Solar Energy Potential Research Articles

Unlocking solar energy's potential: Dual photocatalytic activities of g-C3N4/Sb2S3 for hydrogen evolution and tetracycline degradation in sunlight

This study focuses on developing a g-C3N4/Sb2S3 heterojunction photocatalyst with different g-C3N4 to Sb2S3 weight ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1) for degrading tetracycline (TC) pollutants. The 1:3 ratio (13 GS) exhibited optimal photocatalytic performance, achieving 99% TC degradation under sunlight within 120 min, compared to 78.4% under visible light and 38% under UV light. The 13 GS catalyst demonstrated strong reusability, maintaining 80% degradation efficiency after six cycles. Scavenger experiments identified hydroxyl radicals as crucial for TC degradation, with DMSO reducing activity by 30%. The photocatalyst also showed high hydrogen production with an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 19.8% under standard conditions, and improved AQE in acidic (23%) and basic (22.7%) conditions, and with CH3OH (23.2%). This g-C3N4/Sb2S3 heterojunction offers a promising solution for degrading toxic contaminants and has the potential for solar-powered applications.

Evaluation and Ranking of Energy Alternatives for Implementation in Different Geographic Scenarios using Decision Methods: Case Study of Colombia

In this research, several crucial aspects have been explored in the evaluation and ranking of energy alternatives in Colombia using advanced decision methods such as TOPSIS and Diffuse TOPSIS. The study analyzed how these techniques allow to effectively compare different renewable energy sources in various regions of the country, highlighting the importance of considering multiple approaches due to the unique geographical and energy characteristics of each region. Specifically, five regions were evaluated: Caribbean 1 and 2, Pacific 1 and 2, Andean, Amazonian and Orinoquia, observing significant differences in the evaluation of technologies between the models. In the evaluation of energy sources for each region, the potential of photovoltaic solar energy in the Caribbean and Orinoquia regions was emphasized due to the high solar radiation, wind energy in the Caribbean and Pacific regions due to its strong winds, and biomass in the Amazon and Andean regions thanks to the abundance of organic resources. These technologies not only contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions and the diversification of the energy matrix, but also promote a just energy transition by generating employment and improving the quality of life in local communities. The TOPSIS method and its diffuse variant make it possible to weigh criteria with different degrees of importance and manage uncertainty in decision-making, resulting in more precise evaluations adapted to specific contexts. This type of research is vital for decision-making in the Colombian electricity sector, as it provides a solid and replicable methodology for evaluating energy alternatives in an integral way. The results not only contribute to environmental sustainability, but also boost the socio-economic development of the regions, fostering an equitable and fair energy transition.

ESTIMATING THE SOLAR EXERGY POTENTIAL OF SURFACES WITH DIFFERENT TILT ANGLES

Solar energy, which is a clean, unlimited, and environmentally friendly energy source, has critical importance in sustainable energy management. The usable potential of energy is expressed in terms of exergy, and the determination of the exergy potential of solar energy ensures the correct utilization of this potential. Turkey has a very high solar energy potential, and this potential should be utilized in the most efficient way possible to achieve sustainable energy targets. The tilt angle of solar panels has a significant effect on efficiency. Efficient operation of solar panels can be achieved by determining the optimum tilt angle. In this study, Turkey's solar exergy potential was calculated for the horizontal plane and five different tilt angles (21°, 30°, 39°, 48°, and 57°). Thus, it was tried to determine the appropriate panel angle to get the highest efficiency from solar panels that can be used in different regions of Turkey. The calculations are based on 22-year average solar energy potential data obtained from NASA. The exergy potential was determined for the coordinates where Turkey is located, and the potential for the regions between the coordinates was determined by the interpolation method. With the interpolation method used, an approximate estimation for the areas where there is no measurement is also provided, and it is aimed at saving the time and cost required for long-term measurements. Among the tilt angles analyzed, the optimum angle for the whole year was determined to be 30 degrees. The exergy potential for 30° inclined surfaces in all coordinates of Turkey is given as a seasonal map. With the use of the maps, it is thought that the optimum angle and exergy potential for different regions and seasons of Turkey will be predicted, and thus it will be easier for new investors to determine the high-potential regions of Turkey.

