Solar Conversion Research Articles

Efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution over CuCo2S4 decorated ZnIn2S4 with S-scheme charge separation way

The construction of an S-scheme heterojunction can facilitate the separation and utilization of photogenerated charges, as well as reserve the reducing power of electrons to induce proton reduction for H2 evolution. In this study, CuCo2S4 nanoparticles and ZnIn2S4 nanoflowers were both synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and then CuCo2S4 was employed to decorate ZnIn2S4 to form CuCo2S4/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction through a simple physical solvent evaporation strategy. The experiment result shows that the rate of photocatalytic H2 evolution (rH2) over 10 wt% CuCo2S4/ZnIn2S4 can reach up to 20421.3 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 4.0 times that of ZnIn2S4 (5062.5 μmol g−1 h−1) and 144.6 times that of CuCo2S4 (141.2 μmol g−1 h−1). The improved activity results from the establishment of an S-scheme charge transfer way between CuCo2S4 and ZnIn2S4, which facilitates efficient charge separation while preserving active e− and h+. Besides, the formation of the heterojunction broadens the range of light absorption, promotes charge carrier generation, reduces charge transfer impedance, and increases electrochemically active surface area, these together lead to faster H2 evolution kinetics. The present study demonstrates the potential of bimetallic sulfides as a promising catalyst for construction ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts for efficient solar conversion.

Bioinspired Spectrally Selective Phase‐Change Composites for Enhanced Solar Thermal Energy Storage

AbstractIntegrating solar thermal conversion with phase change materials (PCMs) offers a promising pathway for continuous thermal energy generation with a zero‐carbon footprint. However, substantial infrared radiation losses at elevated temperatures often hinder the efficiency of such integrated systems. Inspired by the thermoregulation mechanisms of polar bears, this work introduces composite PCMs with spectrally selective absorption to enhance solar thermal energy storage efficiency. These composite phase change materials (CPCMs), featuring densely packed SiC ceramic grains with high porosity, exhibit a thermal conductivity of up to 14 W m−1 K−1 and an energy storage density of 195.1 kJ kg−1. The incorporation of nanoparticle‐coated foil induces a plasmonic effect that increases solar absorptivity to 90.57% and reduces infrared emissivity from 71.94% to 7.47%. Consequently, the solar thermal storage efficiency is significantly increased from 54.56% to 81.65% at 500 K, effectively addressing the challenges associated with high‐temperature solar thermal storage. Additionally, the low infrared emissivity of the c (PNC), combined with the inherent heat absorption properties of PCMs, enables infrared stealth functionality. These multifunctional CPCMs demonstrate considerable potential for advancing high‐temperature solar thermal storage technologies and other heat‐related applications.

Artificial Photosynthetic Cell with Molecular Biomimetic Thylakoid.

The construction of solar-to-chemical conversion system by mimicking the photosynthetic network of the chloroplast holds great promise on efficient solar energy utilization. We developed an artificial photosynthetic cell (APC) based on molecular biomimetic thylakoid (CoTPP-FePy) to split water into hydrogen and oxygen (H2 and O2) at low driving voltage (1.1 V) and neutral condition (pH≈7). The CoTPP-FePy can emulate the light reaction in thylakoids to produce O2 by coupling light harvesting, photocatalysis, and electron/energy storage (FeIII/FeII-Py). Subsequently, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) were employed to simulate the dark reaction, wherein the proton, electron and energy generated by the light reaction can drive the H2 producing process. By a temporally and spatially coupling of the light and dark reactions, the resulting APC achieved a solar conversion efficiency of 3.1%, exceeding that of natural photosynthetic systems and demonstrating the potential of artificial photosynthesis.

