Solid Color Research Articles

Postharvest quality of hydroponic strawberry coated with chitosan-calcium gluconate

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of edible coating on hydroponic strawberry during storage. Strawberries were coated with either 1% or 1.5% chitosan (CS) or with solution containing 1.5% chitosan and 0.5% calcium gluconate (CaGlu). After treatment, samples were stored at 10 °C, RH 90% for 10 days. The weight loss, soluble solid content, firmness, surface color, pH, and percentage of decay were evaluated each day during the experiment. It was observed that coating extended the postharvest life of hydroponic strawberry compared to control. Fungal growth occurred on control group at the 5th day and fruit treated with 1% CS at the 8th day of the storage period, whereas no visible sign was detected for other treatments. Soluble solid content and pH showed only minor change for all samples. Weight loss of coated fruit was below 6% after 10 days of storage, whereas the weight loss of control samples was around 10% at the end of measurement. Moreover, coating could maintain the firmness of strawberry compared to the control. The combination of chitosan and calcium gluconate showed the potential for prolonging the storage period of hydroponic strawberry till 10 days without decay, whereas the control sample had more than 60% of rotted fruit.

Modulation on Radiative Recombination Rate of CdS Nanobelts by Selective Rare Earth Ions

AbstractRare earth ions Er3+, La3+, and Y3+ have been introduced into the lattice of CdS nanobelts (NBs) to modulate its radiative recombination rate (RRR) during photoluminescence (PL) process. It is found that these ions have different quenching effects on the RRRs of direct interband transition and defect related transition. Only the former is greatly reduced through Er3+ doping, however, both of them are suppressed to a certain extent by La3+ and Y3+ doping. It is valuable that specific solid color luminescence can be realized through well‐chosen rare earth ions.

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Using Microwave and Ohmic Heating Assisted Microwave Methods

In this study, it was aimed to extract bioactive compounds (phenolics and anthocyanins) from cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) using microwave (ME) and ohmic heating assisted microwave extraction (OH-ME) as an alternative to maceration (M). Total phenolic compound (TPC), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC), antioxidant activity (AA), water-soluble solid matter (WSSM), color values, and pH of the extracts were determined. The effect of extraction time, solid to solvent ratio, microwave power, electrical field strength, and holding time during ohmic heating on extraction characteristics was investigated for different methods. Ohmic heating application prior to extraction has enhanced the TPC yield by 1.1 and 5.4-folds compared to that of ME and M, respectively. Moreover, the extraction time was decreased by approximately 42 and 95% as regards ME and M, respectively. The highest TMAC value (0.65 mg cya-3-glu/g dry matter) was observed with OH-ME. The experimental data obtained by ME and OH-ME methods was fitted to the Peleg model to describe the TPC yields. These results indicate that the combined application of ohmic heating and microwave extraction is a potential alternative method for total phenolic compounds extraction from cornelian cherry due to increased yields and reduced extraction times.

Enzymatic Treatment of Soft Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Pulp With Two Commercial Pectinases: Physical Properties and Viscosity Analysis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enzyme hydrolysis of jackfruit pulp using two commercial pectinase enzyme solutions with different polygalacturonase activities. A 2³ factorial design, with three repetitions at the central point, was used to establish the optimal conditions of jackfruit pulp hydrolysis, evaluating the effect of time (20 - 100 min), temperature (30 - 60ºC) and enzyme concentration (0.01 - 0.09%). The dependent variables viscosity, yield, soluble solids content, color intensity, shade, and turbidity were the responses evaluated. Viscosity, color intensity, shade, and turbidity of the pulps were significantly influenced by all studied variables with the determination coefficients (R2) between 0.74 and 0.99. The lack of adjustment was not significant in the models that describe the previous properties. The highest enzyme concentration (0.09%) was the factor with the greatest influence on the studied responses, regardless of the pectinase type.

