Incident Solar Radiation Research Articles

Importance of the silvipastoral system on the animal health and welfare of dairy cattle

Brazil stands out for having one of the largest cattle herds in the world, being the first place in the commercial herd in the whole planet. Within bovine farming, dairy cattle raising stands out for its importance within the national economy because of the representativeness of small family farms, which develop a large part of the national milk production. However, despite the extensive area available for agricultural production, a large part of Brazil is located in the tropical area of the planet. This region is distinguished by high temperatures and high intensity of incident solar radiation. This condition tends to lead the animals to heat stress, thus leading to a decrease in the production of meat, but mainly milk, especially in properties that make use of european breeds. One of the alternatives to overcome the impact of heat stress in tropical regions is to cross european breeds with zebu dairy breeds, as well as seeking measures to reduce the incidence of solar radiation of these animals through integrated systems, such as silvipastoral systems. Thus, this review aims to show that the silvipastoral system is necessary to improve the animal welfare of dairy cattle.

Dados da Nasa Power e de estações meteorológicas de superfície em diferentes climas na estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the data estimated by NASA Power in relation to that measured at surface weather stations under different climates, and to verify the effects of these data on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation. For comparison, data measured at 21 surface weather stations, located in Brazil, Israel, Australia, Portugal, and the United States of America were used, representing different Köppen climate types. The following climatic variables were analyzed daily: maximum (Tmax), mean (Tmean), and minimum (Tmin) air temperatures; wind speed; incident solar radiation; and mean relative humidity (RHmean). Wind speed showed the highest variations and was overestimated in the Cfb, BWh, BSh, and Cfa climates. Tmean and mean wind speed were estimated accurately in the Csa and BWh climates, whereas Tmax and Tmin were underestimated in 13 and 9 climates, respectively; Tmin did not show adequate results in tropical climates. Incident solar radiation was overestimated in all climates, except in BSh, but presented the best statistical indicators among the analyzed variables. The scenarios in which ETo was estimated using the Penman-Monteith method and data from NASA Power were consistent even for the climate type that presented the worst association between measured and estimated data.

Design and numerical simulation of a solar cooker with aluminium absorber plate

Solar energy and its harvesting play a very significant role to reduce dependency on fossil fuels like coal, natural gas etc. In developing countries like India, the energy crises and cost of energy for daily needs like cooking of food can be decreased using solar energy. Cooking through solar energy is free from pollution, completely safe and also it maintains high nutritious values of food during cooking. Before developing a prototype box-type solar cooker model, optimum methodical design is always required. In this present work, the design of a box-type solar cooker has been carried out using fundamental laws and relations of thermodynamics and heat transfer to estimate the absorber plate dimension. The estimation of the absorber plate dimension is based on the mass of water required to be boiled, the boiling temperature of the water, time desired to boil the liquid, incident solar radiation on the absorber plate, ambient air temperature and expected overall solar cooker efficiency. The calculation of incident solar radiation from the sun to the absorber plate has been carried out using the ASHRAE radiation model and the related governing radiation model equations have been solved using an in-house developed code in Python. The radiation calculations are based on geographic location at Ranchi, INDIA (Latitude:23.344315-N, Longitude:85.296013-E, Time zone-UTC + 5:30). Proper selection of material is very essential for the overall performance of a solar cooker. Aluminium plate material with matt finished black colour coating has been chosen as it is the most popular absorber plate material used in solar cookers. To validate the present design for absorber plate dimension and its temperature distribution, the results are compared with the numerical simulation results obtained using ANSYS Fluent software. In the numerical simulation work, the Roseland radiation model, and a standard k-ε RNG turbulence model with Boussinesq approximation have been implemented in the simulation work. The estimated results were validated with the simulated results and found to be within a maximum deviation of 1.2% for the absorber plate temperature. The present developed design will help to estimate the solar cooker dimensions before the prototype development.

