Solar Analogs Research Articles

Constraints on Magnetic Braking from the G8 Dwarf Stars 61 UMa and τ Cet

During the first half of their main-sequence lifetimes, stars rapidly lose angular momentum to their magnetized winds, a process known as magnetic braking. Recent observations suggest a substantial decrease in the magnetic braking efficiency when stars reach a critical value of the Rossby number, the stellar rotation period normalized by the convective overturn timescale. Cooler stars have deeper convection zones with longer overturn times, reaching this critical Rossby number at slower rotation rates. The nature and timing of the transition to weakened magnetic braking have previously been constrained by several solar analogs and two slightly hotter stars. In this Letter, we derive the first direct constraints from stars cooler than the Sun. We present new spectropolarimetry of the old G8 dwarf τ Cet from the Large Binocular Telescope, and we reanalyze a published Zeeman Doppler image of the younger G8 star 61 UMa, yielding the large-scale magnetic field strengths and morphologies. We estimate mass-loss rates using archival X-ray observations and inferences from Lyα measurements, and we adopt other stellar properties from asteroseismology and spectral energy distribution fitting. The resulting calculations of the wind braking torque demonstrate that the rate of angular momentum loss drops by a factor of 300 between the ages of these two stars (1.4–9 Gyr), well above theoretical expectations. We summarize the available data to help constrain the value of the critical Rossby number, and we identify a new signature of the long-period detection edge in recent measurements from the Kepler mission.

Metallicity and age effects on lithium depletion in solar analogues

ABSTRACT The lithium present in the photospheres of solar-type stars is transported to the inner parts by convection, reaching regions even somewhat below the convection zone, by non-standard transport mechanisms. In stars with deeper convective zones, this element can reach regions with temperatures sufficient enough to be destroyed, implying in a lower Li content. More metallic stars show a deepening of their convective zones, so they could deplete more Li in comparison with stars of lower metallicity. In order to verify this effect and its amplitude, we selected stars with ∼1 M⊙ and metallicities within a factor of two relative to the Sun. We studied a sample of 41 metal-rich and -poor solar analogues, and carried out a joint analysis with a sample of 77 solar twins from our previous work, resulting in a total sample of 118 stars covering the metallicity range −0.3 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ + 0.3 dex. We employed high-resolution (R = 115 000) and high-signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 400–1000) HARPS spectra and determined the atmospheric parameters using a line-by-line differential analysis and the Li abundance through spectral synthesis. The ages and masses of the whole sample were improved by refining the isochronal method. We also investigated the impact of planets on Li. We found robust anticorrelations between Li abundance and both metallicity and age, with a significance above 10σ in both cases. Our results agree qualitatively with theoretical predictions and are useful to constrain non-standard models of Li depletion, and to better understand transport and mixing mechanisms inside stars.

Revised Radiative Response Coefficients for the Curiosity Rover Mastcam from Direct Solar Images and Analog Tests

We have used solar images taken by the Curiosity rover’s Mastcam to derive new radiometric response coefficients. In addition, we used calibration data from the Perseverance rover’s Mastcam-Z instrument, which used the same detector, to estimate temperature sensitivity of the radiative response. The new coefficients allow calibration of raw data to radiance using the illuminant (the Sun) as the calibration source. Compared to the original pre-flight and early in-flight calibration, the revised calibration is expected to be more consistent across instrument temperature and allow for a self-consistent conversion to radiance factor values when contemporaneous calibration target images are not available or not appropriate. The revised coefficients were incorporated in a recalibration of Mastcam radiance products.

Survey for Distant Solar Twins (SDST) – III. Identification of new solar twin and solar analogue stars

ABSTRACT The Survey for Distant Solar Twins aims to find stars very similar to the Sun at distances of 1–$4\, {\rm kpc}$, several times more distant than any currently known solar twins and analogues. The goal is to identify the best stars with which to test whether the fine-structure constant, α, varies with dark matter density in our Galaxy. Here, we use epic, our line-by-line differential technique, to measure the stellar parameters – effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log g, and metallicity [Fe/H] – from moderate-resolution (R ≲ 32 000) spectra of 877 solar twin and analogue candidates (547 at 1–$4\, {\rm kpc}$) observed with the High Efficiency and Resolution Multi-Element Spectrograph (HERMES) on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. These are consistent with expectations for Teff and log g from photometry, and for [Fe/H] from the Besançon stellar population model. epic provides small enough uncertainties ($\sim 90\, {\rm K}$, $0.08\, {\rm dex}$, and $0.05\, {\rm dex}$, respectively), even at the low signal-to-noise ratios available (${\rm S/N}\gtrsim$ 25 per pixel), to identify 299 new solar analogues ($\ge 90~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence) and 20 solar twins (≥50 per cent confidence), 206 and 12 of which are at 1–$4\, {\rm kpc}$. By extending epic to measure line broadening and lithium abundance from HERMES spectra, and with ages derived from isochrone fitting with our stellar parameters, we identify 174 solar analogues at 1–$4\, {\rm kpc}$ that are relatively inactive, slowly rotating, and with no evidence of spectroscopic binarity. These are the preferred targets for follow-up spectroscopy to measure α.

