Solar Photovoltaic Battery Research Articles

Adaptive Control of Voltage Source Converter Based Scheme for Power Quality Improved Grid-Interactive Solar PV–Battery System

This article presents an implementation of an adaptive learning based backpropagation (AL-BP) control technique for an improved power quality grid-interactive solar photovoltaic (PV)–battery supported system catering the balanced and unbalanced three-phase four-wire (3P-4W) nonlinear loads and single-phase loads of various nature simultaneously. Moreover, the source currents remain balanced and sinusoidal for all operating and loading conditions, such as in highly unbalanced loading conditions where a load on one of the phases is disconnected. An AL-BP control technique is used to control the voltage at point of common coupling and to improve power quality under various loading conditions through mitigation of harmonic currents, reactive power compensation, active power balancing, and neutral current compensation in the 3P-4W system. It also improves the system power factor in highly nonlinear and unbalanced loading conditions. The AL-BP control scheme has the capability to self-tune the arbitrary nonlinear systems, such as a grid-interactive critically unbalanced 3P-4W system feeding highly nonlinear loading systems. Therefore, the proposed control technique is found capable of dealing with the above-mentioned large unknown nonlinearity of the 3P-4W system. This scheme significantly improves the steady-state and dynamic performances of the 3P-4W grid-interactive solar PV–battery supported system. The proposed AL-BP control technique has been implemented using a DSP processor in real time in order to validate the claims.

Research on Facilities of Power Supply of Small Power Capability Consumers of Bukhara Region by using Wind and Solar Energy

This article analyzes the climatic features of the Bukhara region – the southern-eastern part of Uzbekistan. The wind and solar potential of the region and the prospects of its utilization were evaluated. In recent years, wind and solar energy has been analyzed worldwide. The potential for the use of solar radiation in the region was analyzed. Accordingly, when the solar photovoltaic batteries in the region are used (coefficient of efficiency-18%), the technical potential of the region is 41 TWh/year. Wind speeds and wind energy potential data were collected over eight years (2011-2018) and were calculated using the monthly wind speed data measured every 30 minutes at a height of 10m. During the estimation of wind energy potential we were used two parameters Weibull and Rayleigh distribution functions. The density power and energy values of the wind flow at various heights were evaluated using the extrapolation method. In accordance with that, on height of 10m it makes 41.19 W/m2 and 361.48 kWh/m2, on height of 50m 117.23 W/m2 1026.96 kWh/m2, and on height of 100m 192.76 W/m2, 1688.59 kWh/m2. The wind energy gross, technical and economic potential of the region has been evaluated. In addition, the potential and prospects of using hybrid (wind and solar) power stations for the supply of uninterrupted and reliable power supply to consumers in the region were analyzed

Experimental Investigation on a New Hybrid System Employing Wind-Driven DFIG and Solar PV Panels

This paper investigates the operation of wind-driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with solar photovoltaic (PV) system for supplying isolated loads. A simple control strategy has been developed to maintain a set voltage and frequency at the DFIG stator terminals which is envisaged as a virtual grid for supplying loads. This is achieved by effective closed-loop control of a PV-fed sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) inverter connected at the rotor terminals of DFIG. The DC link of the SPWM inverter is made as a stiff one by connecting a battery bank, which acts as an energy storage device as well as a contingency source when output of PV array is less. A boost converter is interfaced between solar PV panels and battery to enable maximum power extraction from PV panels. A single sensor-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm has been developed for solar PV system. The MPPT algorithm monitors only the output current of the boost converter, as the output voltage of boost converter is held at a constant value by the battery bank. In order to demonstrate the successful working of the proposed hybrid system, a prototype has been fabricated in the laboratory and tested under different operating conditions.

Conservation voltage reduction based comprehensive power management scheme for an isolated solar photovoltaic battery based microgrid

Use of Battery in standalone system can offer number of benefits in terms of energy management, reduction of dependency on fossil source and voltage regulation. In this study, a power management technique considering conservation voltage reduction (CVR) along with droop control method is proposed for a standalone system supplied from Photovoltaic (PV) source and battery. The proposed power management scheme ensures that under all operating conditions, the battery is neither overcharged nor completely discharged. It further ensures that under no condition, the power limit of battery charging as well as battery discharging controller is exceeded. The proposed method also aims to minimize the size of overall Photovoltaic battery (PVB) system to reduce the total investment and operation cost considering energy saved achieved by CVR, while satisfying system operational constraints. The proposed method also reduces the number of charging/discharging operations of battery to enhance its life. The validity of the proposed power management scheme has been extensively tested on a European distribution system through PSCAD/EMTDC simulation studies as well as on real time digital simulator (RTDS). The simulation results indicate that the combination of CVR and Droop control can achieve appreciable energy savings.