ARDUINO-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CHARGE CONTROLLER USING PERTURB & OBSERVE AND CONSTANT-VOLTAGE ALGORITHMS

The output power delivered by a photovoltaic (PV) module to charge a battery is dependent on solar radiation incident upon it and the ambient temperature. To reduce PV energy loss, the PV panel is kept at peak efficiency by operating the PV system at the maximum power point (MPP) to deliver maximum power to the battery under charge. In this work, Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm was implemented in conjunction with constant voltage (CV), using the MATLAB/Simulink tool. Results obtained from these simulations show that the tracking efficiency of the P&O algorithm decreases with solar irradiation. However, the relatively good performance of the CV algorithm at low irradiation levels augments the P&O method. Both algorithms were implemented in a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) design using an ATMega328 microcontroller operating on a minimal Arduino-compatible integrated development environment (IDE) prototype circuit.

Modeling the heat balance of a solar concentrator heliopyrolysis device reactor

The article presents the principle scheme of the heliopyrolysis device with a solar concentrator and the mathematical model of the equations representing the heat balance of the heliopyrolysis reactor. Based on the mathematical modeling method, the energy balance of the heliopyrolysis reactor was theoretically studied, and graphs representing the temperature change of the reactor surface were obtained when the solar radiation falling on the concentrator was Ir=600÷900 W/m2 in the climatic conditions of the region of Karshi (Uzbekistan). Based on modeling in the SOLTRACE program, the graphs of the temperature field at different points of the solar parabolic concentrator are determined to change depending on the energy of the incident solar radiation. In the experimental device, it was determined that an average temperature of 200-300 ℃ can be generated in the reactor within one hour. Experiments show that in the conditions of the city of Karshi, it is possible to create a regime of 200÷500℃ sufficient for biomass pyrolysis through a parabolic solar concentrator in the daytime mode.

The solar powered refrigerator and heat pump for urban street vendors

This article proposes an integrated solar PV refrigerator and heat pump (ISPVRHP) for Sub-Saharan African food vendors; the warm chamber would keep prepared food warm until the food is sold, while the cold chamber would minimise food spoilage. The ISPVRHP proposed in this article can cool water or other beverages and be capable of utilising the heat rejected to the atmosphere by the condenser for warming food. The ISPVRHP was modelled using ANSYS software, and the results were validated experimentally. The results show that both systems work well at peak hours, especially under more intense sun rays. The study found that the variation of incident solar radiation and ambient temperature has significant effects on the performance of the ISPVRHP; the wind speed, however, has only a minor impact on the total heat load of the system. In addition, the systems (cooling and heating) reached the desired temperatures and maintained them for long periods. The capacity of the refrigeration system can be increased by increasing the component sizes, including the PV system size. The ISPVRHP performance dropped substantially when the doors remained open for extended periods due to loss of energy through mass transfer.

Assessing the Impact of Soiling, Tilt Angle, and Solar Radiation on the Performance of Solar PV Systems

This research examined the observed datasets and a theoretically derived model for estimating yearly optimum tilt angle (β), maximum incident solar radiation (Hmax), clean gain indicator (CGI), and soiling loss indicator (SLI) at Mumbwa, Zambia, the Mediterranean Region, and low latitude locations across the globe. The cleaned tilted collector emerged as the best performing collector due to Hmax and much higher energy gains compared with the soiled collector. CGI showed an appreciable performance of 0.4737% over -0.4708% on the SLI, indicating that soiling on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules significantly depreciates the overall performance of PV modules. Two established empirical models obtained from the literature were compared with the established theoretical model (β=φ). The result revealed that the two models overestimated the observed annual optimum tilt angle in this paper, simply because the models were developed with high latitude location datasets from the Asia continent. However, the newly established monthly and yearly global radiation indicator (GRI) models by the authors in their previous paper performed excellently in the selected representative cities in the Mediterranean region.

Daily Variation on Soil Moisture and Temperature on Three Restinga Plant Formations

