Solar Unit Research Articles

Development of a centrifugal sprayer-based solar HDH desalination unit with a variety of sprinkler rotational speeds and droplet slot distributions

Water is one of the most important natural components of all life. Concerning the issue of water scarcity, desalination is a suitable solution to remove salts from salty water to increase freshwater resources. The present work experimentally analyses a Solar HDH system performance using a centrifugal humidifier at different rotating sprinkle speeds with various distributions of droplet slots. The effect of droplet slot distributions, rotating sprinkler speed, airflow rate, and feedwater flow rate on freshwater productivity are examined. The findings demonstrated that increasing the rotating sprinkler speed from 600 rpm to 1000 rpm increased about three times the daily freshwater productivity. Also, the maximum daily freshwater productivity was found at the specimen of one longitudinal line having 37 droplet slots. Increasing feedwater flow rate enhances hourly productivity by about 71% with 0.051 kg/s, 42% with 0.047 kg/s, 39% with 0.039 kg/s, and about 15% with 0.031 kg/s of feed water. Furthermore, at an airflow rate of about 0.044 kg/s, the highest hourly/daily productivity is 185%/139% higher than at 0.019 kg/s.

Parametric investigation of a small scale seawater desalination unit fabricated by integrating evacuated tube collector basin and air-cooled condenser

Provision of potable water from brackish or saline feed water is a challenge in households of remote off-grid islands and coastal areas. An effort to study a small-scale desalination system comprising an evacuated tube collector (ETC) basin and an air-cooled condenser with the ultimate goal to produce fresh water in a decentralised manner has been carried out in this work. Experiments were performed on a solar distillation unit comprising a coupled 1 m2 ETC basin and 0.46 m2 air-cooled condenser in climate conditions of Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. A maximum of 5.47 kg/day potable water of 50 ppm was obtained from seawater as feed, the average efficiency being 18.48% of the test setup. The volume of feed water charged in the basin played a vital role in the productivity, with the maximum distillate being attainable at 90% occupied volume.

Development and Experimental Study of Smart Solar Assisted Yogurt Processing Unit for Decentralized Dairy Value Chain

Yogurt production at the farm level is important for adding value to milk. In this study, a solar-assisted yogurt processing unit capable of performing the three processes of heating, fermentation, and cooling in a single unit was developed. It consisted of a circular chamber surrounded by a coil for heating by a solar vacuum tube collector and a pillow plate for cooling by a solar PV-powered chiller unit. Experiments were performed using 50, 40 and 30 L of raw milk under a constant water circulation rate of 50 L per minute for heating followed by a cooling process under 36, 18 and 6 rpm of stirrer speeds. The heat absorption rates of the milk were 5.48–0.31, 4.75–0.16 and 4.14–0.24 kW, and the heat removal rates from water ranged from 6.28–0.49, 5.58–0.49 and 4.88–0.69 kW for 50, 40 and 30 L of milk volume, respectively. The overall heat transfer efficiency was above 80% during the heating process. A stirring speed of 18 rpm was found to be optimal in terms of cooling speed and consistency of the yogurt. The total energy consumed was calculated to be 6.732, 5.559 and 4.207 kWh for a 50, 40 and 30 L batch capacity, respectively. The study offers a sustainable energy solution for the decentralized processing of raw milk, particularly in remote areas of the developing countries where access to electricity is limited.

Assessment of an innovative hybrid system of PVT-driven RO desalination unit integrated with solar dish concentrator as preheating unit

The specific power consumption in RO desalination plants is one of the most effective parameters involved in optimizing the design and operation of these plants for the treatment of brackish water and seawater. Therefore, this study aimed to simulate an innovative stand-alone desalination plant that consumes less power and is suitable for remote areas. To achieve this goal, the RO desalination unit (operated with an energy recovery device) was provided with the solar-PV panels with the thermal recovery system and the solar dish concentrator with the solar thermal receiver. The solar-PV panels were utilized to power the RO desalination unit, in addition, both the thermal recovery system of the PV panels and the solar dish concentrator with the solar thermal receiver were utilized as pre-heating units. To heat the feed water before it is pumped to the RO desalination plant, in order to reduce the specific power consumption rates. The solar pre-heating process of feed water was carried out in two successive stages; in the first stage, the feed water is heated by passing it through the thermal recovery system of the PV panels to cool it down and thus improve its performance. In the second stage, the feed water is heated by passing it through the solar thermal receiver of a solar dish condenser. The results indicated that the use of solar pre-heating units to heat the feed water has positive effects in terms of increasing the membrane permeability and decreasing the losses of fluid friction across the membranes and narrow flow channels, and this represents a positive and very important factor for reducing the rates of specific power consumption (SPCRO-PX) in the RO desalination units with energy recovery device. Where, the saving in SPCRO-PX for utilizing the solar pre-heating unit ranged between 24.33 and 35.79% and 18.69–22.87% in the case of treating brackish water and seawater, respectively as compared to the case without solar pre-heating units.