Artificial Photosynthetic Cell with Molecular Biomimetic Thylakoid

The construction of solar‐to‐chemical conversion system by mimicking the photosynthetic network of the chloroplast holds great promise on efficient solar energy utilization. We developed an artificial photosynthetic cell (APC) based on molecular biomimetic thylakoid (CoTPP‐FePy) to split water into hydrogen and oxygen (H2 and O2) at low driving voltage (1.1 V) and neutral condition (pH≈7). The CoTPP‐FePy can emulate the light reaction in thylakoids to produce O2 by coupling light harvesting, photocatalysis, and electron/energy storage (FeIII/FeII‐Py). Subsequently, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) were employed to simulate the dark reaction, wherein the proton, electron and energy generated by the light reaction can drive the H2 producing process. By a temporally and spatially coupling of the light and dark reactions, the resulting APC achieved a solar conversion efficiency of 3.1%, exceeding that of natural photosynthetic systems and demonstrating the potential of artificial photosynthesis.

Unbiased Photoelectrochemical H2O2 Coupled to H2 Production via Dual Sb2S3‐Based Photoelectrodes with Ultralow Onset Potential

AbstractThe productions of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrogen (H2) in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting cell suffer from an onset potential that limits solar conversion efficiencies. Moreover, the formation of H2O2 through two‐electron PEC water oxidation reaction competes with four‐electron oxidation evolution reaction. Herein, we developed the surface selenium doped antimony trisulfide photoelectrode with the integrated ruthenium cocatalyst (Ru/Sb2(S,Se)3) to achieve the low onset potential and high Faraday efficiency (FE) for selective H2O2 production. The photoanode exhibits an outstanding average FE of 85 % in the potential range of 0.4–1.6 VRHE and the H2O2 yield of 1.01 μmol cm−2 min−1 at 1.6 VRHE, especially at low potentials of 0.1–0.55 VRHE with 80.4 % FE. Impressively, an unassisted PEC system that employs light and electrolyte was constructed to simultaneously produce H2O2 and H2 production on both the Ru/Sb2(S,Se)3 photoanode and the Pt/TiO2/Sb2S3 photocathode. The integrated system enables the average PEC H2O2 production rate of 0.637 μmol cm−2 min−1 without applying any addition bias. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that Sb2S3‐based photoelectrodes exhibit H2O2/H2 two‐side production with a strict key factor of the system, which represents its powerful platform to achieve high efficiency and productivity and the feasibility to facilitate value‐added products in neutral conditions.

Unbiased Photoelectrochemical H2O2 Coupled to H2 Production via Dual Sb2S3-Based Photoelectrodes with Ultralow Onset Potential.

The productions of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrogen (H2) in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting cell suffer from an onset potential that limits solar conversion efficiencies. Moreover, the formation of H2O2 through two-electron PEC water oxidation reaction competes with four-electron oxidation evolution reaction. Herein, we developed the surface selenium doped antimony trisulfide photoelectrode with the integrated ruthenium cocatalyst (Ru/Sb2(S,Se)3) to achieve the low onset potential and high Faraday efficiency (FE) for selective H2O2 production. The photoanode exhibits an outstanding average FE of 85 % in the potential range of 0.4-1.6 VRHE and the H2O2 yield of 1.01 μmol cm-2 min-1 at 1.6 VRHE, especially at low potentials of 0.1-0.55 VRHE with 80.4 % FE. Impressively, an unassisted PEC system that employs light and electrolyte was constructed to simultaneously produce H2O2 and H2 production on both the Ru/Sb2(S,Se)3 photoanode and the Pt/TiO2/Sb2S3 photocathode. The integrated system enables the average PEC H2O2 production rate of 0.637 μmol cm-2 min-1 without applying any addition bias. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that Sb2S3-based photoelectrodes exhibit H2O2/H2 two-side production with a strict key factor of the system, which represents its powerful platform to achieve high efficiency and productivity and the feasibility to facilitate value-added products in neutral conditions.