Evaluation of Inpainting and Augmentation for Censored Image Queries

Images can be censored by masking the region(s) of interest with a solid color or pattern. When a censored image is used for classification or matching, the mask itself may impact the results. Recent work in image inpainting and data augmentation provide two different approaches for dealing with censored images. In this paper, we perform an extensive evaluation of these methods to understand if the impact of censoring can be mitigated for image classification and retrieval. Results indicate that modern learning-based inpainting approaches outperform augmentation strategies and that metrics typically used to evaluate inpainting performance (e.g., reconstruction accuracy) do not necessarily correspond to improved classification or retrieval, especially in the case of person-shaped masked regions.

Shear thickening behavior in dense repulsive and attractive suspensions of hard spheres.

Shear thickening in stable dense colloidal suspensions is a reversible phenomenon and no hysteresis is observed in the flow curve measurements. However, a reduction in the stability of colloids promotes particle aggregation and introduces a time dependent rheological response. In this work, by using a model colloidal system of hard spherical silica particles (average diameter of 415 nm) with varying particle volume fractions 0.2 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.56, we study the effect of particle stability on the hysteresis of the shear thickening behavior of these suspensions. The particle stability is manipulated by adding a simple monovalent salt (sodium chloride) in the silica suspension with varying concentrations α ∈ [0,0.5] M. For repulsive and weakly attractive suspensions, the flow behavior is history independent and the shear thickening behavior does not exhibit hysteresis. However, significant hysteresis is observed in rheological measurements for strongly attractive suspensions, with shear history playing a critical role due to the dynamic nature of particle clusters, resulting in time dependent hysteresis behavior. By performing numerical simulations, we find that this hysteresis behavior arises due to the competition among shear, electrostatic repulsive, van der Waals attractive, and frictional contact forces. The critical shear stress (i.e., the onset of shear thickening) decreases with increasing salt concentrations, which can be captured by a scaling relationship based on the force balance between particle-particle contact force and electrostatic repulsive force. Our combined experimental and simulation results imply the formation of particle contacts in our sheared suspensions.

Effect of thermosonication on pectin methylesterase activity and quality characteristics of orange juice

Pectin methylesterase (PME) is the enzyme responsible for quality losses in orange juice and pasteurization is used to inactivate PME. This process decreases the sensory and nutritional aspects of the beverage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combined ultrasound and moderate temperature on several quality parameters of orange juice, and whether the used treatment resulted in a reduction of PME activity when compared to thermally treated samples and natural juice. Thermosonication is an alternative preservation method that allows a significant decrease in PME activity and a smaller loss of vitamin C. The treatment with 40 kHz ultrasound and a temperature of 60 °C resulted in the highest reduction of PME activity. For ascorbic acid, the lower the heat used in combination with sonication, the smaller the loss of this compound. Soluble solids content, pH, and color of the juice did not alter during processing.

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (PAI) LEARNING THROUGH POWER POINT MEDIA ON STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PONTIANAK

PAI subjects seem monotonous, stiff, and unattractive due to the lack of mastery of Islamic Religious Education teachers in using PowerPoint media. This study was used as a qualitative method with data collection techniques through interviews and observations. Data analysis was used data reduction, data display, and data verification techniques. Data validation did by using member checking techniques, data triangulation, and extending the observation period. The informants were 3 PAI teachers. Research focus: 1) How was the PowerPoint display design in Islamic Religious Education learning? 2) How were Islamic Religious Education learning activities using PowerPoint media? The objectives of this research were: 1) To describe the PowerPoint display design in Islamic Religious Education learning. 2) To describe Islamic Religious Education learning activities using PowerPoint media. The findings of this study were 1) The display of the PowerPoint design was not good in every aspect, and the appearance of solid material, images, colors, and films did not match the material. 2) PAI learning activities were less conducive, active, and creative because students were not comprehending enoughand less able to explain the material.