A green hydrogen energy storage concept based on parabolic trough collector and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer/fuel cell: Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses with multi-objective optimization

With the continuous penetration of renewable energy plants into energy markets and their surplus power generation during off-peak periods, the need for utility-scale energy storage technologies is globally prioritized. Among the existing large-scale energy storage technologies, hydrogen storage has appeared as a powerful alternative due to its environmental benefits and the ability to store a large amount of energy for several hours to months. The major objective of the proposed research is to introduce a novel configuration of green hydrogen production for power generation during peak demand periods. In this regard, an innovative hybridization of a solar unit based on a parabolic trough collector with a proton-exchange membrane electrolyzer and a fuel cell is introduced and analyzed from the thermodynamic and exergoeconomic perspectives. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis and a multi-objective optimization based on the combination of neural network and grey wolf optimization algorithms are conducted to select the best working fluid of the solar unit and ideal operating conditions according to the minimum cost rate and the maximum exergy efficiency. The results indicate that Dowtherm™ A synthetic oil is the best working fluid, and the proposed system can generate 9, 14.9, and 20.1 MW of power during off-, mid-, and on-peak times, respectively. The results also show that the proposed system operates with an exergy efficiency of 17.6% and a cost rate of 492.4 $/hr under the optimal conditions.

Exergo-economic analysis for screening of metal hydride pairs for thermochemical energy storage for solar baking system

The novelty of this research work is the exergo-economic analysis (including the cost of exergy destruction and exergy loss) of metal hydride based thermal energy storage system coupled with a solar bakery unit for the screening of metal hydride pairs (Case 1: pure MgH2/LaNi5& Case 2: V2O5 doped MgH2/LaNi5) for thermochemical energy storage. Firstly, a numerical simulation is performed by using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a software. Secondly, an economic and exergo-economic model is developed to calculate the annual levelized cost of the thermal energy storage system. The life-cycle economic assessment findings indicate that the Levelized thermal energy storage cost of the pure MgH2 based system (32.28 $ /kWhth) is 8.2 times higher than that of the V2O5 doped MgH2 system (3.954 $/kWhth). Moreover, an 87.75% decrease in cost was observed in Case 2 (V2O5 doped MgH2). Furthermore, Case 2 (V2O5 doped MgH2) can save 92.58 % of hydrogenation reaction time as compared to Case 1 (Pure MgH2). Ultimately, the selection of V2O5 based MgH2 as a thermal heat-storing medium is then assessed as a better option for the MHTES for the solar bakery unit (SBU). The findings of this research provide a clear insight into the mechanism of cost formation in the system.

Strategic Placement of Solar Power Plant and Interline Power Flow Controllers for Prevention of Blackouts

In these post COVID times, the world is going through a massive restructuring which India can use to its benefit by attracting foreign industrial investment. The major requirement is a reliable and ecofriendly electrical power source. Of late, renewable energy sources have increasingly become popular as alternative source of electricity. They can provide immense aid in improving the reliability of the power system, when placed properly. The alternative integrated energy sources along with FACTS devices can provide a promising future for reliable power systems. In this paper, an effective location for the solar power unit and Interline Power Flow Controller using Line Severity Index is proposed in order to avoid contingencies. An Indian 62 bus system and IEEE 57 bus system are considered for the study. The Firefly algorithm is used to tune the IPFC in the Integrated Energy Systems scenario, for a dual objective function. The effect of placement of the solar unit and the optimized IPFC is analyzed and studied in detail in this paper.