Restinga forests and open scrubby formations establish on sandy well-drained soils alongside the Brazilian coastline. Restinga plants are exposed to extreme conditions and vegetation types are mainly structured by species access to groundwater. But to date, no systematic evaluations have been done in order to characterize soil microclimatic conditions and understand how they are associated with variations in climatic drivers. We evaluated hourly soil moisture and temperature along 84 days at Restinga Seasonal Dry Forest (SDF), sparse (Open Clusia Scrubs—OCS), and dense (Open Ericacea Scrubs—OES) tickets at Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, at Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). Due to distinctions on physical structure and access to groundwater between plant formations, we expected higher daily soil moisture and lower daily moisture and temperature variations on forests than on open vegetated areas. Daily soil moisture was higher, respectively, on SDF, OES, and OCS, whereas soil moisture and temperature variability presented the opposite trend (SDF < OES < OCS), supporting our hypotheses. Daily soil temperature dynamics are quite well predicted by solar radiation incidence patterns, whereas daily soil moisture is mainly regulated by precipitation at OCS, an interaction of precipitation and temperature at OES and delayed effects of precipitation at SDF. Our results corroborate our expectations that forests are more effective in buffering both air temperature and precipitation effects on soil conditions than open vegetated areas. They also indicate that soil moisture and temperature conditions are important aspects differentiating Restinga vegetation types.

Quality Improvement of Operation of The Tracking Photovoltaic Systems

Achievements in the field of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have revolutionized the traditional and centralized energy model into a modern and decentralized one, utilizing existing energy infrastructure. Photovoltaic modules have become a popular source of emission-free and renewable energy. The prospects for the future of the energy market are promising, thanks to technological advancements in the Renewable Energy Sources industry. The optimal conditions for the operation of a photovoltaic module are a temperature of 25°C, air mass of 1.5, and sunlight intensity of 1000 W/m². Furthermore, industry literature confirms that the most optimal angle of solar radiation incidence, guaranteeing the highest energy yield, is 90 degrees concerning the surface of the photovoltaic module. Such conditions are challenging to achieve in the daily operation of micro photovoltaic installations. Scientific research on RES focuses on creating new photovoltaic cells, optimizing existing installations, and facilitating economic improvements in generator procurement. In this paper, the authors investigate the impact of environmental conditions on the efficiency of photovoltaic cells, paying attention to temperature and the angle of solar radiation incidence.

The cost savings potential of controlling solar thermal collectors with storage for time-of-use electricity rates

Homes and commercial buildings account for roughly 40% of U.S. energy consumption. A significant portion of this energy consumption, and therefore utility cost, comes from domestic hot-water use. Solar collectors such as flat plate collectors, evacuated tubes, and combined photovoltaic/thermal panels, are renewable options that collect thermal energy and could help reduce utility costs. Hot water is generated by pumping a working fluid through the solar collector, where the fluid captures thermal energy via absorbed solar radiation incident on the collector surface. The collection of heat coincides with the availability of solar radiation, but the best time to use this thermal energy depends on the utility rate at a given time, which often changes throughout the day. In this work, we implement and simulate a control strategy using Transient System Simulation Tool (TRNSYS) that reduces utility costs by controlling when the system stores and uses thermal energy based on solar availability and time-of-use electricity rates. Our modeled results show that the control strategy can reduce utility costs associated with using hot water between 3% and 30%. We also show how the on-peak utility rates, the size and type of the solar collectors, and the location’s climate impact the results.

Photoprotective Activity of Plants Used for Skin Disorders by the Native Population from the Brazilian Amazon Basin: A Preliminary Study

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,1,112-118.DOI:10.5530/097484900267Published:December 2022Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Thiago Portal, Margarete Tavares, Marcieni Ataide, Nadia Rezende Barbosa, Joseane R da Silva, Waldiney Pires Moraes, and Jose Luiz Vieira Author(s) affiliations:Thiago Portal, Margarete Tavares, Marcieni Ataide, Nadia Rezende Barbosa, Joseane R da Silva, Waldiney Pires Moraes, Jose Luiz Vieira* Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario do Guama, Para Federal University, Belem-PA, Brazil. Abstract:Background: Sunscreens are essential in tropical countries with a high annual incidence of solar radiation. The incorporation of natural products in their formulations has great public acceptance and prevents several issues related to organic and inorganic filters, such as adverse reactions. The present study evaluates the antioxidant and photoprotective activities and the ability to inhibit tyrosinase of three plant species traditionally used by Amazonian inhabitants in the treatment of skin disorders. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity, the capacity to inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase, ratio UVA/UVB, critical wavelength, sun protection factor, and cellular viability was assessed in ethanolic extracts at 10% of Chrysobalanus icaco, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Ayapana triplinervis collected in the State of Para-Brazil. Results: Chrysobalanus icaco and Kalanchoe pinnata showed promising antioxidant activity. Ayapana triplinervis demonstrated considerable inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme. Plants extracts had low protection against UVB radiation, but adequate UVA protection. Ayapana triplinervis presented the lowest cellular viability of keratinocytes and murine fibroblasts. Conclusion: The addition of these extracts to other natural products with high sun protection factors can provide the consumer with a natural sunscreen. Keywords:Antioxidant, Ayapana triplinervis, Chrysobalanus icaco, Depigmenting agent, Kalanchoe pinnata, Photoprotection, Skin disordersView:PDF (246.16 KB)