Structural, morphological, optical and down-conversion studies of NaLaMgTeO6:Dy3+ single phase phosphor for white light emitting applications and solar spectral converter for photovoltaic applications

Researches on rare earth activated phosphors in solid state lighting and enhancement in efficiency of solar cells pave attention to develop efficient phosphor materials. In the present work, Dy3+ doped NaLaMgTeO6 phosphors are synthesized using solid state reaction method. The structural studies using XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of the compound. SEM analysis reveals that the particles are closely packed, which in turn exhibit intense luminescence intensity due to low scattering and high packing density. Elemental configuration were analyzed using EDS analysis. FTIR analysis revealed the vibrational bands of the host matrix. Optical energy bandgap was calculated using DRS spectra. The luminescence characteristics of the samples were investigated using excitation and emission spectra. Upon most intense 351 and 388 nm excitation, sharp yellow emission peak at 572 nm dominates blue emission at 478 nm, further reveals that Dy3+ ions occupy low symmetry site in the host lattice. The optimum concentration of Dy3+ in the present host is x = 0.04 mol and concentration quenching is due to dipole-quadrupole interaction of adjacent Dy3+ ions. The thermal quenching phenomenon is studied using temperature dependent photoluminescence analysis. The CIE chromaticity coordinates and CCT values conclude NaLaMgTeO6:Dy3+ phosphors are good candidate for cool near-white light emitting materials for outdoor illumination. The study on solar spectral response and down-conversion property of the synthesized phosphor demonstrate its applicability as solar spectral converters in solar cell applications.

Tailoring Energy Structure of Low‐Toxic Ternary Ag−Bi−S Quantum Dots through Solution‐Phase Synthesis for Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Solar Cells

AbstractLow‐toxic multinary semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) showing a photoresponse in a wide wavelength range from visible to near‐IR wavelength regions have been intensively investigated for fabricating efficient solar light conversion systems. Recently, AgBiS2 QDs have attracted much attention for their application to improve the performance of QD solar cells because they have a large absorption coefficient in the visible and near‐IR regions. In this report, we describe solution‐phase preparation of ternary Ag−Bi−S QDs with different sizes and with different Ag/Bi ratios. The average size of resulting spherical Ag−Bi−S QDs was controllable from 2.7 to 8.1 nm by adjusting the reaction temperature from 373 to 473 K, while the Ag fraction of obtained QDs also increased with an increase in particle size. The absorption onset wavelength shifted from 850 to 1200 nm in the near‐IR region as the particle size increased. AgBiS2 QDs with an almost stoichiometric composition, obtained at reaction temperatures of 423 K and 473 K, contained no deep intragap states and exhibited a p‐type semiconductor behavior, while QDs prepared at a reaction temperature of 393 K or lower had non‐stoichiometric Ag‐deficient compositions producing intragap defect states. Sensitized solar cells fabricated with stoichiometric AgBiS2 QDs exhibited a photoresponse in visible and near‐IR wavelength regions, the optimal PCE being 0.74% with AgBiS2 QDs of 6.2 nm in diameter that were prepared at 423 K.

Efficient interfacial solar evaporation using a novel carbonized foam as photo-thermal converter

Recent research shows that one of the effective and green methods to reduce freshwater scarcity is interfacial solar evaporation. This method does not require energy consumption. One of the important challenges that should be taken into consideration in interfacial solar evaporator systems is the fabrication of solar absorbers with easy, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, efficient and scalable methods. Herein, a carbonized melamine foam (CMF) fabricated via a one-step, fast, low-cost and easy method for solar desalination. The CMF is fabricated by an electrical heat gun within a few minutes and is characterized by various techniques. The prepared CMF as a black foam shows excellent properties for solar desalination such as superhydrophilicity, high light absorption, high water transportation rate, good photo-thermal conversion, high rate of water evaporation and salt resistance. The prepared CMF shows repeatable performance in solar evaporation at consecutive evaporation cycles with solar evaporation rate of 3 kg m−2h−1 and high solar thermal conversion efficiency of 90 % under 1000 W m−2 illumination.