Study on thermoelectric performance of thermochromic coating PV/T system

Solar thermal and photovoltaic unit on traditional PV/T system are restrict each other because the collector is installed on the photovoltaic unit. Some coating cover plates were prepared with thermochromic materials of that application in industry, textiles and daily life. The coating cover plate will adjust its optical properties due to the temperature. An innovative thermochromic coating PV/T system was established. The comprehensive experimental device was set up for carrying out test in simulation. Comparing with the fluid beam-splitting PV/T system, there is more difference in the ray transmittance of the thermochromic coating cover plate before periods after discoloration. When temperature is less 45 °C, the heat-collecting effect is better whereas more 45 °C it decreases and then the ray transmittance and the performance of photovoltaic power generation for system are improved. When the mass fraction of 500 nm graphite powder added to the thermochromic coating is 2‰, the heat-collecting effect is the best, and the rate of primary energy utilization of the system is 40.1% in maximum value. The thermochromic coating PV/T system can flexibly adjust the use of photovoltaic power and thermal energy. When the water temperature is lower, the thermochromic coating PV/T system mainly collects heat and generates electricity as a supplement. After reaching the hot water requirement, the system reduces heat-collecting function and improves the photovoltaic power generation capacity, and it is of great practical value. The research results can provide a new solutions method for the application of PV/T systems.

A comprehensive comparative energy and exergy analysis in solar based hydrogen production systems

In the presented paper, energy and exergy analysis is performed for thermochemical hydrogen (H 2 ) production facility based on solar power. Thermal power used in thermochemical cycles and electricity production is obtained from concentrated solar power systems. In order to investigate the effect of thermochemical cycles on hydrogen production, three different cycles which are low temperature Mg–Cl, H 2 SO 4 and UT-3 cycles are compared. Reheat-regenerative Rankine and recompression S–CO 2 Brayton power cycles are considered to supply electricity needed in the Mg–Cl and H 2 SO 4 thermochemical cycles. Furthermore, the effects of instant solar radiation and concentration ratio on the system performance are investigated. The integration of S–CO 2 Brayton power cycle instead of reheat-regenerative Rankine enhances the system performance. The maximum exergy efficiency which is obtained in the system with Mg–Cl thermochemical and recompression S–CO 2 Brayton power cycles is 27%. Although the energy and exergy efficiencies decrease with the increase of the solar radiation, they increase with the increase of the concentration ratio. The highest exergy destruction occurred in the solar energy unit. • Energy and exergy efficiencies of solar based hydrogen production system are investigated. • Low temperature Mg–Cl, H 2 SO 4 and UT-3 cycles are compared. • Reheat-regenerative Rankine or supercritical-CO 2 Brayton power cycle is integrated. • The system with Mg–Cl and s-CO 2 Brayton power cycles has maximum exergy efficiency. • The exergy efficiency increases with the increase of the concentration ratio.

Hydrothermal analysis for a parabolic solar unit with wavy absorber pipe and nanofluid

Parabolic system is regarded as a highly advanced solar technology. In this regard, the numerical simulation for thermal analysis of PTC with a wavy absorber pipe employing finite volume method was presented. The new wavy absorber tube within a solar system involving parabolic reflector has been investigated in the current article. Two phase model for a mixture of oil and CuO nanoparticles were applied. To find the amount of received heat to absorber, SolTrace were implemented. Turbulent flow has been simulated via k-ϵ approach. Pitch number (P), Re, and fraction of nano-powder (φ) have been examined. CuO/Oil was utilized as a working fluid. Contours of temperature, velocity, volume concentration, and exergy loss were presented. Increment in Re number from 5000 to 20,000 resulted in the reduction of friction factor by 28.96%, the heat transfer coefficient is improved by 180.13%, when φ=0.01, P=(0.4). As volume concentration elevates, friction factor, h, and outlet temperature were increased by 2.79%, 9.06%, and 0.56%, respectively. With the increment of P from 0 to 0.4, the f is increased by 57.33%, h is enhanced by 17.01% when φ=0.01, Re = 2e4.

