Solar Coefficient Of Performance Research Articles

A theoretical thermal model for a heat pump module using evacuated tube solar adsorption

The study focuses on analyzing a novel design of an evacuated glass tube solar adsorption cooling module, which combines an adsorption-based heat pump system and an evacuated glass tube solar collector into a single component module. The module consists of a single-wall evacuated glass tube, with the adsorbent bed (generator) located on one side (top section) and the evaporator/condenser with refrigerant on the other side (bottom section). The study presents a theoretical model of the module, based on previous experimental data, indicating promising results in terms of energy efficiency. The adsorbents examined, both zeolite 13X as well as silica gel type-RD, both adsorbents have an ideal design point in terms of adsorbent bed diameter, radiation heat flux, and glass tube diameter, as shown by the analysis. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of an evacuated tube adsorption heat pump module by analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms and energy balance involved in the module's operation. Through thermodynamic analysis, the solar coefficient of performance (COP) of evacuated glass tube adsorption heat pump module for zeolite and silica gel type-RD is 0.11 and 0.2 respectively.

Performance analysis of a solar-driven domestic refrigerator working with eco-friendly refrigerants in continuous power outage areas

ABSTRACT Environmental impacts of refrigerants and global renewable energy transition policies necessitated research on small-scale solar domestic refrigerators (SDRs) and their working fluids in order to address energy efficiency, flammability limits, and acceptable global warming potential. This study analyses the performance of an SDR operating with R290/R600a blend (CARE30), R1234yf, R1234yf/R134a blend (90:10), and CARE30/R1234yf/R134a blend (60:30:10) as R134a substitutes. In addition, a full year of daily meteorological data was analyzed to determine how solar intensity and air temperature affected performance metrics such as the solar co-efficient of performance (COP), PV array size, and compressor power for the selected refrigerants. The entire system was modeled using MATLAB, SAM-2022, and REFPROP-10.0 software. The experimental COP was used to validate the simulation. The seasonal ranges for the average solar COP and system COP were found to be 0.28 to 2.60 and 0.53 to 0.90, respectively. The PV energy generation and actual energy demand were 57.9–78.6 and 35.36–53.09 kWh/month, respectively, ensuring that the system can operate solely on solar energy. The weather data of the place, PV technologies, capacities of widely used SDRs, excess energy utilization, and economic parameters can be looked at for the successful implementation of the system.

Thermodynamic analysis of absorption refrigeration cycles by parabolic trough collectors

The purpose of this study is to numerically investigate the performance of a solar physical surface absorption cooling system, in which activated carbon/methanol is used as a working pair, which is placed inside a parabolic-shaped solar collector. The governing mathematical model of this issue is based on the equations of conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and thermodynamics of the physical surface absorption process. The equations are discretized using the fully implicit finite difference method, and the Fortran computer program was simulated. A comparison with the results of previous laboratory and numerical studies validated this model. At each point in the bed, the temperature, pressure, and mass of the refrigerant absorbed during the physical surface absorption/discharge process were calculated. In addition, the effects of the bed diameter, amount of solar radiation, source temperature, temperature, and pressure of the evaporator and condenser were investigated on the solar performance coefficient and the specific cooling power of the system. According to the built laboratory model and the working conditions of the system, the solar performance coefficient and the specific cooling capacity of the system are equal to 0.12 and 45.6 W/kg, respectively.

Performance Assessment of an Ice-Production Hybrid Solar CPV/T System Combining Both Adsorption and Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems

The technology of a hybrid solar concentration photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) system is an efficient way of converting solar energy to heat and electrical power, in which overall energy-extraction efficiency is at its highest. In this study, numerical dynamic simulation models were developed for a hybrid solar CPV/T system and an adsorption refrigeration system (ARS). Under the climatic conditions of Riyadh all year round, the electrical and thermal powers generated by the CPV/T system were used to estimate the ice production of both the vapor compression refrigeration system (VCS) and the ARS. The CPV/T system can provide a thermal energy of 37.6 kWh and electrical energy of 24.7 kWh a day on average over the year using a 12.5 m2 facing area of Fresnel lenses. The ARS employed an advanced approach which used Maxsorb III adsorbent packed in two aluminum foam beds. An optimum cycle time of the ARS was adapted for each month to match the variation in the thermal energy, while a variable-speed compressor was chosen for the VCS. Due to its higher coefficient of performance (COP), the proposed solar hybrid system can produce 494.4 kg of ice per day while sharing 84.5% of the VCS. The average solar COP over the year of the hybrid system can attain 0.875, which represents a promising value for a solar ice-production system.