A rocky exoplanet classification method and its application to calculating surface pressure and surface temperature

ABSTRACT With over 5000 exoplanets currently detected, there is a need for a primary classification method to prioritize candidates for biosignature observations. Here, we develop a classification method to categorize rocky exoplanets based on their closest Solar system analogue using available data of observed stellar and planetary features, masses, and radii, to model non-thermal atmospheric escape, thermal atmospheric escape, and stellar irradiation boundaries. Applying this classification method to the 720 rocky exoplanets in our sample with uncertainties in planetary masses, radii, stellar temperatures, and fluxes propagated via a Monte Carlo model indicates that 22 per cent ± 8 per cent are Mercury analogues, 39 per cent ± 4 per cent are Mars analogues, 11 per cent ± 1 per cent are Venus analogues, 2 per cent ± 1 per cent are Earth analogues, and 26 per cent ± 12 per cent are without a known planetary counterpart in our Solar system. Extrapolating to conditions on LHS 3844b and GJ 1252b, our classification method gives results reasonably consistent with current observations. Subsequently, to demonstrate the functionality of this classification method, we plot our catalogued sample of exoplanets on an adjusted surface pressure versus temperature phase diagram, presenting more realistic estimates of the potential surface phases (gas, liquid, or ice). Our new classification method could help target selection for future exoplanet characterization missions.

Asteroids’ reflectance from Gaia DR3: Artificial reddening at near-UV wavelengths

Context. Observational and instrumental difficulties observing small bodies below 0.5 μm make this wavelength range poorly studied compared with the visible and near-infrared. Furthermore, the suitability of many commonly used solar analogues, essential in the computation of asteroid reflectances, is usually assessed only in visible wavelengths, while some of these objects show spectra that are quite different from the spectrum of the Sun at wavelengths below 0.55 μm. Stars HD 28099 (Hyades 64) and HD 186427 (16 Cyg B) are two well-studied solar analogues that instead present spectra that are also very similar to the spectrum of the Sun in the wavelength region between 0.36 and 0.55 μm. Aims. We aim to assess the suitability in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) region of the solar analogues selected by the team responsible for the asteroid reflectance included in Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) and to suggest a correction (in the form of multiplicative factors) to be applied to the Gaia DR3 asteroid reflectance spectra to account for the differences with respect to the solar analogue Hyades 64. Methods. To compute the multiplicative factors, we calculated the ratio between the solar analogues used by Gaia DR3 and Hyades 64, and then we averaged and binned this ratio in the same way as the asteroid spectra in Gaia DR3. We also compared both the original and corrected Gaia asteroid spectra with observational data from the Eight Color Asteroid Survey (ECAS), one UV spectrum obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and a set of blue-visible spectra obtained with the 3.6 m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). By means of this comparison, we quantified the goodness of the obtained correction. Results. We find that the solar analogues selected for Gaia DR3 to compute the reflectance spectra of the asteroids of this data release have a systematically redder spectral slope at wavelengths shorter than 0.55 μm than Hyades 64. We find that no correction is needed in the red photometer (RP, between 0.7 and 1 μm), but a correction should be applied at wavelengths below 0.55 μm, that is in the blue photometer (BP). After applying the correction, we find a better agreement between Gaia DR3 spectra, ECAS, HST, and our set of ground-based observations with the TNG. Conclusions. Correcting the near-UV part of the asteroid reflectance spectra is very important for proper comparisons with laboratory spectra (minerals, meteorite samples, etc.) or to analyse quantitatively the UV absorption (which is particularly important to study hydration in primitive asteroids). The spectral behaviour at wavelengths below 0.5 μm of the selected solar analogues should be fully studied and taken into account for Gaia DR4.