Experimental investigation and optimization of a solar desalination unit with high heat recovery ratio using weak air compression process

With the research objective of verifying the feasibility and improving the performance of the novel desalination system, a solar desalination system with high heat recovery ratio using weak air compression process is designed and fabricated in this paper. The experimental investigation and numerical optimization of the proposed system under different operating parameters of seawater and moist air are conducted. The experimental results in feasibility tests indicate that the system has good producibility of fresh water and self-sustainability. Meanwhile, the fresh water yield and the specific electrical consumption can reach 2.91 kg/h and 4.2 kg/kW·h at the hot seawater temperature of 70°C and the pressure difference of 10 kPa. The recommended mass flow rate of moist air is 0.016 kg/s, and the corresponding fresh water yield and specific electrical consumption are 3.2 kg/h and 4.6 kg/kW·h at hot seawater temperature of 70°C. Compared with the optimization of the humidification process and the control process of pressure distribution ratio, increasing the hot seawater temperature is the most feasible method to improve the increasing extent of specific electrical consumption. The experimental specific electrical consumption and corresponding gained output ratio can be increased to 9.57 kg/kW·h and 6.49 when hot seawater temperature increases to 80°C. Finally, a new performance index defined as gained-output-ratio equivalent is proposed to objectively evaluate the comprehensive performance from thermal and electrical energy. The gained-output-ratio equivalent of the proposed system is up to 2.60, which is one of the best records in similar researches.

Energy Analysis of Passive Solar Distillation Unit

The energy analysis of a passive solar distillation unit was the focus of this study. A 40-liter solar distillation plant was constructed and adjusted for the intended output of 5 liters of distilled water. The developed unit's performance was monitored from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Even so, the solar produced 4.5 liters of fresh water per m2 each day. According to the solar still's updraft assessment, the maximum daily energy efficiency was found to be 38.27 percent.

Development and Experiments on a Batch-Type Solar Roaster—An Innovative Decentralized System for Coffee Roasting

About 70% of the harvested coffee is exported to the industrialized nations for value addition due to lack of processing and logistic facilities in developing coffee producer countries, thus leaving behind a marginal economic return for the growers. This research was conducted to investigate the roasting capacity of an innovatively developed batch-type directly solar radiated roasting system for the decentralized processing of coffee using solar energy. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to design the experiments to optimize the coffee roasting process. Experimental results revealed that with an average solar direct normal irradiance (DNI) of 800 W/m2, the roaster was capable of roasting a batch of 2 kg coffee beans in 20, 23, and 25 min subjected to light roasts, medium roasts, and dark roasts, respectively at a drum speed of two revolutions per minute (rpm). The batch-type solar roaster has the capacity to roast 28.8–36 kg of coffee beans depending on dark to light roasting conditions on a clear sunny day with DNI ranging from 650 to 850 W/m2. The system thermal efficiency during coffee roasting was determined to be 62.2%, whereas the roasting efficiency at a corresponding light roast, medium roast, and dark roast was found to be 97.5%, 95.2%, and 91.3%, respectively. The payback period of the solar roaster unit was estimated to be 1038 working sunshine hours, making it viable for commercialization.

Numerical Simulation of an on-Grid Natural Gas PEMFC - Solar Photovoltaic Micro CHP Unit: Analysis of the Energy, Economic and Environmental Impacts for Residential and Industrial Applications

As global natural resources depletion and concern on emission of greenhouse gases intensify, the interest for low emission technologies and the use of renewable energy increased in the world. In this context, this paper aims to present an hybrid energy system for on-grid micro residential and industrial applications. The system is composed of a micro combined heat and power (CHP) unit, including a natural gas (NG) reformer coupled with proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), solar photovoltaic modules (PV) and a bank of batteries (B), connected to the grid through a bidirectional inverter. Different system configurations (PEMFC + PV + B, PEMFC + B, PEMFC + PV), with or without cogeneration of the heat from the CHP system, were investigated to calculate the required NG and electricity flows and assess the economic cost during 10 years of operation in an 2020–2040 horizon. The impact of fuel cell sizing and two electricity tariffs was also assessed for both applications. Afterwards, the cash flow in terms of net present value of a 20 years operation period was simulated within the Brazilian context, yielding estimated paybacks between 7 and 19 years for the simulated cases. Finally, an environmental impact analysis was carried out to investigate the total GHG emissions for some cases of interest in this work. The proposed system could reduce total emissions up to 31% when compared to the complete power and thermal supply by the Brazilian Electricity grid and natural gas heater The results showed that the proposed system were economically viable, relatively low-polluting and more efficient than traditional PV systems.