Enhanced photocatalytic removal of NOx through the synergistic effect of photothermal activation and bipyroelectricity

Photocatalysis provides a green and promising strategy for removing nitrogen oxides (NOx), one of the main pollutants in the atmosphere. However, few studies have been able to utilize the infrared portion of sunlight due to its low energy, which accounts for >50% of the total sunlight. The conversion of infrared light into heat is an effective but flawed approach for photocatalysis, because high temperature cannot only reduce the activation barrier of the reaction and improve the migration rate of charge carriers, but also increase the collision probability of photogenerated carriers. Here, C/PVDF-BaTiO3 (polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF) photocatalytic films with bi-pyroelectric effect are designed to boost the full-spectrum solar photocatalytic conversion of NOx. During the photocatalytic reaction process, the photothermal conversion of carbon and the dual pyroelectricity synergistically enhance and reinforce each other’s effects. The 0.5 wt% C/PVDF-BaTiO3 film achieves a denitrification efficiency of 60% in a flow reaction, surpassing both the BaTiO3 and PVDF-BaTiO3 samples by 25% and 15% respectively.

Carbon nanodots-based interfacial nanofluid for high-performance solar-driven water evaporation

Solar steam generation through volumetric heating using nanofluids is a promising approach for wastewater treatment and desalination. However, low evaporation rate and slow response time to the change in solar intensity seriously affect their cumulative evaporation performance in practice. Here, we propose an interfacial nanofluid structure for high-performance solar-driven water evaporation using carbon nanodot (CDs) nanofluid and airlaid paper. CDs nanofluid transferred down through the paper from a source water tank to form an interfacial evaporation structure and ensure continuous water supply for evaporation. The solar conversion heat was only localized on a small amount of nanofluid on the paper resulting in low heat loss to the bulk nanofluid and a fast response time of within 2 min to reach a steady evaporation rate. In addition, the flowing nanofluid on the paper can absorb environmental energy to achieve high-rate evaporation of 1.93 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun irradiation. This study provides an effective strategy to improve the performance of volumetric heating systems for solar wastewater treatment and desalination.

Doubling Power Conversion Efficiency of Si Solar Cells.

Improving solar cells' power conversion efficiency (PCE) is crucial to further the deployment of renewable electricity. In addition, solar cells cannot function at exceedingly low temperatures owing to the carrier freeze-out phenomenon. This report demonstrates that through temperature regulation, the PCE of monocrystalline single-junction silicon solar cells can be doubled to 50-60% under monochromatic lasers and the full spectrum of AM 1.5 light at low temperatures of 30-50 K by inhibiting the lattice atoms' thermal oscillations for suppressing thermal loss, an inherent feature of monocrystalline Si cells. Moreover, the light penetration, determined by its wavelength, plays a critical role in alleviating the carrier freeze-out effect and broadening the operational temperature range of silicon cells to temperatures as low as 10 K. Understanding these new observations opens tremendous opportunities for designing solar cells with even higher PCE to provide efficient and powerful energy sources for cryogenic devices and outer and deep space explorations.

Evaluating Photovoltaic Conversion Performance under Artificial Indoor Lighting

Several photovoltaic technologies, based on different semiconductor absorbers with band-gap energy in the range Eg = 1.0–1.5 eV are currently sharing the market for outdoor applications. These photovoltaic cells are designed to achieve an optimal photovoltaic conversion under solar illumination (represented by the standard AM1.5 global spectrum), but their performance changes under different artificial indoor lights. Here, the detailed balance principle that was first applied for an ideal photovoltaic absorber under solar radiation is now used by considering the actual spectra of four typical indoor lamps: incandescent, halogen, metal halide and white LED. For each particular illumination source, the theoretical maximum for short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and maximum power point have been calculated and represented as a function of the absorber band-gap energy. Furthermore, the optical absorption spectra of some semiconductors with optimal solar conversion efficiencies are used to estimate their comparative performance under the various artificial light sources. It has been found that wide band-gap absorbers (Eg~1.9 eV) are needed to achieve a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 60% under LED illumination or 31% with metal halide bulbs, while a lowest band-gap energy of about 0.8 eV is required to obtain a maximum efficiency of 24% with incandescent and halogen lamps.