Reliability assessments of an islanded hybrid PV-diesel-battery system for a typical rural community in Nigeria

This paper presents the use of a novel approach in assessing the generation reliability of a hybrid mini-grid system (HMS) based on the optimal design result obtained from the HOMER software. A typical Nigerian rural community – Lade II in Kwara State was used as a case study where the energy demand for the residential and commercial loads was 2.5MWh/day and 171kWh/day respectively. The optimized HMS results from HOMER comprising of a solar photovoltaic (PV) array (1.5MW), diesel generators (350kW) and battery storage (1200 units) has a combined least net present cost of $4,909,206 and a levelized electricity tariff of $0.396 per kWh. Contrasting the HMS with a diesel-only system for the community, an approximate 97% reduction in all pollutant emissions was observed. Furthermore, fluctuations in diesel fuel prices, variations in average solar insolation, and variations in the solar PV's capital/replacement costs were utilized in conducting a sensitivity analysis for the HMS. The capacity outage probability table (COPT) was utilized in validating the reliability of the simulation results obtained from HOMER. The HMS was observed to experience a load loss of 0.769MW, 0.594MW & 0.419MW when zero, one and two diesel generator(s) respectively were operational for all of the Solar PV's and Batteries being off-line. The loss of load probability (LOLP), loss of load expectation (LOLE), and total expected load loss (ELL) obtained from the COPT were 5.76 × 10−8, 5.0457 × 10−4 hr/yr and 0.025344Watt respectively. The results show the reliability of the HMS and also depicts a highly economical and feasible hybrid energy system.

Achieving energy resilience through smart storage of solar electricity at dwelling and community level

This paper empirically evaluates the extent of energy resilience achieved in a socially-deprived community in Oxford, through deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and smart batteries (internet enabled and controllable) across a cluster of 82 dwellings (households). The methodological approach comprised dwelling and household surveys, along with high frequency monitoring of household electricity consumption, solar PV generation, battery charge and discharge data. In the monitored households, average daily electricity consumption was found to be positively related with dwelling size, number of occupants and number of appliances used. Although 117 MWh of PV electricity was generated within a year across 74 dwellings, peak generation did not match peak consumption, demonstrating the need for battery storage. Home batteries were found to increase self-consumption of PV electricity and offset grid demand through discharge of stored PV electricity marginally at an average of 6%, depending on the size of the PV system, surplus PV electricity available and size of the battery. Aggregating solar generation and storage at a community level showed that peak grid electricity demand between 17:00 and 19:00 was reduced by 8% through the use of smart batteries across 74 dwellings. In future, a local energy sharing scheme could be developed, wherein not all dwellings would need to have solar PV systems, but rather have internet enabled batteries that could be monitored and controlled virtually.

Economic decision-making tool for distributed solar photovoltaic panels and storage: The case of Chile

The benefits of distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and storage have been widely reported in the literature. However, the economic impact on the electricity bill due to its implementation is generally unknown by the distribution customers. In this work, we develop an economic decision-making tool for the case of Chile. This tool is based on an easy-to-implement algorithm, which computes the number of solar PV panels and batteries that maximize the economic return in a given time horizon subject to several technical constraints. To illustrative the usefulness of our tool, a personal computer implementation and a numerical example are considered. The obtained results compute the economic benefit in net present value of the best alternative solar PV panels and batteries in an execution time less than 30 seconds.

Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

This paper proposes a powertrain controller for a solar photovoltaic battery powered hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The main objective of the proposed controller is to ensure better battery management, load regulation, and maximum power extraction whenever possible from the photovoltaic panels. The powertrain controller consists of two levels of controllers named lower level controllers and a high-level control algorithm. The lower level controllers are designed to perform individual tasks such as maximum power point tracking, battery charging, and load regulation. The perturb and observe based maximum power point tracking algorithm is used for extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels while the battery charging controller is designed using a PI controller. A high-level control algorithm is then designed to switch between the lower level controllers based on different operating conditions such as high state of charge, low state of charge, maximum battery current, and heavy load by respecting the constraints formulated. The developed algorithm is evaluated using theoretical simulation and experimental studies. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed technique.

