Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection Research Articles

Solar photocatalytic disinfection of real municipal wastewater using highly durable TiO2-coated composite in a pilot scale once through reactor.

Pollution of water sources by pathogens is a significant concern worldwide. In the present study, a pilot-scale once-through reactor was fabricated to investigate bacteria's inactivation and the degradation of organic matter present in municipal wastewater using an iron-mediated TiO2 catalyst in fixed mode. The catalyst was fabricated (in a spherical shape) using waste material such as foundry sand and fly ash and coated with TiO2 for a combined hybrid effect. The influence of H2O2 concentration and the flow rate of the reactor were examined. 4.1 log reductions of bacteria with 52% and 39% of BOD and COD reductions in 45min of treatment were observed. The catalyst was also found to be highly durable, with only a 12.5% of reduction in catalyst activity observed after 200 recycles. Therefore, this pilot-scale research indicates the ability of waste materials to be employed as a practical approach for water disinfection applications.

Solar photocatalytic pathogenic disinfection: Fundamentals to state-of-the-art

It is necessary to treat pathogen-infected water before its utilisation. Of conventionally used treatment methods, solar photocatalysis has gained considerable momentum owing to its operational simplicity and capacity to use freely and abundantly available solar energy. This article systematically reviewed the disinfection of water with photocatalysis. It addressed the concerns of microbial infection of water and the fundamentals behind its treatment with photocatalysis. It presented an in-depth description of pathogenic deactivation with powerful reactive oxygen species. Special emphasis was given to process intensification as it is an attractive technique that provides multifunctionality and/or equipment miniaturisation. Solar reactor design regarding mobilised/immobilised photocatalysts and compound parabolic concentrators were elucidated. Finally, key parameters governing photoperformance, corresponding trade-offs, and the need for their optimisation were discussed. Overall, this article is a single point of reference for researchers, environmentalists, and industrialists who address the ever-severing challenge of providing clean water whilst also maintaining energy sustainability.

Caterpillar-like Ag–ZnO–C hollow nanocomposites for efficient solar photocatalytic degradation and disinfection

The ameliorated solar photocatalytic performance is a combined result of Ag-NPs and caterpillar-like Zn–C hierarchical nanoarchitectures derived from MOF micro- and nanorods.

Continuous flow solar photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli using red phosphorus immobilized capillaries as optofluidic reactors

An elemental, non-metallic red phosphorus-based photocatalyst for potential continuous flow disinfection of water is reported. The crystalline red phosphorus is immobilized by a solid state method on the inner walls of a quartz capillary tube and a continuous flow photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli solution under direct sunlight is demonstrated using the set-up as an optofluidic reactor. Structural and microstructural analyses employing electron diffraction confirms the fibrous phase of the immobilized red phosphorus. The reactor with the immobilized photocatalyst when tested under direct sunlight resulted in a 6.7 log reduction (>99.9999% reduction) in the concentration of E. coli bacteria within 14 min. The sample aliquot collected at 28 min residence time did not yield any visible colonies indicating the high efficiency of the process. The demonstrated efficiency suggests great potential for commercial scale-up.

Predatory bacteria in combination with solar disinfection and solar photocatalysis for the treatment of rainwater

The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, was applied as a biological pre-treatment to solar disinfection and solar photocatalytic disinfection for rainwater treatment. The photocatalyst used was immobilised titanium-dioxide reduced graphene oxide. The pre-treatment followed by solar photocatalysis for 120 min under natural sunlight reduced the viable counts of Klebsiella pneumoniae from 2.00 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/mL to below the detection limit (BDL) (<1 CFU/100 μL). Correspondingly, ethidium monoazide bromide quantitative PCR analysis indicated a high total log reduction in K. pneumoniae gene copies (GC)/mL (5.85 logs after solar photocatalysis for 240 min). In contrast, solar disinfection and solar photocatalysis without the biological pre-treatment were more effective for Enterococcus faecium disinfection as the viable counts of E. faecium were reduced by 8.00 logs (from 1.00 × 108 CFU/mL to BDL) and the gene copies were reduced by ∼3.39 logs (from 2.09 × 106 GC/mL to ∼9.00 × 102 GC/mL) after 240 min of treatment. Predatory bacteria can be applied as a pre-treatment to solar disinfection and solar photocatalytic treatment to enhance the removal efficiency of Gram-negative bacteria, which is crucial for the development of a targeted water treatment approach.

