pela maior produção e transporte de sedimentos, o que sugere uma relação com as atividades de uso na bacia.

Weak sunlight-driven mass toluene combustion through scalable Cu doped CeO2 microspheres

Sunlight-driven toluene elimination system faces the problems of low reaction rate, secondary pollution, and especially tricky to large-scale production. In this work, we used a PVP assisted spray drying method to synthesize Cu doped CeO2 microspheres with the merits of zero waste water and solids discharge, kilogram level yield, uniform dispersion of Cu, and high toluene combustion activity. Further, a new photothermal device was constructed to heat catalysts to 295 °C under one standard sunlight irradiation. As a result, the new photothermal device supported Cu doped CeO2 microspheres showed a full oxidation of toluene at the rate of 59.82 mmol g−1 h−1 under 1 sun irradiation, 150 times higher than the advanced sunlight-driven toluene elimination. An industrial demonstration of this new system was developed, and this system was able to completely deal with 22.2 m3 h−1 of exhaust with the toluene concentration of 1–10,000 ppm under 1 m2 of outdoor sunlight irradiation in the daytime of winter, showing the potential on industrial applications.

Synthesis and Electocatalytic Activity of MnO2/RuO2/Carbon Nanocomposites to Enhance Lithium-Oxygen Battery Performance

Lithium-oxygen battery has received much attention as a potential energy storage system because of its ultra-high theoretical energy density (5,200 Wh kg−1), which remains to be the most promising future technology. However, there are several scientific/technical hurdles that must be overcome in order for a rechargeable Li–air battery to be commercialized in the market. In particular, the incomplete decomposition of solid discharge products such as Li2O2 etc. formed during discharge process passivates the cathode surface by clogging pores of the porous carbon cathode, resulting in diminishing the overall performance of battery. In order to solve these issues, great effort has been devoted to designing and developing novel electrocatalysts. It has been reported that electrocatalysts play an important role in ORR and OER, and hence improve the kinetics and efficiency of the Li–air battery.In this work, a suitable bifunctional catalyst was synthesized with MnO2 and RuO2, which are the well-known catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER), respectively, by supporting on two different carbon supports such as graphite nanofiber(GNF) and graphene oxide(GO) for the application to oxygen cathode bifunctional catalysts of lithium-air batteries. MnO2/GNF was first prepared by a simple hydrothermal synthesis and was then decorated with various decorating ratios of RuO2 using a simple redox reaction technique. A good electrocatalytic performance was observed from a weight ratio of RuO2:MnO2/GNF=5:5. The Li-oxygen battery fabricated with the synthesized catalyst composition delivered a reduced overpotential with good cyclability and high specific capacity. In order to understand the effect of carbon, urchin-shaped α-MnO2/RuO2 nanostructures was first synthesized by a hydrothermal synthesis and was then loaded on GO with a weight ratio of 5:5 using a redox reaction technique. The synthesized α-MnO2/RuO2@GO (5:5) composite delivered high specific capacity with excellent electrocatalytic activity. Between the two different carbon supported composites, RuO2@MnO2/GNF showed excellent catalytic activity than α-MnO2/RuO2@GO. The increase in the surface area of carbon supports greatly influenced the performance of Li-air battery. Catalysts with carbon supports showed higher activity than without carbon. RuO2@MnO2/GNF was found to be the best catalyst which has two or tree times larger surface area than α-MnO2/RuO2@GO. Thus, RuO2@MnO2/GNF with 5:5 weight percentage was found to be the best electrocatalyst than all other synthesized catalysts.