Exploring and Validating Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrievals with Solar System Analog Observations

Solar system observations that serve as analogs for exoplanet remote sensing data can provide important opportunities to validate ideas and models related to exoplanet environments. Critically, and unlike true exoplanet observations, solar system analog data benefit from available high-quality ground- or orbiter-derived “truth” constraints that enable strong validations of exoplanet data interpretation tools. In this work, we first present a versatile atmospheric retrieval suite, capable of application to reflected light, thermal emission, and transmission observations spanning a broad range of wavelengths and thermochemical conditions. The tool—dubbed rfast—is designed, in part, to enable exoplanet mission concept feasibility studies. Following model validation, the retrieval tool is applied to a range of solar system analog observations for exoplanet environments. Retrieval studies using Earth reflected light observations from NASA’s EPOXI mission provide a key proof of concept for exo-Earth direct imaging concept missions under development. Inverse modeling applied to an infrared spectrum of Earth from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer achieves good constraints on atmospheric gases, including many biosignature gases. Finally, retrieval analysis applied to a transit spectrum of Titan derived from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer provides a proof of concept for interpreting more feature-rich transiting exoplanet observations from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. In the future, solar system analog observations for exoplanets could be used to verify exoplanet models and parameterizations, and future exoplanet analog observations of any solar system worlds from planetary science missions should be encouraged.

Protective Effects of Halite to Vacuum and Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation: A Potential Scenario During a Young Sun Superflare.

Halite (NaCl mineral) has exhibited the potential to preserve microorganisms for millions of years on Earth. This mineral was also identified on Mars and in meteorites. In this study, we investigated the potential of halite crystals to protect microbial life-forms on the surface of an airless body (e.g., meteorite), for instance, during a lithopanspermia process (interplanetary travel step) in the early Solar System. To investigate the effect of the radiation of the young Sun on microorganisms, we performed extensive simulation experiments by employing a synchrotron facility. We focused on two exposure conditions: vacuum (low Earth orbit, 10-4 Pa) and vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation (range 57.6-124 nm, flux 7.14 W/m2), with the latter representing an extreme scenario with high VUV fluxes comparable to the amount of radiation of a stellar superflare from the young Sun. The stellar VUV parameters were estimated by using the very well-studied solar analog of the young Sun, κ1 Cet. To evaluate the protective effects of halite, we entrapped a halophilic archaeon (Haloferax volcanii) and a non-halophilic bacterium (Deinococcus radiodurans) in laboratory-grown halite. Control groups were cells entrapped in salt crystals (mixtures of different salts and NaCl) and non-trapped (naked) cells, respectively. All groups were exposed either to vacuum alone or to vacuum plus VUV. Our results demonstrate that halite can serve as protection against vacuum and VUV radiation, regardless of the type of microorganism. In addition, we found that the protection is higher than provided by crystals obtained from mixtures of salts. This extends the protective effects of halite documented in previous studies and reinforces the possibility to consider the crystals of this mineral as potential preservation structures in airless bodies or as vehicles for the interplanetary transfer of microorganisms.

Probing Galactic variations in the fine-structure constant using solar twin stars: Systematic errors

ABSTRACT Sun-like stars are a new probe of variations in the fine-structure constant, α, via the solar twins approach: velocity separations of close pairs of absorption lines are compared between stars with very similar stellar parameters, i.e. effective temperature, metallicity, and surface gravity within 100 K, 0.1 dex, and 0.2 dex of the Sun’s values. Here, we assess possible systematic errors in this approach by analysing ≳10 000 archival exposures from the High-Accuracy Radial Velocity Planetary Searcher (HARPS) of 130 stars covering a much broader range of stellar parameters. We find that each transition pair’s separation shows broad, low-order variations with stellar parameters that can be accurately modelled, leaving only a small residual, intrinsic star-to-star scatter of 0–33 m s−1 (average ≈7 m s−1, ≈1 × 10−4 Å at 5000 Å). This limits the precision available from a single pair in a single star. We consider potential systematic errors from a range of instrumental and astrophysical sources (e.g. wavelength calibration, charge transfer inefficiency, stellar magnetic activity, line blending) and conclude that variations in elemental abundances, isotope ratios, and stellar rotational velocities may explain this star-to-star scatter. Finally, we find that the solar twins approach can be extended to solar analogues – within 300 K, 0.3 dex, and 0.4 dex of the Sun’s parameters – without significant additional systematic errors, allowing a much larger number of stars to be used as probes of variation in α, including at much larger distances.