Solar photocatalytic disinfection using ink-jet printed composite TiO2/SiO2 thin films on flexible substrate: Applicability to drinking and marine water

Hybrid TiO2/SiO2 thin films deposited by material printing technique on flexible substrates were prepared, characterized and tested for solar photocatalytic disinfection. Effect of surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of printed coatings on photocatalytic disinfection was studied by means of (i) drinking water contaminated with natural consortia of fecal bacteria (gram-negative: Escherichia coli and total coliforms; gram-positive: Enterococci), and (ii) seawater containing pathogenic gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio owensii, Vibrio alfacsensis and Vibrio harveyi). Inactivation of gram-negative bacteria in drinking water with fecal contamination by solar photocatalysis was slightly more efficient than solar disinfection, while for gram-positive bacteria similar efficiency was observed. These results, in combination with observed release of titanium from coatings (detected by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer), indicate that TiO2/SiO2 needs further improvements for solar photocatalytic disinfection of drinking water. Efficiency of seawater disinfection towards gram-negative Vibrio spp. (Vibrio owensii, Vibrio alfacsensis and Vibrio harveyi) was significantly enhanced when TiO2/SiO2 coatings were used under natural solar light. Moreover, hydrophobic thin films led to faster Vibrio spp. inactivation as compared to hydrophilic ones, which was attributed to higher bacteria adhesion on hydrophobic coatings. However, decrease of photocatalytic activity of hydrophobic TiO2/SiO2 coatings was observed after ten experimental cycles mainly due to deposition of salts on the surface of photocatalyst. Generally, results of this study suggest that autochthonous bacteria such as Vibrio spp. in seawater are significantly more resistant to solar disinfection in comparison with not autochthonous bacteria such as Escherichia coli, total coliforms and Enterococci in contaminated drinking water.

Ag@SnO2@ZnO core-shell nanocomposites assisted solar-photocatalysis downregulates multidrug resistance in Bacillus sp.: A catalytic approach to impede antibiotic resistance

In the present study, we report the solar-photocatalytic disinfection (SPCD) of a multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterium, Bacillus sp. CBEL-1 using Ag@SnO2@ZnO core-shell nanocomposites (NCs) as catalyst. Complete disinfection was observed within 210 min with a catalyst concentration of 500 mg/L when subjected to NCs mediated PCD under solar irradiation. H2O2 was found to be the key reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in SPCD of targeted bacteria. Increase in production of 4-HNE along with change in fatty acid profile of bacteria after SPCD induced oxidative stress indicates the compromisation of bacterial cell membrane. Irreversible change in antibiotic resistance profile of the target bacteria was notice after SPCD, without recovery even after 96 h post disinfection experiments. Traditional disinfectants and UV-250 nm were found to have marginal impact on the resistance profile of the bacteria compared to that of SPCD. Disinfection achieved using the NCs were also validated for real water samples.

UV and solar photocatalytic disinfection of municipal wastewater: inactivation, reactivation and regrowth of bacterial pathogens