Development of Key Components for 5 kW Ammonia–Water Absorption Chiller with Air-Cooled Absorber and Condenser

An absorption chiller is an alternative cooling system that operates using heat from renewable energy sources and employs environmentally friendly working fluids, such as ammonia–water or lithium bromide–water. Given Indonesia’s high solar energy potential, solar cooling systems using absorption chillers are particularly promising. Solar thermal energy has been demonstrated to effectively power absorption chiller systems through both simulations and experiments. In Indonesia, there is significant potential to utilize small-capacity solar absorption chillers for buildings, particularly those employing air-cooled condensers and absorbers, which can reduce operational and maintenance costs. This research aimed to design a prototype of a 5 kW solar-assisted ammonia–water absorption chiller system specifically for residential applications. The system will be air-cooled to minimize space requirements compared to traditional water-cooled systems. The study addressed the design and specifications of the system’s components, dimensional considerations, and an analysis of the impact of the measurement instrument on the research outcomes. The results provide precise dimensions and specifications for the system components, offering a reference for the development of more advanced systems in the future.

Developing Energy Conservation Strategies in Agricultural Enterprises

The article emphasizes that agriculture has specific aspects, particularly regarding energy consumption. The research reveals that some agricultural enterprises are capable of generating their own energy. These characteristics are associated with various types of energy used in the production process: fossil energy, solar energy, and soil energy. The authors highlight the need for special attention to the development of energy-saving strategies in agriculture, as these enterprises often face high energy costs and have significant potential for enhancing energy efficiency. It has been established that reducing the use of fossil energy sources and maximizing the use of renewable sources, such as solar energy and soil energy potential, can substantially contribute to energy conservation in the agricultural sector. The considerable dispersion of agricultural enterprises leads to high costs and differences in energy consumption principles: fossil energy is primary for industry, while in agriculture, it serves a supplementary role, where natural energy forms biological mass (crops, livestock). The importance of management aspects in developing an effective energy-saving strategy, which promotes sustainable development and economic benefit in the agricultural sector, is highlighted. The authors propose key steps for ensuring energy conservation, which should form the basis for creating a comprehensive energy-saving strategy in agriculture.

A geospatial analysis of solar energy potentials: A case study of Kaduna state, Nigeria

A geospatial analysis of solar energy potentials: A case study of Kaduna state, Nigeria

Life cycle climate performance of photovoltaic power plant for Turkey’s solar power conditions

ABSTRACT In this study, a solar power plant with an output power of 10 kW AC was designed according to the Turkish Electricity Legislation. Silicon-based photovoltaic modules were used in the design. The solar power plant’s annual and lifetime electricity generation was calculated for 81 provinces of Turkey. The study contributes significantly to the literature by evaluating the environmental impacts of energy sources in a more realistic way. According to the electricity generation calculations, the power plant in Trabzon generates a minimum of 13,037 kWh of electricity per year. In comparison, the power plant in Antalya generates a maximum of 18,562 kWh. Over the plant’s life, Antalya will generate 464,040 kWh of electricity and Trabzon will generate 325,929 kWh. The life cycle climate performance technique was used to understand the environmental impacts during the installation phase, and these values were determined to be 5759 kgCO2. Emission values from electricity generation vary between 0.01241 and 0.01767 kgCO2 per kWh. These data provide a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts of solar power plants. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the potential and environmental effects of solar energy in different regions of Turkey in detail. In particular, presenting the emission values of electricity generation from photovoltaic systems for each province provides valuable data that can be used in shaping energy policies and developing environmental strategies. This unique study will provide a scientific basis for planning and implementing solar energy investments in Turkey and contribute significantly to developing energy policies and environmental strategies.

Review of Research on the Present Situation of Development and Resource Potential of Wind and Solar Energy in China

Review of Research on the Present Situation of Development and Resource Potential of Wind and Solar Energy in China

WITHDRAWN: Assessment of Solar Energy Potential and Optimal Site Selection for Photovoltaic Installations in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

WITHDRAWN: Assessment of Solar Energy Potential and Optimal Site Selection for Photovoltaic Installations in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Daily sunshine grids for Austria since 1961 – combining station and satellite observations for a multi-decadal climate-monitoring dataset