The indirect solar dryers with innovative solar air heaters designs: A review article

AbstractThe drying process is considered an effective technique for preserving foods and agricultural products from spoilage. Moreover, the drying process lessens the products' weight, volume, and packaging, which prompts a reduction in the products' transportation costs. The drying technique with solar energy represents an ancient method, still alluring due to solar energy abundance and cost‐effectiveness. In this article, the previous manuscripts concerned with studying and analyzing indirect solar dryer systems that utilize innovative solar air heaters (SAHs) are reviewed. The results and conclusions are discussed intensively to clarify the significance of utilizing this type of drying technique. The effect of many parameters on the thermal performance and efficiency of the dryer systems has been investigated. The investigated parameters included the incident solar radiation, air flow rates, outlet solar air heater temperature, absorber plate material, moisture content of the agricultural products, and the shape and configuration of the SAH. Moreover, the manuscript outlines the drying rate mathematical models that were used to validate the experimental findings. Based on the review, it is found that solar dryer systems with modified SAHs designs rather than flat plate SAH have considerable effects on enhancing thermal performance and efficiency.

Transient thermal modeling and performance analysis of photovoltaic panels

AbstractPhotovoltaic technology enables the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Model studies have a very crucial place in the implementation of PV systems. Electrical efficiency decreases with increasing PV panel temperature. So, solar panel temperature is an important parameter that needs to be reduced to obtain a better energy efficiency from PV panels. In this study, the aim is to develop a simple method that can estimate the temperature of a solar panel. It can utilize different methods to obtain the thermal responses of a PV panel. In this study, a modeling study was carried out to find panel temperature, efficiency and power values under transient ambient conditions. As a simpler approach, “lumped system analysis” method was used. The model developed in this study can simulate the thermal performance of the PV panel under transient conditions. After the model is defined for a particular PV panel, the required inputs are; total incident solar radiation, wind speed and ambient temperature. The results obtained from this model were compared with existing modeling and experimental studies in the literature. With the simulation using the model developed in this study, panel efficiency, temperature and panel electricity power were calculated using instantaneous environmental data for the selected Konya and Sanliurfa (Turkey) regions. In this paper, it was obtained that the wind speed increased the PV panel efficiency, while the ambient temperature decreased it. Depending on the increase in wind speed (1–2 m/s), the increase in PV panel electric power is 3.7%, while the increase in high wind speeds (5–6 m/s) decreases to 0.77%. It was found that a 7°C increase in ambient temperature caused a 4°C increase in PV panel temperature and a 1.5% decrease in PV electrical power generation.The PV panel electrical power values calculated using the efficiency values calculated according to the daily average environmental temperatures were found to be 13% higher than the power values calculated using instantaneous environmental temperatures. If this difference is not taken into account in the calculation of economic payback periods, it will lead to significant erroneous results. The importance of transient simulations of the PV panel has been demonstrated by the calculations.

Energy and exergy analysis for photovoltaic modules cooled by evaporative cooling techniques

A large part of incident solar radiation on photovoltaic (PV) modules is converted into heat, leading to overheating and reduction of PV modules performance. The present work investigates the impact of rectangular aluminium fins (RAFs) and evaporative cooling represented by cotton wicks immersed water (CWWs) on the performance and thermal behaviour of the PV module. Results indicate that the evaporative cooling attained better cooling potential than RAFs, in which the PV module temperature was reduced by 22.3%, and the output power was enhanced by 73% thanks to continuous cooling of the PV module. A slight improvement in the PV module performance was observed with RAFs due to the increased heat transfer area, which reduced temperature by up to 6.7% and increased the output power of the PV module by up to 21.3 %. Exergy analysis shows a gradual increment of the electrical exergy and exergy efficiency using CWWs, which reduces the entropy generation of it more than RAFs. The study concluded that PV modules without cooling in hot climate areas may deteriorate their performance significantly.