Pollution of water sources by pathogens is a major concern worldwide. This study investigated critical disinfection aspects such as bacterial regrowth or decay and evaluation of metal-ion leaching during photocatalytic disinfection. The inactivation of waterborne bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species and Vibrio cholerae) using ultraviolet and solar photocatalysis was evaluated. Bare and metal-ion (silver, copper and iron)-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts were used to explore comparative performance. The influence of photocatalyst concentration (0.1–1.0 g/L), source of radiation (ultraviolet or solar light) and water type (synthetic and municipal wastewater) was examined. The disinfection data were fitted to the pseudo-first-order model. The disinfection efficiency was higher in saline deionized water (99.9998–100%) that was spiked with the target pathogens (106 colony forming units/mL), compared to actual wastewater samples. Within 180 min of treatment under solar irradiation, disinfection efficacy of 86.8–100% was achieved, while 99.4–100% disinfection efficacy was attained under ultraviolet irradiation within 60 min. A significant difference (p < 0.05) between ultraviolet and solar photocatalysis was observed, and silver-doped titanium dioxide displayed the best performance under all conditions tested. Nevertheless, after a contact time of 180 min, there was no bacterial regrowth observed even for the solar photocatalysis processes; in fact, bacterial decay occurred. The elution of doping metals into the treated wastewater was insignificant. Therefore, the metal-ion-doped photocatalysts were effective under solar radiation, thus overcoming the limitation of bare titanium dioxide which is only effective under ultraviolet light and preventing bacterial regrowth.

Solar photocatalytic disinfection of agricultural pathogenic fungi (Curvularia sp.) in real urban wastewater

The interest in developing alternative water disinfection methods that increase the access to irrigation water free of pathogens for agricultural purposes is increasing in the last decades. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been demonstrated to be very efficient for the abatement of several kind of pathogens in contaminated water. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate and compare the capability of several solar AOPs for the inactivation of resistant spores of agricultural fungi. Solar photoassisted H2O2, solar photo-Fenton at acid and near-neutral pH, and solar heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2, with and without H2O2, have been studied for the inactivation of spores of Curvularia sp., a phytopathogenic fungi worldwide found in soils and crops. Different concentrations of reagents and catalysts were evaluated at bench scale (solar vessel reactors, 200mL) and at pilot plant scale (solar Compound Parabolic Collector-CPC reactor, 20L) under natural solar radiation using distilled water (DW) and real secondary effluents (SE) from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Inactivation order of Curvularia sp. in distilled water was determined, i.e. TiO2/H2O2/sunlight (100/50mgL−1)>H2O2/sunlight (40mgL−1)>TiO2/sunlight (100mgL−1)>photo-Fenton with 5/10mgL−1 of Fe2+/H2O2 at pH3 and near-neutral pH. For the case of SE, at near neutral pH, the most efficient solar process was H2O2/Solar (60mgL−1); nevertheless, the best Curvularia sp. inactivation rate was obtained with photo-Fenton (10/20mgL−1 of Fe2+/H2O2) requiring a previous water adicification to pH3, within 300 and 210min of solar treatment, respectively. These results show the efficiency of solar AOPs as a feasible option for the inactivation of resistant pathogens in water for crops irrigation, even in the presence of organic matter (average Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC): 24mgL−1), and open a window for future wastewater reclamation and irrigation use.

Disinfection of the Water Borne Pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by Solar Photocatalysis Using Sonochemically Synthesized Reusable Ag@ZnO Core-Shell Nanoparticles.

Water borne pathogens present a threat to human health and their disinfection from water poses a challenge, prompting the search for newer methods and newer materials. Disinfection of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive coccal bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in an aqueous matrix was achieved within 60 and 90 min, respectively, at 35 °C using solar-photocatalysis mediated by sonochemically synthesized Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles. The efficiency of the process increased with the increase in temperature and at 55 °C the disinfection for the two bacteria could be achieved in 45 and 60 min, respectively. A new ultrasound-assisted chemical precipitation technique was used for the synthesis of Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles. The characteristics of the synthesized material were established using physical techniques. The material remained stable even at 400 °C. Disinfection efficiency of the Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles was confirmed in the case of real world samples of pond, river, municipal tap water and was found to be better than that of pure ZnO and TiO2 (Degussa P25). When the nanoparticle- based catalyst was recycled and reused for subsequent disinfection experiments, its efficiency did not change remarkably, even after three cycles. The sonochemically synthesized Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles thus have a good potential for application in solar photocatalytic disinfection of water borne pathogens.