An Intelligent-Based Fault-Tolerant System for Solar-Fed Cascaded Multilevel Inverters

This paper presents an intelligent-based fault-tolerant system for a solar photovoltaic (PV) inverter. Artificial neural network based controller is used to monitor, detect, and diagnose the faults in solar PV panels, battery, semiconductor switches, and inverters. The cascaded multilevel inverter is connected across the combination of solar PV panel and battery for dc–ac conversion. The major advantage of the proposed topology is that it can deliver power from source to the load even under fault and partial shaded conditions. The paper also reviews on various faults in the solar PV energy conversion process and provides suitable solutions for each circumstance. Simulations are undertaken in MATLAB 2016a/Simulink and experimental investigation is carried out for a 3 kWp solar PV system. The results have proven that the system is capable to deliver power in spite of faulty environments. The comparison and discussion of the results were made to show the effectiveness of the proposed system.

Automatic Solar Photovoltaic Battery Monitoring and Theft Control system

Automatic Solar Photovoltaic Battery Monitoring and Theft Control system

DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO CONTROLLER-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR A STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Photovoltaic (PV) system performance highly depends on meteorological parameters and, to reduce frequent maintenance and avoid PV system failure, the meteorological and electrical parameters of the system need to be monitored. This paper is on the development of a simple, reliable and high precision photovoltaic monitoring system, which obtains PV system parameters (i.e. PV panel temperature, irradiance, PV battery voltage, ambient temperature and humidity and PV system load current) in real time, display and store the parameters in personal computer. The system uses electronic sensors to obtain the PV system parameters, which are then processed by a microcontroller with Arduino Board and the parameters displayed in personal computer. C language was used for the microcontroller programming. From the experimental results obtained from the work, it shows that the parameters obtained using the developed systems have good correlations with those obtained using standard commercial instruments used in meteorological stations and laboratory for measurements of the same parameters. The mean bias error of the parameters obtained using the developed system to those obtained using meteorological/laboratory instruments are 0.043%, 0.0412%,-0.297% and 0.024% for solar radiation intensity, temperature, humidity and PV battery voltage measurements respectively. The research would provide PV end-users with important information that will be useful in improving PV system performance by reducing frequency of maintenance and also avoid PV system failure. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i4.27

Implications of high-penetration renewables for ratepayers and utilities in the residential solar photovoltaic (PV) market

Residential energy markets in the United States are undergoing rapid change with increasing amounts of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems installed each year. This study examines the combined effect of electric rate structures and local environmental forcings on optimal solar home system size, ratepayer financials, utility financials, and electric grid ramp rate requirements for three urban regions in the United States. Techno-economic analyses are completed for Chicago, Phoenix, and Seattle and the results contrasted to provide both generalizable findings and site-specific findings. Various net metering scenarios and time-of-use rate schedules are investigated to evaluate the optimal solar PV capacity and battery storage in a typical residential home for each locality. The net residential load profile is created for a single home using BEopt and then scaled to assess technical and economic impacts to the utility for a market segment of 10,000 homes modeled in HOMER. Emphasis is given to intraday load profiles, ramp rate requirements, peak capacity requirements, load factor, revenue loss, and revenue recuperation as a function of the number of ratepayers with solar PV. Increases in solar PV penetration reduced the annual system load factor by an equivalent percentage yet had little to no impact on peak power requirements. Ramp rate requirements were largest for Chicago in October, Phoenix in July, and Seattle in January. Net metering on a monthly or annual basis had a negligible impact on optimal solar PV capacity, yet optimal solar PV capacity reduced by 20–50% if net metering was removed altogether. Technical and economic data are generated from simulations with solar penetration up to 100% of homes. For the scenario with 20% homes using solar PV, the utility would need a 16%, 24%, and 8% increase in time-of-use electricity rates ($/kWh) across all ratepayers to recover lost revenue in Chicago, Phoenix, and Seattle, respectively. The $15 monthly connection fee would need to increase by 94%, 228%, or 50% across the same cities if time-of-use electricity rates were to remain unchanged. Batteries were found to be cost-effective in simulations without net metering and at cost reductions of at least 55%. Batteries were not cost-effective—even if they were free—when net metering was in effect. As expected, Phoenix had the most favorable economic scenario for residential solar PV, primarily due to the high solar insolation.