Avaliação de conforto término em estações de trabalho localizadas próximo a fachadas envidraçadas: modelos de ajuste solar

Abstract Although solar radiation exposure strongly impacts people's thermal comfort, workstations are frequently positioned close to glazed façades. Solar adjustment models have been developed to include the solar radiation impact on people's thermal comfort, which the Fanger and Adaptative models do not address. Nonetheless, those models present differences in their calculation procedures, which have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to verify differences in thermal comfort results by applying various solar adjustment models of thermal comfort indices for a person sitting close to a highly glazed façade in an office room. The analyses were based on indoor environment data from computer thermal simulations in EnergyPlus for a temperate climate in Brazil. The results for the same room demonstrated significant differences. For example, the hourly difference between the solar-adjustment models reached 1.7 in PMV, and the MRT was up to 17.6 ºC higher than the mean result calculated through EnergyPlus. The need for solar radiation incidence control is also reinforced. Although the results were not compared with measurement data or people's thermal perception, the limitations and advantages of each solar adjustment model were numerically analysed, broadening the discussions about the solar adjustment models and the consequences of the choices among them.

Experimental investigation and validation of solar PV cooling for enhanced energy conversion efficiency for Indian climatic conditions

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert an average of 10 to 15% of the incident solar radiation into electricity and remaining energy is wasted as unused heat energy. The p erformance of solar PV is largely dependent on its operating temperature, which is again dependent on solar irradiation. The efficiency of solar PV reduces the higher PV temperature due to charge carrier recombination. The solar PV efficiency drops considerably wit h increasing temperature. Dust deposition on the surface of solar PV cells reduce incident energy and no technology is commercially available to mitigate the problem. The objective of the present work is to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of solar PV by adopting Front Water (FW) cooling technique. The FW cooling technique maintains the cell temperature at Standard Test Conditions (STC) irrespective of ambient air conditions and also washes away dust deposits, thereby providing maximum energy conversion efficiency specified by the cell manufacturer during the operation with increased lifecycle of solar cells. The experiment was carried out on a 100 W solar panel for a period of 2 weeks and data acquisition system with Arduino controller was used to analyze and maintain STC of the panel to obtain maximum power. The mathematical model of the system was analyzed and obtained results were in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The solar PV panel with FW cooling yielded an efficiency improvement of 9% with 17 W of increased power output at Maximum Power Point (MPP). MATLAB Simulink software is used to model t he FW cooling technique. The model is able to predict the power generated by the solar PV cells for the given irradiance with and without cooling. The developed model can now be utilized to design cooling systems for larger installation of solar PV systems.

Performance improvement of single-junction photovoltaic systems using a new design of a heat pipe-based heat sink: Experimental study

A newly integrated single-junction PV-heat pipe system with an innovative heat sink design comprised of an elliptical cross-section area and varied aspect ratios is proposed and experimentally investigated. Unlike the prior systems, the proposed one fits the requirements for practical applications, such as adequate cooling efficiency, ease in manufacturing, reliability, low operating and maintenance costs, noiseless and powerless operation, and so increases total system efficiency. Several experiments were carried out indoors to examine the effect of using four working fluids (Pure water, Ethanol, Methanol, and Ethylene Glycol based water solution (50 % by volume), four distinct charging ratios (50, 60, 70, and 80 %), and different heat loads to mimic the absorbed energy due to incident solar irradiance received by the solar cell. The results showed that the heat pipe with an elliptical cross-section area performed better than the one with a circular cross-section area with more than 300 W/m2 increase in heat absorbed rate at 50 ℃ oil temperature and more than 2700 W/m2 increase in heat absorbed rate at 90 ℃ oil temperature. Furthermore, when compared to other working fluids and charging ratios, the heat pipe filled with Ethanol as the working fluid and a charge ratio of 70 % performs better for all operating temperatures tested and aspect ratio. The reduction in PV module temperature ranging from 9 to 16.36 ℃ depends on the working fluid, charging ratio and the operating temperature. While the increase in the PV module output power ranging from 4 to 8.18 % at the different working fluids, charging ratios and operating temperatures.