Active Paper Sheets Including Nanoencapsulated Essential Oils: A Green Packaging Technique to Control Ethylene Production and Maintain Quality in Fresh Horticultural Products—A Case Study on Flat Peaches

Plant essential oils (EOs) have several bioactive properties, highlighting their high antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities. As such, the use of EOs in active packaging has received special attention in the last few years. Nevertheless, the inhibitory effect of EOs on quality-degrading enzymatic systems of plant products during postharvest life has not been deeply studied. The effects of an EO active paper sheet on ethylene biosynthesis and quality (and related quality-degrading enzymes) of flat peach (Prunus persica var. platycarpa) samples were studied during 5 days (continental terrestrial transport) or 26 days (long maritime transport) storage at 2 or 8 °C, both followed by commercialization simulations (4 days at 22 °C). EOs released from active packaging reduced ethylene production by 40–50%, and by up to 70% after commercialization periods. These results were correlated with lower 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC) content and ACC-oxidase activity. Physicochemical fruit quality (as indicated by soluble solids content, titratable acidity, color, and firmness) was also better preserved by EO active sheets due to enzymatic inhibition (polygalacturonase and polyphenoloxidase). Furthermore, phenolic compounds (mainly catechin and cyanidin-3 glucoside) and total antioxidant capacity were increased (by up to 30 and 70%, respectively) in EO-packaged samples after 8 °C storage and the subsequent commercialization period. Conclusively, EO active paper sheets controlled ethylene production in flat peaches, maintained fruit quality, and even increased health-promoting bioactive compounds.

THE EFFECT OF MILLING TIME AND PERCENTAGE OF DISPERSING AGENT ON THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SOLVENT-BASED BLACK PAINT FROM CARBON BLACK PIGMENT

THE EFFECT OF MILLING TIME AND PERCENTAGE OF DISPERSING AGENT ON THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SOLVENT-BASED BLACK PAINT FROM CARBON BLACK PIGMEN. The need for black paint made from carbon black pigment increasing year by year especially in the automotive world. The production of black paint is performed by milling the resin, pigment, additive/dispersing agent, and solvent. In the manufacturing process, it takes a relatively long time with precise dispersing agent composition toward pigment to get the product with blackness/solid black according to the expected quality. This work aims to study the role of the milling time of carbon black fw 200 beads on a 3 liter ball mill and the percentage of dispersing agents on paint color quality, especially blackness. The variations in milling time were 36, 48, and 60 hours and the weight percentage of dispersing agent toward pigment were 80%, 100%, and 120%. The optimum results obtained are at the milling time of 48 hours and on the percentage of dispersing agent of 120% with the product characteristics fulfills the requirement namely: 10 μm of particle fineness, 111.5 krebs unit of viscosity, 36.97% of solid content, 0.9839 gr/cc of specific gravity with desirable solid black color.

Synthesis, characterization and application of cinnamoyl C-phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene (CCPCR) for removal of Cr(III) ion from the aquatic environment

In this paper, we report about a synthesis of cinnamoyl C-phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene (CCPCR) and its application as an adsorbent for Cr(III) removal from the aquatic environment. The CCPCR was synthesized by hydrolyzing cinnamoyl C-phenylcalix[4]resorcinaryl octaacetate (CCPCROA) with NaOH. This material than were characterized by using FTIR, BET-BJH and proton-NMR (1H NMR) spectroscopy methods. Based on characterization data shows that CCPCR has a physics characteristic such as light yellow solid colour, melting point of 390 °C, yield of 61.60% and it has a mesopore structure. The effect of initial concentration, pH and contact time on Cr(III) removal from water samples was investigated by using a batch system. The result shows that the removal of Cr(III) was highest at pH 7, contact time for 45 min and the initial concentration of Cr(III) is 25 mg/L. Kinetic modeling and isotherm modeling were also studied by using 8 and 5 models, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(III) on CCPCR was followed Pseudo Second Order (PSO) model, while isotherm adsorption of Cr(III) onto CCPCR can be explained well by the Langmuir isotherm model. Overall, the adsorption capacities of Cr(III) on the CCPCR surface is 0.55 mg/g. The desorption or recycling process is going well and eventually reaches 100% by using 55 mL of 1 M HCl. The mechanism of Cr(III) adsorption on the CCPCR surface was followed chemical adsorption via protonation of phenolic-OH or -OR groups on CCPCR.