Effect of the Three Gorges Dam on Total Suspended Sediments from MODIS and Landsat Satellite Data

Total suspended matter (TSM) concentration is an extremely important parameter for water quality definition. The aim of this work is the evaluation of the effect of the Three Gorges Dam on total suspended sediments using remote sensing data at different temporal and spatial resolutions. TSM is estimated for the middle Yangtze river, China, before and after the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. The retrieved values are correlated to ground daily discharge values, finding relations between the physical quantities and discharge. Then, the application of the obtained relations to the discharge dataset provides continuous daily estimations of TSM values, also covering the days for which satellite scenes were lacking. This daily dataset will allow us to estimate the annual volume of river solid sediments. According to this work, both low spatial resolution MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data and high-resolution. Landsat 5 and 7 are able to detect the changes in TSM distribution over space and time induced by the building of the Three Gorges Dam, with a variation of even 50 mg/L over summer season. The confrontation of solid discharge with daily estimated TSM values shows that the single band MODIS algorithm performs better for medium-low concentrations, while the dual-band algorithm for MODIS and the selected Landsat algorithm perform better with high concentrations.

Assessment of pollutants discharges and air pollution in the Tyumen region (without considering autonomous districts) and its urban districts

The article provides an analysis of pollutants discharges in the Tyumen region, in the Tyumen region without considering autonomous districts, and in its urban districts for the period of 2013-2017. The researcher compares the number of stationary emission sources throughout the Tyumen region in 2017 and in 2013. The increasing amount of pollutants discharges has also been ranged from the Tyumen region (129083 tons) to its urban districts, namely Tyumen (16890 tons), Tobolsk (13723 tons). The decrease in emissions was noted in Ishim and Yalutorovsk in 2017 compared to 2013. It has been determined that the total amount of discharges in urban areas contained the average portion of solid discharge up to 5.0%, and of gaseous and liquid discharges up to 95.0%. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons (without VOCs) prevailed among gaseous emissions in the Tyumen region without considering autonomous districts (29.1 and 26.1% of all gaseous emissions respectively). Testing revealed the increase in the number of trapped and neutralized pollutants in the Tyumen region without considering autonomous districts and including urban districts in 2017 compared to 2013. In the analyzed period, the atmosphere in Tyumen and Tobolsk was characterized as slightly polluted.

Food Processing Industry Waste and Circular Economy

The continuous rise in world human population increases the demand for food supply thereby increasing food wastage throughout the supply chain which results in environmental pollution and scarcity of natural resources. In addition, food processing industries produce huge quantity of inedible food waste. Land filling and incineration are not the promising approaches of food waste management system for environmental sustainability and economic viability. Recycle and reuse are the major principles of circular economy which focus on the energy and resource recovery from food waste for sustainable environment. Food wastes are mostly rich in organic matters such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids which can be used as a feed stock for production and/or recovery of bio fertilizers, biofuels, bio gas, valuable bioactive compounds, natural nutrients and industrial enzymes by adapting suitable technologies including composting, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. In addition, an integrated biological approach for recovery of energy and resources from food waste with the concept of zero solid discharge is found to be economically viable. This review highlights the technological advances in management of food waste including processing methods and product recovery.

Advances in the chemistry and applications of alkali-metal–gas batteries

Rechargeable metal–gas batteries have the promise of exceeding the energy densities of Li-ion batteries. An archetypal metal–gas system is the nonaqueous lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) battery, which was developed with a view to deploying it in electric vehicles. However, operating this battery comes with substantial challenges that include parasitic chemical reactivity and degrees of electrochemical irreversibility, which contribute to poor charging and cycling. To address these challenges, researchers began exploring new nonaqueous metal–gas battery paradigms by manipulating the underlying O2 redox behaviour through electrolyte and materials design, using non-Li-metal anodes to change the nature of the solid discharge phase and improve reversibility, and using other gaseous reactants as the cathode. This Review presents the new understanding of nonaqueous gas-to-solid electrochemistry that has emerged from these concerted efforts, along with new hurdles that have been revealed as cells have gradually been reformulated. The ultimate impact of new metal–gas batteries needs to be re-examined for applications beyond electric vehicles that are more amenable to the individual chemistries and performance characteristics. Demand for energy-dense electrochemical storage systems has drawn increasing focus to metal–gas batteries. This Review describes the chemistry of these batteries and the underlying trade-offs between energy density and electrochemical reversibility.