Investigation of a heat storage system consisting of basalt stones, water and a phase change material

In this study, the storage of solar energy as thermal energy is experimentally examined. A special heat storage unit is designed to store solar energy in liquid, stones and phase change material. Water, basalt stones, paraffin and air were used as the liquid, stones, phase change material and heat transfer fluid, respectively. Unlike classical designs, a glass cover is used for the heat storage unit, which receives direct solar radiation from the southern facade. Thus, the effect of the direct contact of the solar radiation with the stones on the performance of the heat storage unit is investigated. In the heat storage unit, if the sun does not directly reach the stones, the maximum temperature of the stones that can be reached is 46.6 °C, whereas when the sun hits the stones directly, a maximum temperature of 56.8 °C can be achieved. It is suggested that an average of 50.3% of the energy requirement for heating from sunset to sunrise, depending on the weather conditions of the days of the experiments can be obtained using the solar energy heat storage unit designed in this study.

Thermal improvement of linear Fresnel solar system utilizing Al2O3-water nanofluid and multi-way twisted tape

To enhance the thermal treatment of Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) unit, multi-way twisted tape (MWTT) was applied in current research. Twelve mirrors and one tube with trapezoidal cavity around it, generates new LFR unit. The operating fluid is Al2O3-water and for predicting the properties, temperature dependent formulas were employed. Finite volume simulations results in finding the distribution of velocity, temperature, entropy generation. Also, thermal performance was measured. The geometrical factors are number of wings (nw), revolution (TR) and width (ER) of tapes. To evaluate the modeling procedure, various examinations with numerical and experimental publications were verified. To extract the distribution of absorb flux, SolTrace and ANSYS FLUET have been utilized and they are in good agreement. The output of SolTrace demonstrates the path of rays and selecting higher number of rays results in higher accuracy. Highest absorb flux occurs in bottom of pipe. As mixing of fluid improves with rise of revolution and width of tapes, Nu increases and augmentation in interaction of fluid with wall enhances the friction factor. Increasing number of wings can enhance the secondary flow. So, stronger impingement with wall can augment the friction factor. Nu enhances with rise of nw about 4.384% when TR = 2, ER = 0.34,V˙ = 19. Augmenting TR makes Nu to increase about 7.135% when nw = 4, ER = 0.1, V˙ = 19. Besides, with selecting higher ER, friction factor augments about 20.019% at TR = 2, nw = 2, V˙ = 6.3. To evaluate the amount of available work of this solar unit, components of entropy generation (Sgen,f, Sgen,h) have been measured. Thermal irreversibility declines with increase of turbulent intensity while friction component increases. Thermal efficiency (ηth) augments with growth of TR, ER and nw while it decreases with enhance of inlet temperature. As Tin rises, ηthreduces about 31.51% when TR = 2, nw = 2, ER = 0.1, V˙ = 19. Inclusion of nano-powders can enhance the useful heat and ηthaugments about 0.153%.

A novel solar absorber using activated carbon nanoparticles synthesized from bio-waste for the performance improvement of solar desalination unit

Enhancing the efficiency of low-cost solar-powered desalination technologies such as solar stills (SS) is essential to ensuring sustained access to potable water in water-stressed areas. In the present work, the potential enhancement of SS performance through the addition of different concentrations of activated carbon nanoparticles (ACNPs) to the standard black paint used to coat the absorber plate was explored. SSs were fabricated with absorber coated using black paint doped with 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt% ACNPs (denoted as CSS, MSS-5, MSS-10 and MSS-15, respectively) and the effect on water temperature and distillation efficiency determined. ACNPs were synthesized by crushing dead Kigelia Africana leaves and pyrolysis of the leaf powder in a muffle furnace at 500 °C. Absorber surface roughness analysis illustrated increasing roughness with increasing the loading of ACNPs in the nano-paint, leading to significant increase in heat transfer. Significant improvement in average water temperature (12.5%) and absorber (14.5%) was noted in the modified SS coated with 15 wt% ACNP over the CSS. The augmented temperature of this still enhanced the peak hourly and full-day water yield of MSS-15 by ⁓39.3%, compared to the conventional SS. The water quality analysis shows that the distilled water is appropriate for drinking. In conclusion, the synergetic effect of the high thermal conductivity and excellent solar absorption of the ACNP-based solar absorber improves the performance of the SS unit.