Colour variation of the intertidal hermit crabClibanarius virescensconsidering growth stage, geographic area in the Indo–West Pacific Ocean, and molecular phylogeny

AbstractMembers ofClibanarius virescensshow considerable intraspecific colour variation, including colouration of the second/third pereopods (green/white) and the dactyls of the second/third pereopods (with or without dark bands/patches). However, factors inducing these colour variations have not yet been elucidated. Here, we investigated the occurrence of colour variation in this species with particular emphasis on change of colouration associated with growth stage and region in specimens from tropical/subtropical to warm temperate areas in the Indo–West Pacific, including evidence from molecular phylogeny based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). We have, then, clarified that the colouration on the pereopod dactyls gradually changed from solid colour (yellow/white) to having dark-coloured area(s) or transverse band(s) as a result of the growth stage. The frequency of occurrence of the solid colour dactyls was higher than those of other colour types in tropical regions. Our results also indicated that the white ambulatory leg type was the colouration type that was frequently seen in juvenile stages. However, significant genetic differences were not detected between each colouration determined by molecular analysis of samples from 14 localities in the Indo-West Pacific region; in contrast, two genetically differentiated regional populations (North Australia; Phuket, Thailand; and Lombok, Indonesia) were detected. The present study, therefore, emphasizes the necessity for further study on the colour variation of marine animals focusing on growth stages and regional differences, with molecular data to facilitate the research on adaptation and/or speciation, especially in geographically widely distributed species.

Effect of pressing and impacting bruises on optical properties of kiwifruit flesh

• Effect of mechanical stress on μ a and μ s ' of kiwifruit flesh were investigated. • μ a increased first then decreased, while μ s ' decreased first then increased after bruising. • μ a of bruised kiwifruit flesh was higher than that of non-bruised flesh. • μ s ' of bruised flesh was significantly smaller ( P ≤ 0.05) than that of non-bruised ones. • Scattering technique has great potential in identifying bruised from non-bruised kiwifruit. Near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging technologies have been proved to be able to detect invisible bruised kiwifruit. Therefore, it is doubted that the optical properties of kiwifruit are affected by bruises. However, it is not clear how bruises influence the optical properties of kiwifruit and whether different bruises have same effect on optical properties. To answer these questions, the kiwifruit with pressing and impacting bruises were used as samples, and the non-bruised kiwifruit were used as control to investigate the absorption coefficient ( μ a ) and reduced scattering coefficient ( μ s ' ) of kiwifruit flesh by using an integrating sphere system in 950−1650 nm in 16 d after bruising. Moreover, the soluble solids content (SSC), moisture content, firmness and color were measured, and the microstructure of flesh tissue was observed. The results showed that at the absorption peaks of 980 nm and 1175 nm, the μ a of used samples increased first, then decreased with time after bruising. At the same time, the bruised samples had higher μ a than non-bruised ones, but there was no significant difference ( P ≤ 0.05). After bruising, the μ s ' decreased first, then increased with time at a given wavelength between 950 nm and 1360 nm. The μ s ' of bruised samples was significantly smaller ( P ≤ 0.05) than that of non-bruised samples at the same time. Bruises caused cell rupture and reduced firmness. The results indicate that scattering technique has great potential in identifying bruised kiwifruit from non-bruised ones. This study is helpful to understand the effect of bruises on optical properties of kiwifruit and to better apply near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging technologies to detect the kiwifruit with internal bruises.