Grid datasets of sunshine duration at high spatial resolution and extending over many decades are required for quantitative applications in regional climatology and environmental change (e.g., modelling of droughts and snow/ice covers, evaluation of clouds in numerical models, mapping of solar energy potentials). We present a new gridded dataset of relative (and derived absolute) sunshine duration for Austria at a grid spacing of 1 km, extending back until 1961 at daily time resolution. Challenges in the dataset construction were consistency issues in the available station data, the scarcity of long time series, and the high variation of cloudiness in the study region. The challenges were addressed by special efforts to correct evident breaks in the station series and by adopting an analysis method, which combines station data with satellite data. The methodology merges the data sources non-contemporaneously, using statistical patterns distilled over a short period, which allowed involving satellite data even for the early part of the study period. The resulting fields contain plausible mesoscale structures, which could not be resolved by the station network alone. On average, the analyses explain 47% of the spatial variance in daily sunshine duration at the stations. Evaluation revealed a slight systematic underestimation (− 1.5%) and a mean absolute error of 9.2%. The average error is larger during winter, at high altitudes, and around the 1990s. The dataset exhibits a conditional bias, which can lead to considerable systematic errors (up to 15%) when calculating sunshine-related climate indices.

Multi-criteria decision-making approach in assessing the key barriers to the adoption and use of SWH in West Africa–Combination of modified Delphi and Fuzzy AHP

Africa faces a significant energy crisis, with over 600 million people lacking access to affordable and reliable power to meet their energy demands, despite the continent's vast solar energy potential. Several studies have indicated the high potential of solar water heaters (SWH) in various African countries in Africa due to the enormous solar energy resource. However, the diffusion and use of the same in Africa, especially in the West African sub-region, have been very slow compared to other sub-regions. This study thus assesses the barriers that affect the adoption and use of SWH systems using the Delphi method and the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process to prioritize and rank them for decision-making. The study identified five main barriers and prioritized them in the order of financing, gender, and market-related barriers (51 %), political, policy, and regulatory barriers (19 %), technical barriers (14 %), socio-cultural and public awareness barriers (11 %), as well as lack of standardization and quality assurance (6 %). The high cost of finance as well as difficulties in accessing finance prevent private sector investment, which ultimately affects the large-scale use of the SWH system in the sub-region. Also, the uneducated and a section of the educated do not fully appreciate the merits of the SWH system. This paper is expected to inform academics, practitioners, and regulators on future efforts to adopt for the SWH technologies in Africa, and to improve policies and strategies for their adoption across the continent.

Analisis dan Desain Floating PV System di Beberapa Waduk Batam untuk Optimalisasi Bauran Energi Terbarukan

The climate crisis caused by the use of fossil fuels is prompting countries around the world to shift to renewable energy. Indonesia has substantial solar energy potential, but this must be balanced with land conservation efforts. PT PLN Batam, a subsidiary of PT PLN (Persero), shares the responsibility of meeting the national renewable energy mix target of 23% by 2025. Adding new power plants requires a large area, which is a significant challenge in the development of both fossil and renewable energy plants in Batam. The floating PV system is an alternative solution to this problem. This study aims to design a floating solar power generation system at Tembesi and Mukakuning Reservoirs, focusing on solar energy potential, energy production, and system design. The results indicate that solar irradiation at both locations reaches 1,650 kWh/m² with an average horizontal PSH of 4.52 hours/day and net PSH Modules of 4.32 hours/day. Energy production in Year-1 is 55.83 GWh with a performance ratio of 81.65%, resulting in annual energy production of 1,345 kWh/kWp. The floating PV system design at Tembesi and Mukakuning Reservoirs consists of 10 islands, each with 19 array boxes and 20 strings per array box, comprising 28 PV modules per string. A total of 106,400 PV modules with a capacity of 390 Wp each is utilized. The system employs 3,125 kVA PV inverters, 7,500 kVA MV transformers, and 35 MVA HV transformers to ensure high efficiency and reliability. The system design also considers environmental durability, including resistance to corrosion and water level fluctuations. Recommendations include optimizing the design based on seasonal variations and implementing effective monitoring and maintenance systems.