Water quality sampling methods may bias evaluations of watershed management practices

Accurate measurement of the discharge of total suspended solids (TSS) from watersheds is complicated by the extreme temporal variability of suspended solid concentrations during periods of high stream flow. Consequently, TSS loads estimated from data collected at different temporal frequencies may differ in accuracy and precision. Moreover, there remains a need for optimal sampling methods which yield the highest possible accuracy for the least effort. We investigated the effect of sampling frequency on estimations of TSS loads and retention within a restored stream in Maryland, USA. We found that coarser temporal sampling methods can lead to erroneous conclusions of restoration efficacy with poor accuracy and precision in estimates of sediment retention. Additionally, we synthesized 28 years of continuous turbidity-based TSS data from Europe and North America to assess the effect of sampling frequency. Our synthesis suggests that flow-paced composite sampling may be the most accurate and precise sampling method. This method is also economical, requiring analysis of only one sample per week. Thus, the flow-paced method may be a potential solution to economize and standardize water quality monitoring.

Discharge of suspended solids and radiocesium into stream water in a forested watershed before and after line thinning with spur road construction

In an experimental watershed located around 120km southwest of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant with a drainage area of 59.9ha, suspended solids (SS) and radioactive cesium discharge from a forested headwater catchment were monitored before and after line thinning. The lower slopes in the experimental watershed were covered with plantation conifer trees (Japanese cedar), while the upper slopes were covered with deciduous trees. In 2012, line thinning was carried out at a thinning rate of 35% across 17% of the northeastern part of the watershed and across the remaining part in 2013. Spur roads were constructed along all tributaries without water, and logged trees were dragged and grappled using forestry machinery and transported along these roads to timber yards using forwarder-type forestry vehicles. A V-notch weir and a water level gauge were installed at the watershed outlet and stream water was sampled twice a month during base flow, whereas during flood flow, stream water samples of 1L were collected every hour using an automatic water sampler. These samples were filtered through 0.5μm glass fiber filters to measure the SS concentration. SS concentration data was collected for 21 floods before thinning and for 37 floods after thinning. A time-integrated SS sampler was installed in the stream close to the weir and SS samples were collected every two or three months to measure their Cs-137 concentrations. SS concentrations before (from July 2010 to August 2012) and after thinning (from October 2013 to December 2018) were compared, where the maximum SS concentrations before and after thinning were 211 and 790mgL-1, respectively. It was discovered that some SS concentrations during flood flow were higher after carrying out thinning than before. Some ΣLss values (specific cumulative load of SS in a flood event) also showed the same results as the SS concentrations. Thus, it was clear that SS discharge immediately increases after thinning, but as it increases Cs-137 export is limited. This is related to a change in SS source brought about by the process of thinning, a decrease with time in the Cs-137 concentration in organic solid expected from that in litter, and a regrowth of vegetation on spur roads, protecting them against soil erosion. Therefore, it was concluded that thinning does not drastically increase Cs-137 export from a forested watershed.

Entire process of surface discharge of GIS disc‐spacers under constant AC voltage

Surface contamination on the disc-spacers is one of the main threats to the safe operation of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) insulation. The authors’ research has confirmed the phenomena of intermittent discharge of such defects under AC constant voltage and concluded that long-intermittent discharge may be the cause of sudden flashover failure of GIS. To explore the characteristics of the process from the partial discharge (PD) inception to the breakdown of surface discharge under constant AC voltage, a 126 kV GIS test platform was built and long-term uninterrupted detection was carried out in this study. By processing the discharge data of the entire process, distribution characteristics of phase-resolved PD and N–V spectra and the trend of discharge repetition rate, discharge amplitude (maximum, mean, standard deviation) and discharge time interval (maximum, mean, standard deviation) were obtained. The results indicate that: there are two typical stages in the entire process of surface discharge under constant voltage and both discharge characteristics and risk of breakdown of those two stages are different obviously. Furthermore, based on the electro-chemical aging theory and space charge effects, the long-intermittent characteristics of solid insulation discharge are explained.