Cost-effective and environmentally friendly solar collector for thermally driven cooling systems

Solar collectors are key components that allow the exploitation of solar radiation in sustainable applications such as solar cooling systems. However, the selection criteria of the suitable technology of solar collector are still ambiguous. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of absorption and adsorption cooling systems powered by different solar collectors, namely flat plate collector, evacuated-tube collector, compound parabolic collector, parabolic trough collector, photovoltaic thermal collector and a new configuration of concentrating photovoltaic thermal collector, for air-conditioning application in a residential building. Thus, the impact of each solar collector on thermal, economic and environmental performances of the solar cooling systems is quantified to identify the most cost-effective and eco-friendly system, under three different climate conditions. The performance results showed that the proposed concentrating photovoltaic thermal collector performed the best for absorption cooling system with a solar coefficient of performance of 0.449, 0.428 and 0.414 in Marrakesh, Barcelona and Oslo cities, characterized by hot arid, warm temperate and boreal climates, respectively, and for the adsorption cooling system as well in Oslo city with a solar coefficient of performance of 0.351, while photovoltaic thermal collector exhibited the best performance for adsorption cooling system in Marrakesh and Barcelona cities with a solar coefficient of performance of 0.397 and 0.386, respectively. Furthermore, the economic findings revealed that the photovoltaic thermal collector is the most cost-effective one for absorption/adsorption systems, with levelized cost of cooling in the order of €0.106/0.111, €0.137/0.142 and €0.287/0.313 per kWh, and discounted payback period of 11.25/11.43, 15.23/14.94 and 24/25.63 years in Marrakesh, Barcelona and Oslo cities, respectively. Besides, evacuated-tube collector is found to be the most environmentally-friendly collector, since it allows reducing greenhouse gases emissions especially in boreal climate with a life cycle climate performance of 5.86/5.99 tCO2 for absorption/adsorption systems.

Thermal performance assessment of an ejector air-conditioning system with parabolic trough collector using R718 as a refrigerant: A case study in Algerian desert region

This paper investigates a safety control room with 18 kW of cooling load, where a parabolic trough collector is connected to an R718 ejector air-conditioning subsystem. Engineering Equation Solver is used as a programming tool to conduct the dynamic study of the proposed system. After model validation, the optical thermal and exergy efficiency of studied solar collector, main ejector diameters, ejector mass ratio, coefficient of performance of ejector air-conditioning subsystem, and solar performance coefficient (or system thermal ratio) have been accurately determined under different operating conditions. Regarding the studied solar collector, its optical, thermal, and energy performances are acceptable, with values of 79.15 %, 67.06 %, and 19.14 %, respectively. At the best-operating conditions (Tg = 413.15 K, Te = 283.15 K, and Tc = 298.15 K), the maximum performance of the ejector air-conditioning loop was estimated at 1.193, while the system thermal ratio for the studied solar air conditioner was 0.81. For a steady-state thermal operation, a hot storage tank was incorporated between the studied solar collector and the ejector air-conditioning subsystem with two different storage liquids (Therminol VP-1 oil and Hitec XL molten salt); the daily maximum storage temperature reached was thus 424.15 K.

Novel design of concentrating photovoltaic thermal collector – A comparative analysis with existing configurations

