Solid Anchor Research Articles

Oystershell amplifies pearlfish calls

The sea is not always as silent as you might think. A great deal of fish chatter goes on beneath the waves on coral reefs. And when you choose to make your home in a clam or pearl shell, acoustic communication becomes even more imperative. Loic Kéver and colleagues explain that four species of Carapidae take up lodgings in the shells of molluscs and one member of the family, Onuxodon fowleri, makes its home in the shells of black-lip pearl oysters. Explaining that most Carapidae are capable of producing sound by vibrating their swimbladders, Kéver and his colleagues were curious to find out whether Onuxodon could also produce sound and if so, could the sounds be heard beyond the fish's shell homes (p. 4283).Kéver recalls that finding the elusive animals was not easy. ‘Eric Parmentier had tried to find them in many islands,’ says Kéver. However, Franck Lerouvreur eventually succeeded in locating the fish at the remote Makemo Island atoll in French Polynesia, where 70% of the oyster shells boasted pearlfish lodgers. And Kéver recalls that the diving conditions on the atoll were idyllic. ‘There is only one small scuba club, which means that we were always alone, except for a few locals‘, Kéver says with a smile. However, there were some drawbacks to the remote location, ‘There was limited infrastructure and electricity,’ Kéver explains. And he adds that bringing the tiny fish to the surface was also risky because of the pressure difference: it took almost an hour to bring the oysters and their fishy lodgers to the surface at the end of each dive session.Back on land, Kéver, Parmentier, Lerouvreur, Orphal Colleye and David Lecchini transferred the oysters with their fish into tanks to record the fish's sounds from outside of their oyster homes after dark. Analysing the structure of the calls, the team found that the each sound could last as long as 3 s and comprised trains of up to 40 broadband pulses that were dominated by three frequencies (212 Hz, 520 Hz and 787 Hz). Also, when Marco Lugli tested the shells' acoustics, they found two frequency bands (250 Hz and 500 Hz) that were amplified within the shells – possibly for communication with other pearlfish residents – while frequencies around 1000 Hz were amplified inside and out of the shells. ‘Amplification probably improves the efficiency of communication by increasing the propagation distance of the sounds’, says Kéver.Having identified the main features of the fish's distinctive calls, the team brought some of the animals back to Europe to learn more about their unique sound-production system. After Kéver dissected the fish to begin learning about their anatomy, Anthony Herrel used high-resolution CT scans to reveal their unique sound-production system. Kéver describes the structures, saying, ‘The rostral [front] end of the swimbladder forms a mineralised structure – called the rocker bone – on which insert the primary sonic muscles’, adding that four of the vertebrae near to the swim bladder are also modified. Speculating that the rocker bone provides a solid anchor for the sonic muscles that vibrate the swimbladder, Kéver says, ‘it is quite exceptional to see that soft tissue can be hardened when subject to certain constraints’. He also points out that there are differences between the male's and female's rocker bones. ‘[They] should allow the emission of two different signals and thus the recognition of the sex of the emitter’ says Kéver, but points out that this is yet to be confirmed.

The Italian Economists and the Crisis of the Nineteenseventies. The Rise and Fall of the "Conflict Paradigm"

Between 1969 and the early nineteen-eighties a unique parabola took place in Italy that was both historical and theoretical. We are referring here to the birth, development and decline of a research project that had assumed Sraffa’s book Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities as its basic reference. At the beginning of this debate, the characteristics of Sraffa’s theory as an open scheme enabled it to produce a theoretical core having multiple derivations (both Keynesian and Marxian). In this system of scientific synergies a special role was played by the discussion concerning wages as independent variable. The result was a meta-theoretical concept of wage as a price governed prevalently by social forces and power relations. We have called this complex research programme the conflict paradigm. Successively the paper considers the reasons which, since the mid-seventies, started to corrode this compound doctrinaire alliance, first of all the intellectual disorientation caused by both the acute expressions of crisis in the second half of nineteen-seventies, and the criticism against the Sraffa’s theory as an open scheme, as a factor that deprived the study of economics of the solid anchor of equilibrium analysis.

