Solicitation Messages Research Articles

The effects of solicitation and target amounts on consumers’ charitable giving decisions

This research examines the effect of double reference values in the context of charitable giving decision-making. We investigate how the two types of information that commonly appear in charitable giving campaigns—solicitation amount (e.g., “Your $1 matters”) and target amount (e.g., “Help Us Raise $305,000”)—interact to determine consumers’ decisions on how much to donate. Through four studies, we demonstrate that solicitation amount, compared with target amount, exerts a stronger influence on consumers’ donation decisions. Target amount influences the donation decision only when it is presented alone in the message. Furthermore, the study results demonstrate that using a small solicitation amount to enhance compliance can backfire, reducing the average donation amount and the total donation revenue. This study offers important practical implications to marketers for designing an effective charitable giving campaign, especially for the selective use of potential reference values in the solicitation message.

Crowdfunding to Support Social Entrepreneurship: A Multi-Method Approach

Most social entrepreneurship crowdfunding efforts fail. To understand the process and factors associated with achieving successful outcomes, we conducted four controlled lab experiments and a field experiment involving an actual crowdfunding campaign. Consistent across both methods, we found that social closeness and contact frequency increase the probability of contributing, and mention of high contribution amounts (anchors) in solicitation messages increases the amount pledged without decreasing the probability of pledging. Felt obligation mediated the effect of social closeness and contact frequency on probability of contributing. Surprisingly, invoking authority did not influence the probability of contributing.

To contribute or not: A goals-based perspective on the effect of industry sales trend and solicitation messages on voluntary contributions to a generic advertising campaign.

Generic advertising campaigns such as "Got Milk?" and "Pork: The Other White Meat" are intended to increase demand for the entire product category rather than demand for a specific brand. This research examines the influence of industry (or product category) sales trend and solicitation messages on voluntary contributions toward such campaigns. Based on the idea that the context in which decisions are made may induce goals, a theoretical framework is developed to suggest that a declining versus an increasing industry sales trend induces different goal orientations. Although contributing to a generic advertising campaign may be viewed as 1 means to achieve the induced goal, the means-goal association is likely to be stronger when the trend is declining rather than increasing. Further, the authors propose that a solicitation message that is congruent with the induced goal and the associated mean is likely to be most effective in increasing contributions relative to incongruent messages. Consistent with the framework, three studies demonstrate that voluntary contributions are higher when the industry sales trend is declining versus increasing, and the solicitation message that reinforces the association between the induced goal and the means to achieve the goal is most effective in increasing contributions. (PsycINFO Database Record

Rethinking Riley: Applying Commensurate and Intermediate Scrutiny Standards to Judicial Evaluation of Charitable Solicitation Regulation

In Riley v. National Federation of the Blind, 487 U.S. 781 (1988), the Supreme Court struck down as unduly burdensome and unconstitutional a North Carolina statute requiring professional fundraisers to disclose to those solicited the average percentage of gross receipts actually turned over to the charity for all charitable solicitations conducted in the state within the previous twelve months. The Court applied a strict scrutiny standard of review of the regulated speech, rather than a more deferential intermediate or rational standard of scrutiny. The Court’s reasoning was that the commercial speech elements of the charity’s message were inextricably intertwined with the fully protected educational portions. It also held North Carolina’s regulations governing application of the statute were not narrowly tailored to achieve the state’s valid interests in protecting charities and informing donors how money contributed was spent. This article disagrees with Riley’s rationale that the educational elements in charitable solicitations are always so interwoven with commercial speech that a governmental regulation that impinges on a charity’s message should always be subject to strict judicial scrutiny review, and as a matter of course protected by the First Amendment. (Fraudulent solicitations do not receive constitutional protection.) The reality is that the educational component of many charitable solicitations is formulaic or an afterthought unconnected to the solicitation message. The article contends that if a charity’s costs of fundraising over several years exceeds eighty-five percent of the amount raised, and the actual amount that is used for the charity’s philanthropic mission is miniscule, should create a rebuttable presumption that the charitable program is not commensurate with the resources contributed to the organization. Absent certain exceptions, such organizations should lose their tax exempt status. Judicial review of such revocations should be subject to a lesser, intermediate standard of scrutiny of review by the courts. There are both common law and federal tax precedents for using a commensurate standard in evaluating whether a charity serves a public purpose relative to its resources and abilities. This approach should pass constitutional muster, and will protect the public from deception and manipulation.

An Algorithm for Timely Transmission of Solicitation Messages in RPL for Energy-Efficient Node Mobility.

The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was proposed for various applications of IPv6 low power wireless networks. While RPL supports various routing metrics and is designed to be suitable for wireless sensor network environments, it does not consider the mobility of nodes. Therefore, there is a need for a method that is energy efficient and that provides stable and reliable data transmission by considering the mobility of nodes in RPL networks. This paper proposes an algorithm to support node mobility in RPL in an energy-efficient manner and describes its operating principle based on different scenarios. The proposed algorithm supports the mobility of nodes by dynamically adjusting the transmission interval of the messages that request the route based on the speed and direction of the motion of mobile nodes, as well as the costs between neighboring nodes. The performance of the proposed algorithm and previous algorithms for supporting node mobility were examined experimentally. From the experiment, it was observed that the proposed algorithm requires fewer messages per unit time for selecting a new parent node following the movement of a mobile node. Since fewer messages are used to select a parent node, the energy consumption is also less than that of previous algorithms.