Forecasting of global solar radiation: A statistical approach using simulated annealing algorithm

In recent years, the share of renewable energy sources in current energy production has been increasing due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, increasing energy needs and environmental concerns. Solar energy, one of the most important renewable energy sources depending on being clean, sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source. Understanding the solar radiation value is crucial for maximizing the potential of solar energy and ensuring the efficient operation of solar energy systems. In this paper, it is aimed to develop a new global solar radiation (GSR) prediction model by using simulated annealing algorithm (SAA). Modeling solar radiation data with significant variability is a challenging task that necessitates the use of nonlinear approaches. Although the SAA is widely used in engineering and natural sciences, it has not previously been used to develop a GSR prediction model. While developing the SAA forecast model for the Adana region, long-term sunshine duration and solar radiation data obtained from the Turkish General Directorate of State Meteorology were used, as well as geographical features such as latitude and longitude of the selected region. The performance and applicability of the proposed model was examined by comparing it with different GSR estimation methods developed in the literature. The primary contribution of this study lies in the introduction of an inventive model, which has been constructed for the first time in the assessment of GSR, to the current collection of literature. The produced results were statistically compared with the observed data using six separate performance and error measures. The results of all years showed that the relative percentage error (RPE) less than 11.66 %, the mean percentage error (MPE) does not exceed 12.55 %, the correlation coefficient (R2) greater than 0.98, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) test results appear to vary close to the value 10, the sum of squared relative error (SSRE) test results seem to approaching 0 and the t-statistic test less than 4.06 for the annual GSR. It has been observed that the developed SAA GSR forecasting model has a successful performance when compared to different forecasting models popularly used in the literature. According to the statistical error results, the estimated GSR data from the novel SAA-GSR forecast model aligns well with the measured meteorological values. Given the efficacy of the established SAA model in GSR estimation, this study is anticipated to offer valuable insights and contributions to the application of the SAA approach in other energy applications.

The potential of radiative cooling enhanced photovoltaic systems in China

Soaring solar cell temperature hindered photovoltaic (PV) efficiency, but a novel radiative cooling (RC) cover developed in this study offered a cost-effective solution. Using a randomly particle-doping structure, the radiative cooling cover achieved a high “sky window” emissivity of 95.3% while maintaining a high solar transmittance of 94.8%. The RC-PV system reached a peak power output of 147.6 W/m2. A field study to explore its potential in various provinces in China revealed significant efficiency improvements, with yearly electricity outputs surpassing those of ordinary PV systems by a relative improvement of 2.78%–3.72%. The largest increases were observed under clear skies and in dry, cool climates, highlighting the potential of RC-PV systems under real weather and environmental conditions. This work provided the theoretical foundation for designing scalable radiative cooling films for PV systems, unlocking the full potential of solar energy.

Hybrid wind-solar energy potential modeling using ERA5 and solar irradiation data in google Earth Engine

Renewable energies play a significant role in mitigating the climate change impacts. Wind and solar energy are projected to supply larger amount to the total renewable energy capacity of many nations. Long-term wind and solar data availability and analysis is vital for sustainable renewable energy farming. In this research, we analyze wind speed u- and v-components at 10 m height of the ERA5 daily reanalysis aggregates at a mesh of 31 Km during a long period (2010–2020) over the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez coasts of Egypt. Google Earth Engine (GEE) code is developed and used for the analysis. The prime objective is to derive estimates on the spatio-temporal variability of speed, direction, and the wind energy estimates in the area. Further, the solar energy potential has been evaluated using reference data of the PVOUT – Photovoltaic power potential (kWh/m2/day) data, at nearly 1 km resolution, which is normalized at the evaluated sites, and then used to rank sites with their solar energy potential. Evaluation of estimates is carried out at selected thirteen sites distributed along the coasts to better understand the hybrid wind-solar energy potential. Frequency analysis is carried out to the wind speed spatial estimates to demarcate highest frequency wind events potential for wind farming. Reference in-situ wind speed observations available at daily and monthly time scales for Hurghada weather station is used for investigating the reanalysis data performance. The Hurghada site had the highest average wind speed (6.7 m s−1), frequency of events (75 %), and mean daily (60.4 kWh) and annual (22.02 MWh) wind energy. The windiest time intervals were the September month, 2017 year, and the summer season. The north had wind energy directions of 130°, while the south had 110°. Trend analysis showed declining trends for northern locations and rising yearly wind speed estimates for Berenice (0.005) and Halayeb (0.002). El-Tor location had the highest solar energy output, with a daily mean of 5.52 kWh/m2 and an annual mean of almost 2015 kWh/m2. The Hurghada, Jemsa, G. Zeit, and El-Tor sites achieved the highest rankings in terms of hybrid wind-solar energy potential. The results can be very valuable for optimal location of hybrid solar-wind energy facilities and provide viable and promising solutions for sustainably meeting Egypt's growing clean energy demands.