Solar photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli and bacteriophages MS2, ΦX174 and PR772 using TiO2, ZnO and ruthenium based complexes in a continuous flow system

The performance of photocatalytic treatment processes were assessed using different photocatalysts against E. coli and bacteriophages MS2, ΦX174 and PR772, in a recirculating continuous flow compound parabolic collector system under real sunlight conditions. Suspended TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticle powders and Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate in solution were tested separately, as well as in combination, using E. coli. For a 3-log reduction of E. coli in distilled water, inactivation rates in terms of cumulative dose were in the order Ru(bpy)3Cl2>(TiO2 & Ru(bpy)3Cl2)>(ZnO & Ru(bpy)3Cl2)>ZnO>TiO2>photolysis. Reactivation of E. coli was observed following all trials despite the detection limit being reached, although the reactivated colonies were observed to be under stress and much slower growing when compared to original colonies. Treatment with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 was also compared against standard photolysis of bacteriophages MS2, ΦX174 and PR772 with the order of photolytic inactivation for a 3-log reduction in terms of cumulative UV-A dose being ΦX174>PR772>MS2. However, MS2 was found to be the most susceptible bacteriophage to treatment with Ru(bpy)3Cl2, with complete removal of the phage observed within the first 15min of exposure. Ru(bpy)3Cl2 also significantly improved inactivation rates for PR772 and ΦX174.

Disinfection of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli by Solar-Photocatalysis using Fe-doped ZnO Nanoparticles

Spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria through water, is a threat to global public health. Here, we report Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Fe/ZnO NPs) based solar-photocatalytic disinfection (PCD) of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli). Fe/ZnO NPs were synthesized by chemical precipitation technique, and when used as photocatalyst for disinfection, proved to be more effective (time for complete disinfection = 90 min) than ZnO (150 min) and TiO2 (180 min). Lipid peroxidation and potassium (K+) ion leakage studies indicated compromisation of bacterial cell membrane and electron microscopy and live-dead staining confirmed the detrimental effects on membrane integrity. Investigations indicated that H2O2 was the key species involved in solar-PCD of MDR E. coli by Fe/ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy studies showed that the Fe/ZnO NPs system remained stable during the photocatalytic process. The Fe/ZnO NPs based solar-PCD process proved successful in the disinfection of MDR E. coli in real water samples collected from river, pond and municipal tap. The Fe/ZnO NPs catalyst made from low cost materials and with high efficacy under solar light may have potential for real world applications, to help reduce the spread of resistant bacteria.

The role of visible light active TiO2 specimens on the solar photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli.

Solar photocatalytic disinfection efficiency of novel visible light activated (VLA) photocatalysts was evaluated with the aim of assessing inactivation of Escherichia coli as the pathogen indicator organism present in drinking water. Influence of humic acid (HA) on the photocatalytic disinfection efficiency of the specified VLA TiO2 specimens i.e., N-doped, Se-doped, and Se-N co-doped TiO2 was also investigated. Photocatalytic disinfection efficiency was assessed by the enumeration of bacteria following selected irradiation periods. Degradation and compositional changes in organic matter (OM) was also tracked by means of UV-vis and advanced fluorescence spectroscopic (EEM features) parameters. Photocatalytic mineralization of the organic matter was followed by dissolved organic carbon contents. Presence of HA as a model organic compound of natural organic matter (NOM) displayed a retardation effect on solar photocatalytic abatement of E. coli. However, no distinctly different effect was observed under solar photolytic conditions due to the presence of HA. Regrowth of E. coli could not be assessed under the specified experimental conditions. A comparison was introduced with respect to the use of undoped TiO2 P-25 as the photocatalyst.