Cyclic Variability in Brightness of the Young Solar Analog BE Ceti

Cyclic Variability in Brightness of the Young Solar Analog BE Ceti

Hunting for anti-solar differentially rotating stars using the Rossby number

Context. Anti-solar differential rotation profiles have been found for decades in numerical simulations of convective envelopes of solar-type stars. These profiles are characterized by a slow equator and fast poles (i.e., reversed with respect to the Sun) and have been found in simulations for high Rossby numbers. Rotation profiles like this have been reported in evolved stars, but have never been unambiguously observed for cool solar-type stars on the main sequence. As solar-type stars age and spin down, their Rossby numbers increase, which could therefore induce a transition toward an anti-solar differential rotation regime before the end of the main sequence. Such a rotational transition will impact the large-scale dynamo process and the magnetic activity. In this context, detecting this regime in old main-sequence solar-type stars would improve our understanding of their magnetorotational evolution. Aims. The goal of this study is to identify the most promising cool main-sequence stellar candidates for anti-solar differential rotation in the Kepler sample. Methods. First, we introduce a new theoretical formula to estimate fluid Rossby numbers, Rof, of main-sequence solar-type stars. We derived it from observational quantities such as Teff and Prot, and took the influence of the internal structure into account. Then, we applied it on a subset of the most recent catalog of Kepler rotation periods, after removing subgiants and selecting targets with solar metallicity. Next, we considered the highest computed Rof and inspected each target individually to select the most reliable anti-solar candidate. Finally, we extended our study to stars with metallicities different from that of the Sun. To this end, we developed a formulation for Rof dependent on the metallicity index [Fe/H] by using 1D stellar grids, and we also considered this compositional aspect for the selection of the targets. Results. We obtain a list of the most promising stars that are likely to show anti-solar differential rotation. We identify two samples: one at solar metallicity, including 14 targets, and another for other metallicities, including 8 targets. We find that the targets with the highest Rof are likely to be early-G or late-F stars at about log10g = 4.37 dex. Conclusions. We conclude that cool main-sequence stellar candidates for anti-solar differential rotation exist in the Kepler sample. The most promising candidate is KIC 10907436, and two other particularly interesting candidates are the solar analog KIC 7189915 and the seismic target KIC 12117868. Future characterization of these 22 stars is expected to help us understand how dynamics can impact magnetic and rotational evolution of old solar-type stars at high Rossby number.

Infrared variability of young solar analogues in the Lagoon Nebula

ABSTRACT T Tauri stars are low-mass pre-main sequence stars that are intrinsically variable. Due to the intense magnetic fields they possess, they develop dark spots on their surface that, because of rotation, introduce a periodic variation of brightness. In addition, the presence of surrounding discs could generate flux variations by variable extinction or accretion. Both can lead to a brightness decrease or increase, respectively. Here, we have compiled a catalogue of light curves for 379 T Tauri stars in the Lagoon Nebula (M8) region, using VVVX survey data in the Ks-band. All these stars were already classified as pre-MS stars based on other indicators. The data presented here are spread over a period of about eight years, which gives us a unique follow-up time for these sources at this wavelength. The light curves were classified according to their degree of periodicity and asymmetry, to constrain the physical processes responsible for their variation. Periods were compared with the ones found in literature, on a much shorter baseline. This allowed us to prove that for 126 stars, the magnetically active regions remain stable for several years. Besides, our near-IR data were compared with the optical Kepler/K2 light curves, when available, giving us a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the brightness variations observed and how they manifest at different bands. We found that the periodicity in both bands is in fairly good agreement, but the asymmetry will depend on the amplitude of the bursts or dips events and the observation cadence.

Survey for distant solar twins (SDST) – II. Design, observations, and data

ABSTRACT Studies of solar twins have key impacts on the astronomical community, but only ∼100–200 nearby solar twins (<1 kpc) have been reliably identified over the last few decades. The aim of our survey (SDST) is to identify ∼150–200 distant solar twins and analogues (up to ≲4 kpc) closer to the Galactic Centre. We took advantage of the precise Gaia and Skymapper surveys to select Sun-like candidates in a 2-deg field, which were observed with the HERMES spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. We successfully built up the required signal-to-noise ratio (25-per-pixel in the HERMES red band) for most targets as faint as Gaia G of 17.4 mag. The stellar photometric/astrometric parameters (e.g. Teff, log g, mass) of our candidates are derived in this paper, while the spectroscopic parameters will be presented in the third paper in this SDST series. The selection success rate – the fraction of targets which belong to solar twins or analogues – was estimated from simulated survey data and the Besançon stellar population model, and compared with the actual success rate of the survey. We find that expected and actual success rates agree well, indicating that the numbers of solar twins and analogues we discover in SDST are consistent with expectations, affirming the survey approach. These distant solar analogues are prime targets for testing for any variation in the strength of electromagnetism in regions of higher dark matter density, and can make additional contributions to our understanding of, e.g. Galactic chemical evolution in the inner Milky Way.