Study on the Technology of MPPT of the Solar Photovoltaic Based on the Model Predictive Control

The solar photovoltaic battery is a very important new type of renewable distributed energy. But its output power is directly affected by the light intensity and temperature. Its voltage-current characteristics have obvious nonlinear features. Therefore, a new MPPT technology based on the model predictive control (MPC) is proposed in this paper. The simulation results show that the method can quickly track the maximum power point under the practical environmental conditions, and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the system.

Hybrid Microgrid Model Based on Solar Photovoltaic Battery Fuel Cell System for Intermittent Load Applications

Microgrids are a subset of the modern power structure using distributed generation to supply power to communities rather than vast regions. The relatively smaller scale mitigates transmission loss with better control, greater security, increased reliability, and design flexibility. This study explores the modeled performance and cost viability of a hybrid grid-tied microgrid that utilizes the combination of solar photovoltaic (PV), batteries, and fuel cell (FC) systems. The proposed concept highlights that each community home is equipped with more solar PV than is required for normal operation. As the homes are part of a microgrid, excess or unused energy from one home is collected for use elsewhere within the microgrid footprint. The surplus power that would have been discarded becomes a community asset and is used to run intermittent services. The modeled community does not have parking adjacent to each home allowing for the installment of a privately owned slower Level 2 charger. This makes electric vehicle (EV) ownership untenable. Based on this study, an optimum configuration is recommended to provide a Level 3 dc quick charger for an intermittent service. The addition of batteries and FCs is meant to increase load leveling, improved reliability, and instill limited island capability.

Study on the Illumination Characteristics of Solar Photovoltaic Battery

Effects of solar panels must be taken into account by the light intensity of its output characteristics in practical application, especially solar panels placed outdoor. So the light intensity coefficient is an important parameter to be considered. In this paper,we took the light intensity characteristics of single crystal silicon solar cell as the research object. Also,through transforming the illumination intensity which are 777.60W/m2,996.97 W/m2 and 1224.88 W/m2, we would finish researching the characteristics of the cell sheet, which included battery plate volt ampere characteristic, open circuit voltage, short circuit current and maximum output power. Also, we’ve got the relationship of Uoc-T, Isc-T and Pm-T, respectively and Put forward the better intensity theory. It would lay a solid foundation of practice for the further study on how to improve the rate of light conversion.

The Studies of Optimal Arranging of the Solar Photovoltaic Battery Array and Optimal Matching of Power System for a Parking Garage

The output power of the photovoltaic battery array of a solar parking garage is affected by two factors of arranging form and external conditions. Firstly, a solar parking garage in Qingdao is taken as an example. A simulation model of its solar panel square is established based on Matlab/S-Fcn/Simulink. The GX-120 solar panel with the size of 1250mm×808mm is taken as an example. And the normal external conditions and the principle of maximum output power in one year are also considered. Simulation results based on Matlab/S-Fcn/Simulink demonstrate that solar panels should be put on the dip angle of 30，with the span of 1605mm between two row. 28 solar panels can be arranged on the top of the parking space. Secondly, an experiment setup is established in order to simulate the electricity generating process by solar panels and parking process. Two GX-120 solar panels are employed as power generation device, while two 12V, 195AH storage batteries are employed as energy storage device. A direct 24V electromotor with hydromantic pressure 18MPa device is applied as simulation load, which can demonstrate the ascending and descending process in the parking space. The experiment studies the performance of the solar panels under different weather conditions. Results show that generating capacity of two pieces of panels can make a parking unit work eleven times, five times, one time and six times separately under four kinds of weather conditions (sunny, cloudy, rainy, and foggy day). The energy matching principle is that the parking lot only can provide 6.85 kilowatt for electric vehicles one day in the condition that each parking space parks cars four times every day in order to meet the continuous use of the parking garage. The rest of electricity must be storied in the battery.

Research on the Intelligent Tracking Control System for SPBP

Abstract. This paper proposed the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) for the control of nuclear fusion, fuzzy control technology, PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control method, to SPBP (Solar Photovoltaic Battery Plate) for intelligent control, the SPBP in photovoltaic power generation process," always and automatically tracking the strongest solar radiation", full" PV" role, so as to achieve the best effect of power generation of the research methods and technical route. The design for the modern SPBP intelligent" tracking" control system provides a novel and practical design case. Experimental results show that this control system, the design scheme is correct and feasible, and the performance-price ratio is very high.

Solar photovoltaic battery charger for mobile radio stations

Two models of designs of a solar photovoltaic charger for storage batteries of mobile radio stations are developed.