Characteristics of solar to hydrogen-rich fuel production integrating parabolic trough collectors with partially rotatable tracking strategies

To achieve carbon neutrality, hydrogen and solar energy are receiving increasing attention. Concentrated solar thermal energy by parabolic trough collectors can be used to drive methanol cracking reactions for distributed hydrogen-rich syngas production. In this scenario, the collector is characterized by its small size and easy to integrate with hydrogen utilization equipment. However, parabolic trough collectors use a single-axis strategy with inherent large cosine loss, resulting in a low annual efficiency. The partially rotatable tracking is an advanced tracking strategy, which considers the trade-off between performance and cost compared to double-axis tracking strategies, and shows great potential for applications in distributed solar thermochemical reactions. In this study, solar to hydrogen-rich fuel production integrating parabolic trough collectors with the partially rotatable tracking strategy is proposed. The effect of the partially rotatable tracking strategy on the solar thermochemical conversion of methanol cracking is revealed. An annual normalized optical improvement of 40%∼54% is realized over a latitude range of 0∼50° by means of an optimal daily rotation angle. The solar thermochemical reactor with the partially rotatable tracking strategy has the less irreversibility loss during the concentrating process and the higher thermochemical efficiency. The results show that in three Chinese cities (Beijing, Lhasa and Guangzhou) with different latitudes and irradiation conditions, a partial north-south rotation strategy yields an additional 17.42%, 11.62% and 6.22% of chemical energy per year from the sun, while a partial east-west rotation strategy yields an additional 14.91%, 19.35% and 15.37% per year from the sun. The encouraging results indicate a promising method for the effective conversion of solar energy to chemical energy of hydrogen-rich fuels.

Hybrid NenG/ZSM‐5 Towards Highly Selective and Efficient Photocatalysis for Generation of Leucodopaminechrome and Gluconic Acid Under Solar Light

AbstractGlucose, an abundant and renewable form of biomass, has garnered significant attention in research for its conversion into high‐value chemicals such as gluconic acid. Traditional methods for biomass transformation typically involve high energy input, elevated temperature, pressure, and costly systems. In contrast, photocatalysis emerges as a promising approach to produce organic molecules under mild conditions, harnessing energy from natural sunlight or lamps. This study presents the nitrogen‐enriched graphene with zeolite second Mobil–5 (NenG/ZSM‐5) photocatalyst, evaluated for generating high‐value chemicals (gluconic acid and leucodopaminechrome) under solar light irradiation. The NenG/ZSM‐5 photocatalyst, synthesized from nitrogen‐doped graphene and ZSM‐5, successfully converted dopamine into leucodopaminechrome (71.54 %) — a critical step in dopamine regeneration and transformed glucose into gluconic acid (85 %). The addition of ZSM‐5 to NenG provided stability and enhanced product selectivity. The outstanding performance of the NenG/ZSM‐5 photocatalyst can be attributed to its heightened solar light harvesting potential, appropriate energy band gap, and uniformly arranged π‐electron channels. This research focuses on solar conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and dopamine regeneration, with potential for further exploration in the research domain.

Unassisted photoelectrochemical CO2-to-liquid fuel splitting over 12% solar conversion efficiency

The increasing need to control anthropogenic CO2 emissions and conversion to fuels features the necessity for innovative solutions, one of which is photoelectrochemical system. This approach, capable of yielding gaseous production progressively, is facing challenges for liquid fuels generation due to optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. This study employs a standalone photoelectrochemical setup, in which InGaP/GaAs/Ge photoanode is integrated with tin-modified bismuth oxide cathode to convert CO2 into liquid formic acid. In unassisted two-electrode assembly, setup exemplifies its operational durability for 100 h, during which it maintains an average Faradaic efficiency of 88% with 17.3 mmol L–1 h–1 of yield, thereby excelling in average solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency at 12% with 60% of electrical energy efficiency under one sun illumination. This significant performance is further associated with metal-semiconductor interface formation between tin and bismuth oxide, which bridges electronic structures and generates an electric field at their interfaces. This study outperforms conventional solar-driven systems in operational durability and liquid fuel production.