The aim of this paper is to propose a novel concentrating photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) collector based on parabolic trough concentrator with a semi-cylindrical receiver, and provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of the proposed configuration with the main existing CPVT collectors. To this end, a thermal model of the considered solar collectors is developed to investigate the impact of the receiver’s design on the collector’s performance in terms of their thermal, electrical, primary energy and exergy efficiencies. A residential building, located in the Moroccan city of Ouarzazate, characterized by its hot semi-arid climate, is considered as a case study to investigate the integration of solar collectors in air-conditioning application. A performance, economic and environmental analyses of CPVT driven cooling system are conducted by means of key indicators such as, solar coefficient of performance (SCOP), discounted payback period (DPP), levelized cost of cooling (LCOC), savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) and saved greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions.The results revealed that the proposed CPVT collector exhibited the highest primary energy efficiency with a value of 0.798. The performance outcomes of the solar cooling systems proved that a SCOP of 0.488 was achieved by the proposed CPVT collector followed by those based on the triangular, tubular and rectangular receivers with a value of 0.436, 0.406 and 0.367 respectively. Furthermore, from an economic perspective, the novel CPVT configuration has been proven to be the most cost-effective one with a LCOC, DPP and SIR of 0.129 $/kWh, 12.3 years and 1.488, respectively. Moreover, this configuration was found to be the most eco-friendly one with the lowest greenhouse gases emissions. This study could contribute to the promotion of the sustainable CPVT technology and is expected to be a guideline to select the most suitable configuration of CPVT collectors for solar cooling purposes.

Energetic and Exergetic Analysis of a Solar-Driven Single-Effect Absorption Refrigeration System Using LiBr + LiCl/H2O Solution Mixture

Abstract Comprising an eco-friendly blueprint, absorption refrigeration systems have attracted a lot of interest as they can use biomass, solar and geothermal energy sources which can mitigate climate change. The current study presents a methodology based on energy and analysis for solar-driven single-effect absorption refrigeration systems, which offer a 50-kW cooling capacity. This study proposes a new mixture ratio of LiBr + LiCl (mass ratio of 2:1)/H2O solution and compared it to LiBr/H2O thermodynamically. Based on the climate data of Kocaeli province in Turkey, an evacuated tube collector is employed to benefit from solar energy to meet the generator heat load of the system. Although at an evaporator temperature of 5 °C, enhanced thermodynamic performance is evident with the use of the LiBr + LiCl/H2O system, and a diminished solar collector area is required compared to the system utilizing LiBr/H2O; there is a level of attrition relating to the impact of the former with a single degree rise in evaporator temperature. However, this remained at a greater value than for the latter system. The final results pointed out that LiBr + LiCl/H2O has a 48.93% lower circulation ratio, 8.81% higher coefficient of performance (COP) of chiller, 8.88% higher solar COP, 8.96% higher exergy efficiency of chiller, 8.90% higher exergy efficiency of solar-driven system, 8.92% lower solar collector area, and 8.91% lower storage tank volume than LiBr/H2O system in the investigated operating temperature ranges. The final results of the present study can be safely tested in the experimental design of single-effect absorption chillers.

Effect of Adsorbent/Adsorbate Couple on the Performance of Adsorption Solar Refrigerator

This work presents a contribution to the study of the process of cold production by adsorption from solar energy. In this paper, we discuss a comparative study of the operation of a solar adsorption refrigerator using the silica gel-water couple and the zeolite-water couple through dynamic modeling and simulation. The mathematical model representing the evolution of heat and mass transfer at each component of the adsorption solar refrigerator has been developed. It appears from this study that the evolution of the temperature of the two adsorbents (zeolite and silica gel) is quasi-similar throughout the operating cycle. However, the maximum mass of water vapor adsorbed by the silicagel (0.24 kg/kg) is higher than that adsorbed by the zeolite (0.201 kg/kg). In the same way, the mass of water vapor cycled, obtained with the silicagel-water couple which is 0.14 kg/kg, is higher than that obtained with the zeolite-water couple which is 0.081 kg/kg. Therefore, the amount of cold produced 9.178 MJ and the solar coefficient of performance 0.378 obtained with the solar refrigerator using the silica gel-water couple, are better.

Preparation and direct photothermal property of reduced graphene oxide @copper foam cured MIL-101 for solar adsorption cooling process