Deep Learning-Based Image Regression for Short-Term Solar Irradiance Forecasting on the Edge

Photovoltaic (PV) power production is characterized by high variability due to short-term meteorological effects such as cloud movements. These effects have a significant impact on the incident solar irradiance in PV parks. In order to control PV park performance, researchers have focused on Computer Vision and Deep Learning approaches to perform short-term irradiance forecasting using sky images. Motivated by the task of improving PV park control, the current work introduces the Image Regression Module, which produces irradiance values from sky images using image processing methods and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). With the objective of enhancing the performance of CNN models on the task of irradiance estimation and forecasting, we propose an image processing method based on sun localization. Our findings show that the proposed method can consistently improve the accuracy of irradiance values produced by all the CNN models of our study, reducing the Root Mean Square Error by up to 10.44 W/m2 for the MobileNetV2 model. These findings indicate that future applications which utilize CNNs for irradiance forecasting should identify the position of the sun in the image in order to produce more accurate irradiance values. Moreover, the integration of the proposed models on an edge-oriented Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) towards a smart PV park for the real-time control of PV production emphasizes their advantages.

Formulation and Data-Driven Optimization for Maximizing the Photovoltaic Power with Tilt Angle Adjustment

This paper reports on how the trade-off between the incident solar irradiance and conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic panel affects its power production. A neural network was developed through statistical analysis and a data-driven approach to accurately calculate the photovoltaic panel’s power output. Although the incident beam irradiance at a specified location directly relates to the tilt angle, the diffusion irradiance and energy conversion efficiency are nonlinearly dependent on a number of operating parameters, including cell temperature, wind speed, humidity, etc. A mathematical model was implemented to examine and cross-validate the physics of the neural network. Through simulation and comparison of the optimized results for different time horizons, it was found that hourly optimization can increase the energy generated from the photovoltaic panel by up to 42.07%. Additionally, compared to the base scenario, annually, monthly, and hourly optimization can result in 9.7%, 12.74%, and 24.78% more power, respectively. This study confirms the data-driven approach is an effective tool for optimizing solar power. It recommends adjusting the tilt angle of photovoltaic panels hourly, during the daily operation of maximizing the energy output and reducing solar costs.

Experimental evaluation and thermodynamic Gibbs free energy analysis of a double-slope U-shaped stepped basin solar still using activated carbon with ZnO nanoparticles

Solar distillation methods require expensive energy storage in the basin area to enhance productivity, confirming the cost-effectiveness of natural green dyes as an appealing process. The present study investigated the potential for enhancing productivity of a double-sloped U-shaped stepped basin solar still (DUSS) by covering its sides with matte black paint (BP) mixed with different concentrations of activated carbon nanoparticles (ACNPs). It was prepared from ACNP using Mangifera Indica (M) with Celostia Argentea (C), which consists of carbon powder with doped ZnO nanoparticles (Z) and discussed in the samples. In this case, a U-shaped stepped basin (USB) surface was coated with BP doping with different ratios of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% for the ACNP. The USB coated with BP with ZMC was subjected to a thermodynamic study to calculate the entropy change using Gibbs free energy equation. Silver-colored steel balls (SBs) were used to increase convective heat transfer as they could absorb incident solar radiation and transfer it into the BP-ACNP and affect the thermal performance of the DUSS. It was found that ZMC leads to higher heat transfer with a potential of DUSS containing the BPACNP, resulting in an enrichment increase of 20% by weight and an average water temperature of 25%. The performance enhancement of the DUSS with USB-coated BPACNP integrated with SBs was 16.91% compared to the conventional double U-shaped stepped basin solar still (CDUSS). The proposed new design could increase the water temperature of the DUSS and enhance the performance to 14.92 l/m2day with an average daily efficiency of 38.73%. The results of the water quality analysis indicated that the produced distilled water is suitable for drinking. The theoretical and experimental results obtained for the BPACNP-SB integrated with the DUSS indicated an increased thermal conductivity.