Bivalent alkyne-bisphosphonate as clickable and solid anchor to elaborate multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles with microwave enhancement

We report the elaboration of clickable superparamagnetic nanoparticles that act as a scaffold for further modifications by click chemistry. This nano platform is easily obtained by coating iron oxide nanoparticle γ-Fe2O3, with a new bifunctional molecule (1-hydroxy-1-phosphonopent-4-ynyl)phosphonic acid (HMBPyne). The HMBP and the alkyne functions act respectively as anchoring surface group and click chemistry functionality. We evaluate the functionalization of this new “clickable” nanoplateform using Huisgen 1,3-cycloaddition as model reaction and demonstrate the potential of microwave irradiation to increase the grafting yield. The effectiveness of click chemistry for the modification of mNPs is explored with a diverse array of functional species.

All-Soft Suture Anchor is Similar in Biomechanical Performance to the Classic Solid Anchor

All-Soft Suture Anchor is Similar in Biomechanical Performance to the Classic Solid Anchor

Physical Activity in the Prevention of Childhood Obesity

The current high prevalence of childhood obesity and its co-morbidities is concomitant with a low level of physical activity and an abundance of sedentary pastimes for Westernised children. To increase the participation of a majority of children in a sustained physical activity, interventions require a fair understanding and consideration of the influences of this behaviour, especially as children are overweight or obese. Basically, the physical activity behaviour of children depends on biological, sociocultural and psychosocial factors and their interplay. The recent literature lends support to the fact that some psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy and physical competence may be solid anchor points upon which to improve the participation of overweight and obese children in free-living physical activity. Thus, interventionists should first concentrate on improving these personal dimensions around which physiological and environmental factors might revolve. The development of motor skills may be a good means for enhancing the self-image of obese children.

Biomechanical Evaluation of Classic Solid and Novel All-Soft Suture Anchors for Glenoid Labral Repair

To evaluate the biomechanical performance of an all-soft suture anchor (JuggerKnot; Biomet, Warsaw, IN) in comparison with a classic solid suture anchor (2.4-mm biocomposite SutureTak; Arthrex, Naples, FL) in an in vitro labral repair model. We dissected 12 cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 61 ± 9.4 years), leaving the labrum intact, and bone mineral density was obtained (mean, 0.375 ± 0.06 g/cm(3)). Simulated labral tears were made at the anteroinferior and posteroinferior edges of the labrum. Repairs used 2 all-soft suture anchors (JuggerKnot) or 2 solid anchors with free, high-strength No. 2 suture (FiberWire; Arthrex) spanning the operative construct to load the repair. Differential variable reluctance transducers were used to measure labral displacement for each specimen. The testing protocol consisted of a preconditioning phase at 10 N for 10 cycles (1 Hz) and then a final load-to-failure testing at a rate of 3 mm/min. Labral displacement of 2 mm was determined as the primary outcome. There was no statistical difference (P = .22) in ultimate load to failure and displacement at ultimate failure (anchor pullout) between the all-soft JuggerKnot (146.0 ± 43.0 N and 19.8 ± 5.4 mm, respectively) and the solid SutureTak (171.9 ± 52.6 N and 22.3 ± 6.8 mm, respectively). The solid anchor had a significantly higher ultimate load at 2 mm of labral displacement than the all-soft suture anchor (84.1 ± 19.0 N and 39.2 ± 10.6 N, respectively; P < .001). Whereas both the solid SutureTak and the all-soft JuggerKnot displayed similar results on ultimate load-to-failure testing, the solid anchor required significantly greater load for 2 mm of labral displacement than the all-soft anchor. The all-soft anchor (JuggerKnot) is similar in biomechanical performance to the classic solid anchor (SutureTak) with the exception of load at 2 mm of labral displacement, suggesting micromotion of the device.

New mass measurement ofLi6and ppb-level systematic studies of the Penning trap mass spectrometer TITAN

The frequency ratio of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ to $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ was measured using the TITAN Penning trap mass spectrometer. This measurement resolves a $16$-ppb discrepancy between the $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ mass of 6.015 122 795(16) u from the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2003 (AME03), which is based on a measurement by JILATRAP, and the more recent measurement of 6.015 122 890(40) u by SMILETRAP. Our measurement agrees with SMILETRAP and a more precise mass value for $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ of 6.015 122 889(26) u is presented along with systematic evaluations of the measurement uncertainties. This result makes $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ a solid anchor point for future mass measurements on highly charged ions with $m/q~6$.