Since the energy and environment issues, a renewable and sustainable solar adsorption cooling technology has attracted extensive attention. In order to improve the energy conversion efficiency in the solar adsorption cooling technology, a novel reduced graphene oxide (rGO) @copper foam cured MIL-101 (CFCM) composite with direct illumination property was explored in this paper. The preparation process and photothermal desorption performance of rGO@CFCM were studied. A solar adsorption cooling system with rGO@CFCM-water working pair was designed and constructed. Temperature characteristic curve of rGO@CFCM adsorber, the specific cooling power (SCP) and solar coefficient of performance (SCOP) of rGO@CFCM-water working pair were investigated. The results show that the rGO@CFCM with the carbon/oxygen ratio of 5.43, amount of rGO of 1.6 g m−2, thickness of copper foam of 10 mm owns great photothermal heating rate and desorption performance for water. The heating rate of rGO@CFCM is 0.90 ℃ min−1 with desorption percentage of water of 84.36% and energy conversing efficiency of 0.7573 under the irradiation intensity of 2 kW m−2 within 60 min. The light-to-heat conversion performance of rGO@CFCM composite is significantly improved through the addition of rGO. Even if 20 sets of adsorption/photothermal desorption, the adsorption capacity of rGO@CFCM for water still keep stable. SCP and SCOP of the rGO@CFCM-water adsorption cooling system is 85.38 W kg−1 and 0.163 at evaporation temperature of 17 ℃, respectively. It provides basic data for solar adsorption cooling technology.

Performance, economic and environmental assessment of solar cooling systems under various climates

Solar cooling systems are gaining more attention as eco-friendly cooling technology, which could be an alternative to the conventional vapor compression cooling one to meet the growing demand of space cooling. This paper proposes the investigation of different solar cooling systems, namely: solar absorption, solar adsorption, photovoltaic and photovoltaic thermal cooling systems on the basis of performance, economic and environmental aspects. The main objective is to identify the most favorable system depending on climate condition and solar fraction. Moreover, a numerical simulation is performed on EnergyPlus software to determine the cooling loads of a typical office building for air-conditioning purpose. Performance, economic and environmental analyses are carried out in terms of key indicators, such as solar coefficient of performance (SCOP), levelized cost of cooling (LCOC), discounted payback period (DPP), and life cycle climate performance (LCCP).The results showed that the increase of solar fraction impacts positively the economic and environmental indicators, since this could reduce the LCOC, DPP and LCCP values. Besides, the photovoltaic thermal cooling system exhibits the better performance in all climate conditions with SCOP values ranging from 36% to 52%, depending on climate. Furthermore, the economic findings revealed that the lowest values of LCOC are acquired by using photovoltaic cooling system; varying within the range of 0.056–0.25 €/kWhc, depending on climate. While the lowest DPP values are observed in regions with high solar irradiation using photovoltaic cooling system. Moreover, solar adsorption cooling system was found to be the most environmentally-friendly since it exhibits the lowest LCCP value. In addition, it was found that the increase of ambient temperature and solar radiation results in higher SCOP and lower LCOC and DPP values, especially for solar absorption and solar adsorption cooling systems. The current work is expected to serve as a reference for engineers and designers to select the suitable solar cooling system to be installed according to the target location and solar fraction.

Performance prediction of a two-bed solar-powered adsorption chiller with heat and mass recovery cycles and adaptive cycle time – A first step towards the design of fully autonomous commercial-scale adsorption chillers

Abstract The previously published literature based on the performance prediction of solar-powered adsorption chillers generally incorporates fixed heat/mass recovery (HR/MR) cycle times which remain unchanged during the entire course of operation of the adsorption chiller. In reality, the dynamics of the HR/MR processes are continuously subject to change due to temporal variations in the solar radiation intensity, and thus fixed HR/MR cycle times might not prove to be compatible with the actual dynamics of a transient solar-powered chiller operation. The current study proposes a numerical scheme for performance modeling of a commercial-scale adsorption chiller with adaptive HR/MR cycle times following the adsorption/desorption (ads/des) cycle. A novel model of the MR cycle has been proposed which, in accordance with the best knowledge of the authors, cannot be find anywhere else in the previously published literature. The ads/des → HR → MR → des/ads half cycle has been predicted to yield an almost 52% higher cycle-averaged value of coefficient of performance ( COP ), an almost 16% higher value of specific cooling power ( SCP ), and a roughly 146% higher value of solar COP ( COP sc ) than the ads/des → MR → HR → des/ads half cycle over the entire course of operation of the adsorption chiller till sunset.

Performance analysis of solar milk refrigerator using energy efficient R290

In this paper, an experimental investigation on the performance of vapor-compression based milk refrigerator using R290 as refrigerant is carried out. Milk refrigerator is driven by solar photovoltaic. R290 is considered to be the next generation refrigerant due to its excellent thermodynamic properties, cost, and environmental characteristics. The experimental set up consists of milk refrigerator that includes variable speed R290 DC compressor and solar PV modules along with batteries. Various performance parameters i.e. coefficient of performance, solar coefficient of performance, cooling capacity, and energy consumption are investigated for the different room temperature using variable speed mode. The results obtained from the tests are presented and discussed.