Grid Scale Energy Storage: Modeling of Electrolyzer-Fuel Cell Combination and Comparison with Flow Batteries

Life cycle cost modeling of hydrogen production via Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) and Solid Oxide (SO) electrolysis and discharge via fuel cell combination is investigated for large grid scale baseload storage applications. The cost of hydrogen in $/kg and storage energy produced in $/kWh are compared for four cases. The high-end simulations assume parameters that are capable within the next five years and low-end cases represent post significant improvements in the cost and durability of the technologies in the next couple of decades. The levelized cost of gclose to commercialization scale (low-end) for PEM and SO electrolysis is calculated to be ~$1.6 per kg. Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) calculations with this cost of hydrogen coupled with fuel cells is ~$0.10 per kWh. These values compare favorably to future flow battery potential where an LCOE of ~$0.09 per kWh is possible.

WEPP MODEL FOR RILL EROSION ESTIMATION IN A BRAZILIAN SEMIARID WATERSHED

ABSTRACT Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in many parts of the world and represents a serious problem for sustainable agriculture and the environment, with direct and indirect impacts on soil quality and fertility. This study aimed to use the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to estimate rill erosion and determine soil physical and hydraulic properties, which are essential to investigate its performance. To this end, an experiment was carried out in the Exu Creek watershed, in Serra Talhada, semi -arid region of Pernambuco State (Brazil), under increasing flow rates: T1: 5.87 L min-1; T2: 12.10 L min-1; T3: 20.33 L min1; and T4: 27.57 L min-1. Liquid and solid discharges were sampled for determination and characterization of hydraulic parameters in preformed rill flows. Reynolds numbers between 2,019 and 6,929 and Froude numbers below 1 found in this study attest to occurrence of erosive rills. Soil losses due to rill erosion increased as flow rates increased. Rill erodibility was 0.0011 kg N-1 s-1, and critical shear stress (tc) was 1.91 Pa, collapsing rill sidewalls and increasing local uplift, wet perimeter, and rill hydraulic radius.

A Pulsed Atomization and Excitation Source of Variable Discharge Gap Geometry in the Analysis of Solutions by Atomic Emission Spectrometry

An atomization and excitation source for the analysis of solutions by atomic emission spectrometry is proposed on the basis of pulsed glow discharge with a solid anode and discharge gap geometry varied within the discharge. A portable atomic emission spectrometer recording total emission spectrum from a single sample drop is developed in its basis.

Greenland surface air temperature changes from 1981 to 2019 and implications for ice‐sheet melt and mass‐balance change

AbstractWe provide an updated analysis of instrumental Greenland monthly temperature data to 2019, focusing mainly on coastal stations but also analysing ice‐sheet records from Swiss Camp and Summit. Significant summer (winter) coastal warming of ~1.7 (4.4)°C occurred from 1991–2019, but since 2001 overall temperature trends are generally flat and insignificant due to a cooling pattern over the last 6–7 years. Inland and coastal stations show broadly similar temperature trends for summer. Greenland temperature changes are more strongly correlated with Greenland Blocking than with North Atlantic Oscillation changes. In quantifying the association between Greenland coastal temperatures and Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass‐balance changes, we show a stronger link of temperatures with total mass balance rather than surface mass balance. Based on Greenland coastal temperatures and modelled mass balance for the 1972–2018 period, each 1°C of summer warming corresponds to ~(91) 116 Gt·yr−1 of GrIS (surface) mass loss and a 26 Gt·yr−1 increase in solid ice discharge. Given an estimated 4.0–6.6°C of further Greenland summer warming according to the regional model MAR projections run under CMIP6 future climate projections (SSP5‐8.5 scenario), and assuming that ice‐dynamical losses and ice sheet topography stay similar to the recent past, linear extrapolation gives a corresponding GrIS global sea‐level rise (SLR) contribution of ~10.0–12.6 cm by 2100, compared with the 8–27 cm (mean 15 cm) “likely” model projection range reported by IPCC in 2019 (SPM.B1.2). However, our estimate represents a lower limit for future GrIS change since fixed dynamical mass losses and amplified melt arising from both melt‐albedo and melt‐elevation positive feedbacks are not taken into account here.