Bis-azopyrazole Photoswitches for Efficient Solar Light Harvesting.

Although natural sunlight is one of the most abundant and sustainable energy resources, only a fraction of its energy is currently harnessed and utilized in photoactive systems. The development of molecular photoswitches that can be directly activated by sunlight is imperative for unlocking the full potential of solar energy and addressing the growing energy demands. Herein, we designed a series of 2-amino-1,3-bis-azopyrazoles featuring a coupled πn system, resulting in a pronounced redshift in their spectral absorption, reaching up to 661 nm in the red region. By varying the amino substituents of these molecules, highly efficient E→Z photoisomerization under unfiltered sunlight can be achieved, with yields of up to 88.4 %. Moreover, the Z,Z-isomers have high thermal stability with half-lives from days to years at room temperature. The introduction of ortho-amino substitutions and meta-bisazo units leads to a reversal of the n-π* and πn-π* transitions on the energy scale. This change provides a new perspective for further tuning the visible absorption of azo-switches by utilizing the πn-π* band instead of the conventional n-π* band. These results suggest that photoresponsive systems can be powered by sunlight instead of traditional artificial lights, thereby paving the way for sustainable smart materials and devices.

Bis‐azopyrazole Photoswitches for Efficient Solar Light Harvesting

AbstractAlthough natural sunlight is one of the most abundant and sustainable energy resources, only a fraction of its energy is currently harnessed and utilized in photoactive systems. The development of molecular photoswitches that can be directly activated by sunlight is imperative for unlocking the full potential of solar energy and addressing the growing energy demands. Herein, we designed a series of 2‐amino‐1,3‐bis‐azopyrazoles featuring a coupled πn system, resulting in a pronounced redshift in their spectral absorption, reaching up to 661 nm in the red region. By varying the amino substituents of these molecules, highly efficient E→Z photoisomerization under unfiltered sunlight can be achieved, with yields of up to 88.4 %. Moreover, the Z,Z‐isomers have high thermal stability with half‐lives from days to years at room temperature. The introduction of ortho‐amino substitutions and meta‐bisazo units leads to a reversal of the n–π* and πn–π* transitions on the energy scale. This change provides a new perspective for further tuning the visible absorption of azo‐switches by utilizing the πn–π* band instead of the conventional n–π* band. These results suggest that photoresponsive systems can be powered by sunlight instead of traditional artificial lights, thereby paving the way for sustainable smart materials and devices.

Enhanced Charge-Carrier Dynamics and Efficient Photoelectrochemical Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion on Antimony Sulfide-Based Photocathodes.

The photoelectrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia (PEC NO3RR) has emerged as a promising pathway for facilitating the natural nitrogen cycle. The PEC NO3RR can lower the reduction potential needed for ammonia synthesis through photogenerated voltage, showcasing the significant potential for merging abundant solar energy with sustainable nitrogen fixation. However, it is influenced by the selective photocathodes with poor carrier kinetics, low catalytic selectivity, and ammonia yields. There are few reports on suitable photoelectrodes owning efficient charge transport on PEC NO3RR at low overpotentials. Herein, we rationally constructed the CuSn alloy co-catalysts on the antimony sulfides with a highly selective PEC ammonia and an ultra-low onset potential (0.62 VRHE). CuSn/TiO2/Sb2S3 photoelectrodes achieved an ammonia faradic efficiency of 97.82 % at a low applied potential of 0.4 VRHE, and an ammonia yield of 16.96 μmol h-1 cm-2 at 0 VRHE under one sun illumination. Dynamics experiments and theoretical calculations have demonstrated that CuSn/TiO2/Sb2S3 has an enhanced charge separation and transfer efficiency, facilitating photogenerated electrons to participate in PEC NO3RR quickly. Meanwhile, moderate NO2* adsorption on this photocathode optimizes the catalytic activity and increases the NH4 + yield. This work opens an avenue for designing sulfide-based photocathodes for the efficient route of solar-to-ammonia conversion.