Interactive effects of boron stress and mycorrhizal (AMF) treatments on tomato growth, yield, leaf chlorophyll and boron accumulation, and fruit characteristics

ABSTRACT High levels of boron (B) in soils cause toxicity in tomatoes, but inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into plants can reduce it. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AMF inoculation on morphological parameters (shoot height, plant fresh and dry weights), yield, leaf chlorophyll and boron content, and fruit characteristics (weight, water and soluble solid contents, firmness, color) of tomato plants grown in boron stress (0.06, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mM). Increased boron concentrations reduced all parameters except leaf boron content, fruit soluble solids and firmness. However, the highest values of the morphological parameters, fruit soluble solid contents and red color values (control, 0.5 and 1.0 mM B), fruit yield (<8.0 mM B), leaf chlorophyll content (≤2.0 mM B), fruit weight (control, 0.5 and 2.0 mM B), fruit firmness (control and 1.0 mM B) were obtained from mycorrhizal plants. No significant differences were found between the fruit water content and color values (brightness and yellow) of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants in all boron stress levels. The leaf boron concentration in inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi had lower than non-inoculated ones. These results suggest that mycorrhizal-inoculation may limit excessive boron uptake and alternatively be used in boron contaminated soils.

Stability of Carotene and Phenols of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Juice with Pomace during Storage

Sea Buckthorn (SB) juice is rich in biologically active compounds. It has considerable health benefits; thus, it can serve as functional food ingredient. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the total content of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity (FRAP), soluble solid content, pH value, β-carotene content and colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) in berry juice of cultivar 'Leikora' Sea Buckthorn (SB) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). The treatment was made as control sample of Sea Buckthorn juice (C), and Sea Buckthorn juice with 0.5 % (P0.5); 1 % (P1); 2 % (P2) dried pomace of Sea Buckthorn. The samples were stored at room temperature for physicochemical analysis at interval of 2 months for a total period of 14 months.According to our results, the β-carotene (C to P2 was 3.71, 4.82, 5.49 and 6.52 mg 100 mL−1) as well as the antioxidant capacity of the samples increased with the growth of the pomace content. During storage, degradation occurred in the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, but the β-carotene content increased. The increase of the β-carotene content was 94.6 % (C) and 32.7 % (P0.5). The smaller reduction in antioxidant compounds was the higher the sample of pomace content is. The FRAP and total polyphenol values measured during storage confirm that the pomace has antioxidant effect. There is a close correlation between the two parameters, including a positive correlation (r=0.8614), which indicates that a significant part of the antioxidant capacity of buckthorn is due to the presence of different polyphenols.

The Study of Genetics of Flower Color in Faba Bean Reveals Generous Diversity to Be Used in the Horticulture Industry

The horticulturally valuable traits of faba bean are poorly explored, including the available information on the genetics of flower color and pattern. This lack of understanding has reduced the inclusion of unique flower color into the horticultural-type faba bean market. The modes of inheritance of two flower colors (red petals and yellow spot on wing petals) were examined through the development of multiple F2 segregating populations. The inheritance of red flower was confirmed for two recessive genes and yellow wing spot inheritance was confirmed for a single recessive gene. These populations led to the discovery of combinations of red and yellow flower color that have not been previously reported. The solid wing petal color gene was confirmed as a single recessive gene. Understanding the inheritance of flower color in faba bean can lead to improvement of current vegetable types and opens up possibilities for ornamental markets.

Impact of visual features on capture of Aedes aegypti with host decoy traps (HDT).

The host decoy trap (HDT) is a surveillance trap that presents a combination of heat, visual and odour stimuli to attract bloodmeal-seeking mosquitoes. Here we employed a semi-field study to demonstrate the role of the visual attributes present on the HDT on the effectiveness of Aedes aegypti capture. Our results show that the HDT is an effective means of capturing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in semi-field conditions, with a per trial capture rate of up to 69% across four visually distinct HDTs. The solid black coloured HDT captured more mosquitoes than HDTs with black-white stripes, black-white checkerboard patches or solid white colour by a factor of 1.9, 1.7 and 1.5, respectively. In all cases, mosquito capture was not evenly distributed on the HDT surface, with captures on the HDT's outer downwind half, away from the odour delivery, exceeding captures on the inner upwind half. We conclude that the solid black surface of the original HDT design is more effective than the other surfaces (white or black/white patterns) for the capture of Ae. aegypti. Our results demonstrate that mosquito attraction to the thermal and odorant cues of the HDT is modulated by visual information.