Analytical modeling and performance analysis of a solar cooker cum dryer unit

ABSTRACT In this work, analytical modeling and theoretical analysis of a recently developed unique design of a solar cooker cum dryer (SCCD) have been conducted to predict its thermal characteristics under a given set of input parameters. The energy balance equations of the main components of the cooking compartment are iteratively solved to determine the unknown temperatures of the SCCD unit when it operates as a pure cooker and when the same acts as an air heater for the food drying compartment. The influence of design parameters such as air velocity, glazing thickness, spacing between glazing, back reflector, and surface coatings of the absorber plate has been studied and quantified. The analytical model has been tested by simulating and validating the modeling results with the experimental data for different days of the year Moreover, further experiments are conducted on the SCCD in drying mode to quantify its thermal performance in natural versus forced convection of the airflow through the SCCD and to demonstrate its effectiveness in comparison to open sun food drying. The obtained results show that the SCCD unit attain cooking and drying temperatures in the suitable range of 80–135℃ and 50–70℃, respectively. The experimental results of the SCCD unit as a food dryer revealed that the Page model with higher adequacy is found to be the best fit for all three modes of food drying in the SCCD unit. It is found that in comparison to drying of tomatoes in the open sun which took ⁓13 hrs, forced convection of airflow in the SCCD unit resulted in the least time of ⁓7.5 hrs to achieve the desired level of moisture content. The energy and exergy efficiency of the SCCD in cooking mode was estimated to be in the range 2.1–15.5% and 1.1–5.6%, while it was 7.5–16.5% and 26.6–50.7% in drying mode, respectively.

Performance of Solar Concentrator with and without Mirror Coating Paper

The utilization of solar energy continues to be developed to get the best efficiency. This energy can be used for electricity generation, cooling, and/or drying. One technology that is still under development is the use of solar concentrators. Therefore, our paper aims to measure the performance of the development of a solar collection unit coated with mirror paper. Furthermore, the data is compared with the test data for solar concentrators without mirror paper that was carried out by previous researchers in 2019. The method used in this research is a field experiment. A simple statistical comparison method was carried out on the experimental data. Field testing was conducted after the solar concentrator was coated with mirror paper. The test was carried out for 5 days in full shining sun conditions in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia. The surface coating of the solar concentrator with mirror paper has not been able to improve the performance of the solar concentrator satisfactorily. Solar concentrators can heat the fluid from its initial average temperature of 19.37 %.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Several field tests were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of solar concentrators with and without mirror coated paper
 The fluid temperature heated with coated paper in a solar concentrator provides a higher temperature than without paper coating
 Solar concentrator with mirror coated paper has potential as an alternative for covering the surface of the solar concentrator
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimum techno-eco performance requisites for vacuum annulus tube collector-assisted double-slope solar desaltification unit integrated modified parabolic concentrator.

This work presents a novel approach for a double-slope solar desaltification system having parallel array of evacuated annular tube collectors with compound parabolic modified concentrators (DS-SDS-EATC-MCPC) that are observed for eco-design requisites for the optimum performance with environ-economic viabilities. The proposed scheme has been configured to obtain the utmost probable basin's medium hotness as 99.6°C of having greater depth of water (0.16m) for the East-West-faced direction of basin peak cover (30°) along with South-oriented evacuated annular tube (30°). The highest circulation pace (thermo syphon) is obtained ~ 55kg/h. The generalized efficiencies (energy-exergy) of the system are 46.53% and 3.62%, correspondingly. The everyday distillate (16.94kg) and its production cost (energy $0.007/kWh; exergy $0.013/kWh) at a titular selling cost ($0.07/l) maintains its goodness. The CO2 mitigates (energy-exergy) and green earned credits are 139.74 and 77.30 tons, and $1396 and $772.24, in that order. The framework outlay of the scheme is quite stumpy at $200.79, and productivity of the model is set up > 100% that shows the scheme as appreciably realistic. The evident distillate at little operating cost, ecological returns, elevated alleviation, and short payoff period makes the arrangement sustainable, viable for reasonable collector areas, and optimum EATC with MCPC as eco-design requisites for the projected scheme.