Assessment of solar photocatalysis using Ag/BiVO4 at pilot solar Compound Parabolic Collector for inactivation of pathogens in well water and secondary effluents

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as photocatalysis driven by natural sunlight have been demonstrated to be a promising technology for degradation of hazardous chemical compounds and inactivation of microorganisms in water. Among already exiting photocatalysts, for solar water treatment, currently visible light-active photocatalysts such as bismuth vanadate (BiVO4), have received much attention from researchers. This work reports on the capacity of new synthetized Ag modified BiVO4 composite to inactivate E. coli, E. faecalis and spores of F. solani in different water matrices. Proof of principle experiments performed at laboratory scale (200mL of distilled water in stirred tank reactor) demonstrated the capability of this photocatalyst to inactivate those pathogens. A range of Ag loadings were investigated, demonstrating that 15% of Ag was the best option for water disinfection under natural sunlight. Although, TiO2-P25 is a better material for the solar photocatalytic disinfection of water under real sun. The cytotoxic effect of Ag/BiVO4 composites was investigated by testing its cytotoxicity in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). This result was supported also by the lack of bactericidal effect of the composites as it was demonstrated to not compromise the viability of E. coli, E. faecalis and F. solani spores in dark (1gL−1 of Ag(15%)/BiVO4) for 3h in the case of E. coli and for 5h for the others. Up-scaling the treatment to CPC flow-reactor of 10L was successfully done in distilled water and well water; meanwhile inactivation of microorganism in secondary effluent (SE) from a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant was achieved only in the case of naturally occurring E. coli. Several concentrations of catalyst were investigated, and best inactivation efficiency was found to be 1gL−1 for all microorganisms, solar reactors and water matrices. The influence of chemical composition of the water matrix was also investigated. The presence of high concentrations of carbonates/bicarbonates (in well water) did not affect significantly the photocatalytic efficiency; while natural organic matter (in SE) strongly limited the process probably due to the competitiveness for the radicals generated.

Solar photocatalytic water disinfection of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium Perfringens using different low‐cost devices

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of this work was to evaluate the disinfection capacity of two handmade low‐cost devices based on solar photocatalytic disinfection (SPC‐DIS): a plastic bottle (2 L) with a cylinder inside coated with TiO2 doped with zinc and a glass reactor (9 L) with an inner cylinder coated with pure TiO2. Disinfection experiments of wastewater‐derived Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens (104–105 CFU per 100 mL) were carried out under natural sunlight during winter.RESULTSClostridium perfringens was the most resistant microorganism and E. coli the least in all cases. The SPC‐DIS bottle achieved 100% disinfection for E. coli, but only 98.97% for Enterococcus spp. and 96.28% for C. perfringens. The SPC‐DIS reactor achieved, under optimum operating conditions, 100% disinfection for E. coli, 100% for Enterococcus spp. and 99.44% for C. perfringens. Maximum sustainable flow rate (22 L min−1) and maximum illumination ratio (1:2) were the best operating conditions. Operating with recirculation (interrupted illumination) favored C. perfringens spore formation. Best kinetic models were biphasic for E. coli and log‐linear for Enterococcus spp. and C. perfringens.CONCLUSIONThe two new devices showed higher disinfection capacity than common PET bottles (increase in disinfection rates up to 1.5 and 4.6 times), proving to be promising alternatives to the traditional method SODIS. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

Solar-photocatalytic disinfection of Vibrio cholerae by using Ag@ZnO core–shell structure nanocomposites

Disinfection of Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae 569B in aqueous matrix by solar-photocatalysis mediated by Ag@ZnO core–shell structure nanocomposite particles was investigated. Silver nanoparticles are synthesized by the reduction of silver perchlorate followed by precipitation of zinc oxide shell and are employed in the photocatalytic disinfection of the model pathogen. Effect of photocatalyst loading and reaction temperature on the disinfection kinetics was studied. Disinfection efficiency in laboratory as well as real water samples was compared with that of pure-ZnO and TiO2 (Degussa P25). Nanocomposite system has shown optimum disinfection (≈98%) at 40–60min of sun-light exposure with a catalyst loading of 0.5mg/L of the reaction solution. The reduction of aquatic bacterial densities by photocatalytically active Ag@ZnO core–shell nanocomposite in presence of natural sun-light may have potential ex situ application in water decontamination at ambient conditions.