A Review of Selected TEIs STP Model: Inputs to Relevant PNU-STP

A Review of Selected TEIs STP Model: Inputs to Relevant PNU-STP

Bilateral maxillectomy and midfacial reconstruction.

Extensive bilateral midfacial defects including the upper jaw, palate, and sinuses present a formidable reconstructive challenge. Prosthetic restorations require a solid anchor point to be successful, since orofacial motion would otherwise cause instability of the prosthesis. We report on a series of eight patients who underwent transmalar placement of a Steinmann pin at the time of definitive tumor resection. The Steinmann pin was used immediately to securely anchor a prosthesis to the skull base. The maximum follow-up time is 9 years. The Steinmann pin has remained firmly anchored without significant loosening in six of these eight patients, and no major complications have resulted from its use. In conclusion, the transmalar Steinmann pin is an effective and immediate single-stage method of permanently retaining a midface prosthesis.

Concepts of Space by Max Jammer

554 BOOK REVIEWS The author's principal aim in the book, to return to this for emphasis, is " to elucidate the aims which the critics themselves profess." Professor Osborne does not believe that it lies within the province of criticism to justify these aims and assumptions, although this belief does not prevent his making a certain number of critical evaluations about various features of the different assumptions. I should like to repeat that within the limits the author lays down, he admirably succeeds, by and large. There is a wealth of information and comment in the book and a rich acquaintance with what artists and critics have said and held. Presumably the author thinks that the more definitive and positive evaluation of assumptions in criticism belongs to aesthetics rather than to criticism, a separation that he may press too absolutely. Nevertheless, the author makes it clear that the task of aesthetics and philosophy of art is important and needs to be done. What he has well done here is to show how criticism is significant and intelligent when it proceeds consistently from original assumptions. Since relatively few critics are successful in this respect, Mr. Osborne's book is valuable and useful for aiding critics to write intelligibly. The larger and more basic issue of aesthetics itself can then be faced more successfully. University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana. JOHN A. OESTERLE Concepts of Space. By MAX JAMMER. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954. Pp. 212 with index. $3.75. One of the major problems occupying the attention of modern Philosophy, particularly that of American Philosophy, is that of integrating the results of modem empiriological disciplines with a knowledge of the underlying natures of things. This problem is especially difficult in the area of experimental Physics. The other phenomenal sciences retain a solid anchor in the natural principles of human knowledge, but experimental Physics is a strange discipline in which proficiency depends on an ascetic renunciation of the normal tendencies of the mind. It is possible, of course, to overstate the problem, and to insist that natural philosophy be so altered that it is deduced from experimental Physics, or at least that it assimilate the physicists' conclusions without change. An analysis or the principles and IDf '.1ods reveals experimental Physics as more of a conceptual substitute k ~ality than a.'l immaterial assimilation, more art than science. But Physics is such a successful art that it set ns absurd to suppose that this conceptual framework is a purely arbitrary construction. If we can BOOK REVIEWS 555 manage qualitative data by treating them as though they were essentially species of quantity, we must suspect, at least, that the two are so closely related that their interdependence is not adequately expressed by the usual insistence on locomotion as the basic type of motion and on quantity as the first material accident, the foundation of the sensible qualities. A discerning comparison of the philosophic notion of place and the physicist. conception of space certainly seems one approach to the problem in consideration of the basic part these two ideas play in the different accounts given of local motion. Yet oddly enough there are few enough works that undertake such a task on more than a textbook level. Max Jammer's book, Concepts of Space, may not unravel the enigma of the relation between the philosophical and the empiriological views on these issues, but at least it is a step in the right direction. Dr. Jammer lectures on Physics and on the history of science at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. On the evidence of this book, he seems much more sensitive to man's achievement in the realms of theology and philosophy than is usually the case with most historians of science. This book, Concepts of Space, Dr. Jammer wrote while Visiting Lecturer at Harvard University. The contents of the book are well described by the subtitle, " The History of Theories of Space in Physics." The story begins with the concepts of place and space in ancient Greek Philosophy, with the major emphasis on Aristotle and his influence. Some reference is made to the presence within Greek culture of a method of studying reality...