Comparison of anthocyanin profiles in şalgams (shalgams) produced with different production procedures

Recently, studies on the research of traditional fermented foods and beverages with positive health effects have emerged. Not only the production and consumption of şalgam, but also the number of research on şalgam is increasing rapidly. There are two principal procedures used by producers for şalgam production: (1) the traditional and (2) the direct procedure. In the present study, individual and total anthocyanins in şalgams manufactured by traditional procedure, direct procedure, and addition of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria cultures were compared. The lowest total solid, ash, methanol, total phenolic, and color intensity were determined in şalgam produced by the direct procedure, while the highest values were determined in şalgam produced by the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum. Similarly, the lowest individual and total anthocyanins were determined in şalgam produced by the direct procedure. Cyanidin-3, xylosyl-glucosyl-galactoside acylated with ferulic acid was found to be higher than the other individual anthocyanins. The quantities of anthocyanins individually and totally changed significantly for different production procedures. Practical applications Şalgam contains high levels of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, phenolic substances, and anthocyanin. It is a nutritious and healthy drink for people. Consumption of şalgam is currently increasing in Turkey and also some European cities. As far as it is known, no previous work deals with the determine and compare the individual and total anthocyanins of şalgams produced by using autochthonous LAB starter cultures isolated from various previous şalgam fermentations. The aim of this study was to compare not only the şalgams produced with the addition of three different autochthonous LAB, but also the individual and total anthocyanins of şalgams produced by traditional and direct methods. We found that şalgam produced by Lb. plantarum represented the highest amount of solid matter, ash, and color intensity compared to the other şalgams. However, the highest anthocyanin was obtained in şalgam produced by the traditional method, and Cy-3, xylglc-gal-acy-fer was found to be higher than the other individual anthocyanins in şalgams.

Analytical study of Salsaradi Gana Bhawit (three times) Shilajatu

Ayurveda the science of life gives importance to the balance between nature and human relationship; and Rasashastra, one of its associate wings can be considered to hold a key role since it deals in almost all the substances created by nature and marshals then for alleviating the diseases. The therapeutic efficacy of drugs depends upon the genuineness of raw material and right. Shilajeet is an important herbomineral drug among the Maharasa. Describing its importance Charaka has said, “there is hardly any curable disease which cannot be alleviated or cured with the aid of Shilajeet. Aim of study is to evaluate the Physico-chemical parameterof Salsaradi Gana Bhawit Shilajatu. Shilajatu and all raw drugs were obtained from P.G. Department, G.A.C.H. Patna and Shilajeet Shodhana was done by Triphala Kwatha and three times Bhawana by Salsaradigana (Dravyas) Kwatha. All samples were analyzed at Laboratory of Govt. Ayurveda College and Hospital Patna. It found that Shilajatu after Bhawana appeared as semi solid colour brownish black, soft in consistency and having typical smell.

Phase-measuring profilometry of colored objects based on color coding and sinusoidal correction

To improve the phase-measuring profilometry measurement speed, phase-shifted fringes can be encoded into color channels. However, for colored objects, the intensity of the fringes in each channel is affected by surface texture. Therefore, a measurement method based on color coding and sinusoidal correction is proposed. First, two color images are encoded. The red (R) and blue (B) channels for the first image and the green (G) channel for the second image are used in a three-step phase-shifting process. Meanwhile, the G channel of the first coded image and the R and B channels of the second coded image are corresponding solid colors. Two color-coded images are projected onto the object’s surface, and the CCD captures the modulated deformed fringe pattern. After decoupling, the channels of the images are separated, the pure color channels are extracted, and the reflectivity of each point on the object surface in the RGB channels is calculated. Then, the intensity of the phase-shifted fringes in the two images is corrected by the calculated reflectivity. A 24-color standard color card and color lion mask were used to verify the method. Compared with the traditional color coding method, we were able to reduce the influence of color texture and obtain better results.