More Than Numbers: Effects of Social Media Virality Metrics on Intention to Help Unknown Others in the Context of Bone Marrow Donation.

A bone marrow transplant is often the only key to recovery and survival for patients suffering from blood cancers. Social media platforms have allowed nonprofit organizations as well as family members and friends of patients in need of a matching donor to make their solicitation messages go viral and reach out to the broadest possible audience to increase the likelihood of finding a matching donor. Noting that social media audiences are exposed not only to the content of a social media message but also to the metrics representing the virality of the message (i.e., how many times the content has been shared), we conducted an online experiment to investigate the effects of virality metrics on perceived social norms and behavioral intention to join a bone marrow registry. In doing so, we considered the potential moderating role of perceived threat posed by blood cancers. The experiment was conducted with 152 participants who met the general eligibility guidelines set by the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP). The results of the experiment showed that exposure to high virality metrics led to greater perceived injunctive norms. The results also revealed that the effect of virality metrics on perceived injunctive norms was significant among those perceiving low levels of blood cancer threat. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that high virality metrics led to greater intention to join a bone marrow registry through perceived injunctive norms only when perceived threat of blood cancers was low. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Novel Duplicate Address Detection with Hash Function.

Duplicate address detection (DAD) is an important component of the address resolution protocol (ARP) and the neighbor discovery protocol (NDP). DAD determines whether an IP address is in conflict with other nodes. In traditional DAD, the target address to be detected is broadcast through the network, which provides convenience for malicious nodes to attack. A malicious node can send a spoofing reply to prevent the address configuration of a normal node, and thus, a denial-of-service attack is launched. This study proposes a hash method to hide the target address in DAD, which prevents an attack node from launching destination attacks. If the address of a normal node is identical to the detection address, then its hash value should be the same as the “Hash_64” field in the neighboring solicitation message. Consequently, DAD can be successfully completed. This process is called DAD-h. Simulation results indicate that address configuration using DAD-h has a considerably higher success rate when under attack compared with traditional DAD. Comparative analysis shows that DAD-h does not require third-party devices and considerable computing resources; it also provides a lightweight security resolution.

Ethical implications of searching for a kidney donor online

AbstractThis paper describes an exploratory study investigating the ethical implications of searching for a kidney donor online. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with eight individuals – four people who found a kidney donor online and four people who were still searching – about the process of looking for an altruistic kidney donor on the Internet. To explore ethical issues discussed by participants, the interviews were coded using the resource‐product‐target model of information ethics. All three types of moral issues outlined in this model were present in the data. When viewing information as a resource, participants discussed their choice to go online to find a donor, the process of encouraging others to share their solicitation message, and ways of handling requests for payment in exchange for a donation. In the information‐as‐product perspective, people discussed the management of their online persona. Finally, the ramifications of patients and caregivers choosing to share personal health information online was discussed when participants considered information as a target. Several fruitful areas for future research are identified in this study, which is the first qualitative study investigating the phenomenon of searching for a kidney donor online – an area of great interest to information scientists, healthcare providers, medical ethicists, and chronic kidney disease patients.

An Integrated Approach to Prevent Address Spoofing in IPv6 Links

We propose an integrated approach to protect from address spoofing for both IPv6 and Layer-2 addresses, and from address resolution attacks. The proposed approach is an extension to the FCFS SAVI specification, and relies on the inspection and generation of standard Neighbor Solicitation messages. It does not require host modification and manual configuration is only needed to indicate the ports to which routers connect.

Table of Contents

Abstract Write Like You Talk Foundation Relations Thank Those Who Reject You? Seeking Corporate & Foundation Support Gear Up for That First‐time Visit to a Corporation, Foundation What's Attracting Visitors To Your Premises? Philanthropic Trends Giving on the Upswing Face‐to‐Face Calls Seven Cardinal Rules of Prospect Calling Grant Writing Techniques Use Text Box Quotes Rather Than Letters of Support Solicitation Clinic Develop a Repertoire of ‘Increased Giving’ Pitches Focused Fund Raising Gift Calculator Helps to Visualize What It Will Take Grant‐Seeking Management Ideas Four Ways to Prioritize Multiple Tasks Review Recent Call Reports Before Setting Foot Inside Questions to Pose to Candidates' References One in Four Fund Raisers Switched Jobs Last Year Identify ‘Group Cultivation’ Techniques, Strategies Employee Giving Ideas How to Plan a Successful Employee Giving Campaign ‘Administrator for a Day’ Contest Stirs Hospital Employee Giving Website Considerations Should You Place Your Honor Roll of Donors Online? Sampling of Organizations That Post Their Honor Roll of Donors Online Soliciting Local Businesses Community Campaign Vs. Yearlong Fund Raising Donor Recognition Products Ball Celebrates Community's Most Colorful Figures Development‐Related Policies Have a Policy for Employee Payroll Deductions Telesolicitation Tips Put Positive Spin on Solicitation Messages Direct Mail Funding Ideas Get Constituents to Underwrite Your Energy Costs Targeted Fund‐Raising Strategies Don't Overlook Mid‐Level Donors Profile of a Mid‐Level Giving Program Upgrading Donor Support Ask Loyal Donors for One‐time Extraordinary Gift Adapt to What's Working for Others Involving Volunteers In Fund Development Six Strategies for Enlisting Committed Class Agents Class Agent Retention Strategies