Intracellular Gold Nanocluster/Organic Semiconductor Heterostructure for Enhancing Photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic microorganisms, which rely on light-driven electron transfer, store solar energy in self-energy carriers and convert it into bioenergy. Although these microorganisms can operate light-induced charge separation with nearly 100% quantum efficiency, their practical applications are inherently limited by the photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency. Artificial semiconductors can induce an electronic response to photoexcitation, providing additional excited electrons for natural photosynthesis to improve solar conversion efficiency. However, challenges remain in importing exogenous electrons across cell membranes. In this work, we have developed an engineered gold nanocluster/organic semiconductor heterostructure (AuNC@OFTF) to couple the intracellular electron transport chain of living cyanobacteria. AuNC@OFTF exhibits a prolonged excited state lifetime and effective charge separation. The internalized AuNC@OFTF permits its photogenerated electrons to participate in the downstream of photosystem II and construct an oriented electronic highway, which enables a five-fold increase in photocurrent in living cyanobacteria. Moreover, the binding events of AuNC@OFTF established an abiotic-biotic electronic interface at the thylakoid membrane to enhance electron flux and finally furnished nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Thus, AuNC@OFTF can be exploited to spatiotemporally manipulate and enhance the solar conversion of living cyanobacteria in cells, providing an extended nanotechnology for re-engineering photosynthetic pathways.

Simulation and analysis of solar cells based on InN/p-Si: influence on thickness, doping concentration, and temperature dependence

ABSTRACT The current research project intends to enhance solar cells' power and conversion efficiency based on InN/p-Si utilizing the PC1D simulator. A broad direct bandgap of Indium nitride (0.65 eV) makes it suitable for various applications. The InN-based solar cells show an excellent candidate for generating a higher efficiency device, incorporating well-established silicon substrate technology. The open-source PC1D is well-known software for simulating future solar devices without the need to fabricate real devices. The simulated area was adjusted to 10 cm2. The Si substrate and InN layer thicknesses were designed to be 350 μm and 1×10-3 μm, respectively. The n- and p-regions have doping concentrations of 1×1021 cm-3 and 1×1017 cm-3, respectively. This work analyses the influence of geometrical and technological aspects such as both n-p regions thickness, doping concentrations, and temperature dependency to enhance the conversion efficiency of these structures under the AM1.5G solar spectrum with intensity 0.1 W/cm2. It has been demonstrated that the growth of high-quality InN layers and p-type doping persists to be problematic. It appears challenging to find the most suitable material substrate for InN solar. To produce compatible solar cells with simple structures and cost-effective, however, extremely thin layers of n-layer material are required due to the high absorption coefficient of type III-nitrides. The results illustrate that by adjusting the optimized parameter at room temperature to the lowest temperature (200 K), the solar efficiency may increase up from 19.18% to 27.67%.

Thermal radiation characteristic parameters of biomass mixed feedstock for concentrating solar gasification reaction

Solar energy and biomass are both important renewable energy, and the studies on them contribute to current goal of global carbon neutral. The solar gasification process directly employs solar radiation to drive the conversion from biomass to syngas via endothermic gasification reactions. This process relies on the biomass feedstock absorbing incident solar irradiation to sustain these reactions. The thermal radiation characteristics of biomass materials, such as spectral emissivity and absorptivity, determine its capacity for solar energy absorption versus losses from self-emission. Thus, these parameters are critical inputs for accurate thermal-balance modeling of the solar reactor. In this study, the reflectance of 9 biomass samples were experimentally measured in the main solar spectrum range of 200–2500 nm. Based on measurement results, the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of each biomass materials are obtained via Kramers-Kronig relations. Besides, the dielectric function of the 9 biomass samples are also modeled using a 5-th Lorentz oscillator model and the model parameters are determined. The results indicate that the 5-th Lorentz oscillator model adequately characterizes the thermal radiation properties of diverse biomass feedstocks over the measured spectrum. This work contributes important spectral property data to enable accurate modeling and optimization of solar thermochemical conversion based on biomass gasification processes.