Thermal modelling of PVT-CPC integrated vapour absorption refrigeration system

In this paper, the single effect vapour absorption refrigeration (VAR) system is integrated with fully covered semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal-compound parabolic concentrator (PVT-CPC) collector. The thermal model of this integrated system has been obtained under constant mass flow rate mode of the collector. The thermal model is based on the basic energy balance of each component of the integrated system in terms of design and climatic parameters. Also, solar coefficient of performance (SCOP), refrigeration coefficient of performance (RCOP) and exergy coefficient of performance (ECOP) have been evaluated for the proposed integrated system. The numerical simulation have been performed for the climatic conditions of capital city of INDIA (i.e. New Delhi) with the help of MATLAB R2015a. From the results and discussion, it is found that PVT-CPC integrated with VAR system is most suitable for the self-sustained operation up to five hours for a typical day of summer month of New Delhi.

Performance Analyses of Photovoltaic Thermal Integrated Concentrator Collector Combined With Single Effect Absorption Cooling Cycle: Constant Flow Rate Mode

Abstract In the present communication, performance analyses of interconnected N number of fully covered semitransparent photovoltaic thermal integrated concentrator collectors combined with single effect vapor absorption refrigeration system have been carried out. The proposed system was analyzed under the constant mass flowrate of collectors’ fluid. Mathematical expressions have also been derived for generator temperature of the absorption unit as a function of both design and operating parameters. Further, simulations have been performed for a typical day of May month of New Delhi climatic conditions. Performance parameters have been evaluated such as collector exit temperature, generator inlet temperature, electrical power output, electrical efficiency, overall thermal energy gain, instantaneous thermal efficiency, overall exergy gain and coefficient of performance of the absorption system. The simulation code has been written in matlab. From the present analyses, the following salient conclusions have been drawn: Operating generator temperature of the absorption system is suitable for five number of photovoltaic thermal-integrated parabolic concentrator collector connected in series. The proposed system will continue operating for 5 h during May month in New Delhi climate conditions. The maximum solar coefficient of performance, refrigeration coefficient of performance, and exergy coefficient of performance are reported as 0.1551, 0.8344, and 0.2697, respectively, for the proposed novel system under given design and operating conditions. Additionally, the effects of other design parameters of this novel system have also been investigated.

Performance of a Solar Absorption Cooling System Using Nanofluids and a Membrane-Based Microchannel Desorber

In this work, the performance of a single effect absorption cooling system fed by solar thermal energy is evaluated. The absorption chiller includes a membrane-based microchannel desorber using three types of nanoparticles: Al2O3, CuO, or carbon nanotubes (CNT). Correlations available in the open literature to calculate the thermal conductivity of nanofluids are reviewed. Using experimental data for the water-lithium bromide solution (H2O-LiBr) with Al2O3 and CNT nanoparticles, the most appropriate correlation for thermal conductivity is selected. Nanofluid properties are evaluated using a concentration of nanoparticles of up to 5% in volume. The largest increase in the desorption rate (7.9%), with respect to using pure H2O-LiBr solution, is obtained using CNT nanoparticles and the maximum concentration of nanoparticles simulated. The performance of the chiller is evaluated and the daily solar coefficient of performance (SCOP) for the solar cooling facility is obtained. The best improvement with respect to the conventional system (without nanoparticles) represents an increase in the cooling effect of up to 6%. The maximum number of desorber modules recommended, always lower than 50, has been identified.