Solar photocatalytic disinfection of water using titanium dioxide graphene composites

Interest has grown in the modification of titanium dioxide with graphene to improve the photocatalytic behaviour. In this work, titanium dioxide–reduced graphene oxide (TiO2–RGO) composites were synthesised by the photocatalytic reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide (GO) by TiO2 (Evonik P25) under UV irradiation in the presence of methanol as a hole acceptor. The composite materials were characterised using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Raman and XPS analysis provided evidence that GO was converted to RGO by photocatalytic reduction. The TiO2–RGO composites were compared to TiO2 in suspension reactors for the disinfection of water contaminated with Escherichiacoli and Fusarium solani spores under real sunlight. Very rapid water disinfection was observed with both E.coli and F.solani spores. An enhancement in the rate of inactivation of E. coli was observed with the TiO2–RGO composite compared to P25 alone. The rate of inactivation of F. solani spores was similar for both the TiO2–RGO and P25. When the major part of the solar UVA was cut-off (λ>380nm) using a methacrylate screen, there was a marked increase in the time required for inactivation of E. coli with P25 but no change in the inactivation rate for the TiO2–RGO. There is evidence of singlet oxygen production with visible light excitation of the TiO2–RGO composites which would lead to E. coli inactivation.

Visible and solar light photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria by N-doped TiO2

A water treatment system was developed based on a photocatalytic process, employing immobilized N-doped TiO2, which worked under solar radiation. Batch reactor studies were conducted using an immobilized and suspended form of N-doped TiO2. Activities of Degussa P-25 and N-doped TiO2 were compared. Optimization of catalyst concentration was also carried out. Reaction rates under different working conditions were compared. The bacterial kill followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Continuous reactor studies were carried out using N-doped TiO2 coated glass plates. Three-log inactivation of bacteria was obtained after a contact time of 40 min. The effects of turbidity, bicarbonate ions and organic matter were studied. It was found that the efficiency of the system decreased due to these components. Comparison of the performance of solar water-disinfection (SODIS) and solar photocatalytic treatment for disinfection of water was also carried out. The results showed that the suspended catalyst achieved complete inactivation in 1 h compared to SODIS which took 6 h. Bacterial regrowth was observed in the case of SODIS treatment whereas no bacterial growth was observed after solar photocatalytic treatment.

Solar Light Induced Photo Catalytic Disinfection of Gram Positive and Negative Microorganisms from Water with Highly Efficient AuTiO2 Nanoparticle

AuTiO2 nanomaterial was used for solar photocatalytic disinfection of gram negative Escherichia coli and gram positive Staphylococci aureus. In this study, time of disinfection, light intensity, concentration of nanomaterial and bacterial concentration effects has been investigated. Prepared nanomaterial characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD). AuTiO2 samples have shown antibacterial effect when irradiated in solar light. The bactericidal effect may be due to Au ions and photocatalysis of TiO2. The photocatalytic inactivation rate constant, k for each dose were obtained from their respective inactivation curve over a 2 hours incubation period.

Solar photocatalytic oxidation and disinfection of municipal wastewater using advanced oxidation processes based on pH, catalyst dose, and oxidant

There are great interests in photocatalytic oxidation of contaminants using advanced oxidation processes (AOP) based on photocatalytic oxidation in recent years. The main aim of the paper is to develop a method which takes care of energy and water conservation together. The study was performed on photocatalytic disinfection of total coliform (TC) bacteria as water microbial pollution and reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) as organic pollution index using catalytic and oxidant in present of sun light. The municipal wastewater was monitored for TC and in then was irradiated with solar light, solar light/TiO2, and solar light/TiO2/H2O2. Various parameters such as contact time, pH, and different concentration of TiO2 and H2O2 were studied for their effect on reaction process. The result showed that in presence of solar light, catalyst, and oxidant, very effective disinfection and reduction of TC and COD took place. 95.2% and 97% of TC and COD were reduced by irradiation for 240-300 min. Based on the results of various AOP combinations, Solar photolytic, solar/TiO2, Solar/TiO2/H2O2, the rate of COD, and TC removal was in the order of TiO2/H2O2 &amp;gt; TiO2 &amp;gt; Solar photolytic. It can be suggested as an effective treatment method for wastewater containing microbial and organic contamination.