Multi-objective optimization of morphology for high-rise residential cluster with the regards to energy use and microclimate

Urban morphology significantly influences building energy consumption, solar energy potential, and outdoor thermal microclimate. This study seeks to optimize the urban morphology of high-rise residential clusters, using a framework that emphasizes energy use, outdoor thermal microclimate and incremental investment cost at a preliminary stage of design. The proposed framework is based on performance oriented parametric simulation and implements multi-objective optimization using the Grasshopper platform to assess residential cluster morphology. The study analyzed the five morphological parameters (floor area ratio (FAR), building density (BD), average floor (AF), average orientation (AO), and average aspect ratio (AAR)) to achieve the minimize of the Net Energy Intensity (NEI), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and Incremental Investment Cost (IIC) of residential clusters. This approach aims to enhance energy efficiency and improve summer microclimate while reducing investment costs. Additionally, analyzed the correlation between morphological parameters and three key performance metrics: Energy Use Intensity (EUI) (encompassing heating, cooling, and lighting requirements), Photovoltaic Energy Generation (PVEG), and UTCI. The findings reveal that the optimal morphology of residential clusters varies significantly depending on the desired objective. When prioritizing PVEG, a morphology characterized by low height, high density, and a small aspect ratio is recommended. It is noteworthy that in this morphology, the cluster also demonstrates optimal UTCI during the summer. Conversely, if EUI is the primary objective, a configuration with higher height and aspect ratio, along with lower density, is suggested. On the other hand, balancing the requirements of these three objectives may require a moderately-spaced layout with low height, large aspect ratio, and compact front-to-back building spacing. Under these morphologies, particular attention should be given to the layout in the north–south directions. Furthermore, southward orientation is advisable. Additionally, based on analysis of Pareto solutions, a FAR of approximately 2.6 to 2.7 is recommended.

Estimation of the solar radiation intensity on photovoltaic surfaces using anisotropic Models, investigation of influence of tilt angles and solar trackers: A case study for the southeastern of Türkiye

The estimation of total solar radiation (TSR) intensity is crucial for the performance, design, and economic assessment of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems operating in different geolocations and climates. Various transposition Models can be utilized in performance calculations for PV systems in the estimation of TSR on tilted and tracked PV surfaces. Solar tracking equipment can be applied to optimize the TSR gathered by solar PV surfaces. In addition, energy gain can be considerably increased with the use of optimally tilted PV surfaces. This study aims to perform a reliable estimation of TSR for fixed and tracked PV surfaces by applying Hay-Davies, Klucher, Reindl, HDKR, and Perez anisotropic transposition Models over a specific period in Şanlıurfa Turkey. This study does not identify the best anisotropic Model, but with a relative cross-comparison, it points out the values of high variability in outputs and disagreements between different Models. The study highlights the potential of using multiple transposition Models to provide more robust estimates for the annual, seasonal, and monthly solar energy gain in desired geolocations. The annual optimal tilt angle (OPTA) for Şanlıurfa province is estimated to be 30°-31°, which is close to the latitude but below the latitude (6°-7°) of the respective geolocation. The monthly OPTA throughout the year is between 3° in July and 64° in December. It is revealed that the loss in annual TSR does not surpass 0.5% due to the 5° offset of the tilt angle from the OPTA of fixed PV surfaces. The gain in annual TSR for a fixed surface compared to a horizontal surface is estimated to be between 6.05% and 8.24%. The gain in annual TSR for a north-south oriented single-axis tracker (the axis of rotation is on the east-west plane) is estimated between 22.03% and 25.68%, whereas for a dual-axis tracker, it is estimated between 31.49% and 36.66%. It is inferred that, compared to a single-axis tracking, a dual-axis tracking can yield approximately 8.84% more energy. In light of this research, it is recommended that the solar energy potential of the Şanlıurfa can be significantly enhanced by installing tracking systems for maximal generation of solar energy. In the absence of a tracking system, the annual OPTA setting of a PV surface can be a typical strategy. On the other hand, this study reveals that some solar parameters involved in anisotropic Models significantly contribute to the quality of the estimation results. The Models presented in this study can be used to accurately estimate TSR on PV surfaces in various implementations in any place of Türkiye and around the world.