Dynamic Performance Investigation of Single-Effect NH3 + LiNO3 and NH3 + NaSCN Solar Cooling Cycles: A Case Study for Western Indian Climate

Abstract This article compares the dynamic behavior of solar-assisted novel salt-based ammonia/sodium thiocyanate (NH3 + NaSCN) and ammonia/lithium nitrate (NH3 + LiNO3) single-effect absorption refrigeration cycles. An evacuated tube collector (ETC) is attached with fully mixed hot water storage tank to power the absorption system. Variations in ambient conditions are determined for Gujarat Region of India and their effects on absorption cycles are quantified throughout the days for the months of April to September. System performance is investigated and compared on terms of coefficient of performance (COP), refrigeration capacity, efficiency and solar COP (SCOP). At same operating conditions, it is found that the NH3 + LiNO3 cycle can achieve much lower evaporator temperature (−13.1 °C) then NH3 + NaSCN cycle (−7.5 °C) and maximum possible COP for NH3 + NaSCN cycle is 0.73 and 0.68 for NH3 + LiNO3 cycle. The working limit of NH3 + LiNO3 cycle is wide ranging and narrow for NH3 + NaSCN cycle due to high crystallization possibility. SCOP varies from 0.18 to 0.43 for NH3 + NaSCN cycle and 0.17 to 0.39 for NH3 + LiNO3 cycle over the period of 6 months. Based on these findings, the suitable working cycle is justified.

Dynamic and Economic Investigation of a Solar Thermal-Driven Two-Bed Adsorption Chiller under Perth Climatic Conditions

Performance assessment of a two-bed silica gel-water adsorption refrigeration system driven by solar thermal energy is carried out under a climatic condition typical of Perth, Australia. A Fourier series is used to simulate solar radiation based on the actual data obtained from Meteonorm software, version 7.0 for Perth, Australia. Two economic methodologies, Payback Period and Life-Cycle Saving are used to evaluate the system economics and optimize the need for solar collector areas. The analysis showed that the order of Fourier series did not have a significant impact on the simulation radiation data and a three-order Fourier series was good enough to approximate the actual solar radiation. For a typical summer day, the average cooling capacity of the chiller at peak hour (13:00) is around 11 kW while the cyclic chiller system coefficient of performance (COP) and solar system COP are around 0.5 and 0.3, respectively. The economic analysis showed that the payback period for the solar adsorption system studied was about 11 years and the optimal solar collector area was around 38 m2 if a compound parabolic collector (CPC) panel was used. The study indicated that the utilization of the solar-driven adsorption cooling is economically and technically viable for weather conditions like those in Perth, Australia.

Performance evaluation of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by solar heat storage based on Moroccan irradiation

The aim of this paperwork is to provide a performance comparative study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by solar heat storage based on Moroccan irradiation. The system operates with ammonia as refrigerant and activated carbon as adsorbent. A parabolic through collector is used to collect the solar energy and store it in a heat storage tank. A dynamic simulation program interpreting the real behavior of the system has been developed. The pressure, temperature and adsorbed mass profiles in the Adsorber have been revealed. The system performance is estimated in terms of the specific cooling power (SCP) and the solar coefficient of performance (SCOP). The solar irradiation and the real ambient temperature variations corresponding to the six climatic zones in Morocco are considered. The effect of those conditions on the performance of the system has been investigated. The results show the capability of our system to realize more than one cycle and produce cold during the day. For an optimal configuration of the system and operating conditions of evaporation temperature, Tev=0 °C, condensation temperature, Tcon=30 °C and generation temperature, T3=100 °C, the process could achieve a SCP of 151 W.kg-1and its solar COP could attain 0.148. The system performances improve especially in sunny area.

Prototype’s seizing and design of a solar refrigerator based on solid adsorption

Solar refrigerator machines based on solid adsorption present a highly interesting solution to the Industry of Cooling Production. In one hand, they are significantly attractive economy ways because of the abundance of the solar energy resources. In the other hand, they are environment friendly. As a result, these machines could present one of the most competitive solutions to the improvement of this very industry. The aim of this paperwork is to provide an accurate study on how to design, seize and build a prototype of an adsorption solar refrigerator using activated-carbon/ammonia pair: Firstly, we used a static model, which is based on the use of state equations (vapor/liquid) at thermodynamic equilibrium. This model computes the cycled mass and the cycle coefficient of performance (COPc) for each four characteristic temperatures of the cycle. Secondly, we develop a dynamic simulation program based on conservation equations of energy and mass in the reactor, this program allow the calculation of the temperature, the pressure inside the reactor, the adsorbed mass and the solar coefficient of performance (COPs). Finally, in the light of our results, we design this prototype, it would consist of the reactor: a solar panel, size 1 m2contain tubes with a diameter of 10cm, an air condenser, and a cold chamber containing an air evaporator.