Study of Antimony and Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide in Acidic Medium

In recent decades, the high-energy demand has generated interest in renewable energies and has become a more pressing issue for the development of cost-effective and eco-friendly conversion and storage technologies.1 Solar conversion systems are very attractive to address this problem, either in photovoltaic systems or in systems that store solar energy in chemical form ("solar fuels").2-3 However, there are challenges in terms of functionality, such as (1) finding suitable materials for photon absorption and (2) developing materials for the water electrolysis reaction to produce hydrogen as a solar fuel.4 Materials include catalysts and catalyst supports that allow a stable operation of a cell. Sb-doped tin oxide (ATO) has recently been used as an electrocatalyst support under acidic conditions and proposed as an alternative to F-doped tin oxide (FTO). In this talk, we will address our studies in acidic media of the fundamental electrochemistry of ATO to determine the potential window corresponding to the operation of the material in acid solutions. Experimental. The experiments were performed in a 3-electrode cell. A glassy carbon electrode of 0.0706 cm2 surface area was used as working electrode (WE), a graphite rod of 0.618 cm diameter as counter electrode (CE), and an Ag/AgCl as reference electrode (RE). The RE was placed in a double junction, and the electrolyte used was a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution (Ultrex® II Ultrapure Reagent). Electrochemical measurements were made on a CH instruments electrochemical workstation potentiostat (CHI 760D). Open circuit potential (OCP) and cyclic voltammograms (CV) were collected. The electrolyte was deoxygenated with Ar, and an Ar blanket was kept on top of the electrochemical cell surface.Cavaliere and coworkers had synthesized an antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) with microwaves5 and carried out different studies regarding the applications of ATO as support toward proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)6. Our studies of ATO were mainly focused on the electrochemical activity of anodic potentials. Figure 1 shows two oxidation peaks: one at 0.147 V and the other at -0.253 V both vs NHE. We have assigned the peak at 0.147 V to tin dissolution because of the potentials for SnO2 reduction:7 The material exhibits a potential window of more than one volt in acidic media, which we propose corresponds to the thermodynamic stability of ATO. The anodic and cathodic limits, and the effect of Sb doping on the SnO2 material will be discussed in detail in the presentation. Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to the National Science Foundation (NSF) for the financial support through NSF project CHE-2108462. References Zhao, Y.; Adiyeri Saseendran, D. P.; Huang, C.; Triana, C. A.; Marks, W. R.; Chen, H.; Zhao, H.; Patzke, G. R., Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reaction Catalysts: From In Situ Monitoring and Reaction Mechanisms to Rational Design. Chemical Reviews 2023.Bordet, A.; Leitner, W., Adaptive Catalytic Systems for Chemical Energy Conversion. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2023, 62 (33), e202301956.Bagdanavicius, A., Energy and Exergy Analysis of Renewable Energy Conversion Systems. Energies 2022, 15 (15), 5528.Montoya, J. H.; Seitz, L. C.; Chakthranont, P.; Vojvodic, A.; Jaramillo, T. F.; Nørskov, J. K., Materials for solar fuels and chemicals. Nature Materials 2017, 16 (1), 70-81.Cavaliere, S.; Subianto, S.; Savych, I.; Tillard, M.; Jones, D. J.; Rozière, J., Dopant-Driven Nanostructured Loose-Tube SnO2 Architectures: Alternative Electrocatalyst Supports for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2013, 117 (36), 18298-18307.Dubau, L.; Maillard, F.; Chatenet, M.; Cavaliere, S.; Jiménez-Morales, I.; Mosdale, A.; Mosdale, R., Durability of Alternative Metal Oxide Supports for Application at a Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Cathode—Comparison of Antimony- and Niobium-Doped Tin Oxide. Energies 2020, 13 (2), 403.Bard, A. J. P., R; Jordan, J. , Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. 1st edition ed.; CRC Press, 1985: 1985; Vol. Volume 6 of Monographs in Electroanalytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, p 848. Figure 1