Is [Y/Mg] a Reliable Age Diagnostic for FGK Stars?

Current spectroscopic surveys are producing large catalogs of chemical abundances for stars of all types. The yttrium-to-magnesium ratio, [Y/Mg], has emerged as a candidate age indicator for solar twins in the local stellar neighborhood. However, it is unclear whether it is a viable age diagnostic for more diverse stellar types, so we investigate [Y/Mg] as an age indicator for the FGK-type planet host stars observed by Kepler. We find that the [Y/Mg] “Clock” is most precise for solar twins, with a [Y/Mg]/age slope of m = −0.0370 ±0.0071 dex Gyr−1 and σ Age = 2.6 Gyr. We attribute the lower precision compared to literature results to nonsolar twins contaminating our solar twin sample and recommend a 1.5 Gyr systematic uncertainty for stellar ages derived with any [Y/Mg]–Age relation. We also analyzed the [Y/Mg] Clock as a function of T eff, , and metallicity individually and find no strong trends, but we compute statistically significant [Y/Mg]–Age relations for subsamples defined by ranges in T eff, , and metallicity. Finally, we compare [Y/Mg] and rotation ages and find statistically similar trends as for isochrone ages, although we find that rotation ages perform better for GK dwarfs while isochrones perform better for FG subgiants. We conclude that the [Y/Mg] Clock is most precise for solar twins and analogs but is also a useful age diagnostic for FGK stars.

Near-ultraviolet to visible spectroscopy of the Themis and Polana-Eulalia complex families

Context. Spectrophotometry data of asteroids obtained in the 1980s showed that there are large variations in their near-ultraviolet (NUV) reflectance spectra. Reflectance spectra at NUV wavelengths are important because they help detect the presence of hydrated minerals and organics on the asteroid surfaces. However, the NUV wavelength region has not been fully investigated yet using spectroscopic data. Aims. The aim of our study is to obtain the near-ultraviolet to visible (NUV-VIS, 0.35–0.95 μm) reflectance spectra of primitive asteroids with a focus on members of the Themis and Polana-Eulalia complex families. This characterization allows us to discuss the origin of two recent sample return mission target asteroids, (162173) Ryugu and (101955) Bennu. Methods. We obtain low-resolution visible spectra of target asteroids down to 0.35 μm using the telescopes located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (La Palma, Spain) and revisit spectroscopic data that have already been published. Using new spectroscopic and already published spectrophotometric and spectroscopic data, we study the characteristics of the NUV-VIS reflectance spectra of primitive asteroids, focusing on data of the Themis family and the Polana-Eulalia family complex. Finally, we compare the NUV characteristics of these families with (162173) Ryugu and (101955) Bennu. In this work, we also study systematic effects due to the use of the five commonly used stars in Landolt’s catalog as solar analogs to obtain the asteroid reflectance in the NUV wavelength range. We compare the spectra of five G-stars in Landolt’s catalog with the spectrum of the well-studied solar analog Hyades 64, also observed on the same nights. Results. We find that many widely used Landolt’s G-type stars are not solar analogs in the NUV wavelength spectral region and thus are not suitable for obtaining the reflectance spectra of asteroids. We also find that, even though the Themis family and the PolanaEulalia family complex show a similar blueness at visible wavelengths, the NUV absorption of the Themis family is much deeper than that of the Polana-Eulalia family complex. We did not find significant differences between the New Polana and Eulalia families in terms of the NUV-VIS slope. (162173) Ryugu’s and (101955) Bennu’s spectral characteristics in the NUV-VIS overlaps with those of the Polana-Eulalia family complex which implies that it is the most likely origin of these two near-Earth asteroids.

In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086

Context. HD 95086 is a young nearby Solar System analog hosting a giant exoplanet orbiting at 57 au from the star between an inner and outer debris belt. The existence of additional planets has been suggested as the mechanism that maintains the broad cavity between the two belts. Aims. We present a dedicated monitoring of HD 95086 with the VLT/SPHERE instrument to refine the orbital and atmospheric properties of HD 95086 b, and to search for additional planets in this system. Methods. SPHERE observations, spread over ten epochs from 2015 to 2019 and including five new datasets, were used. Combined with archival observations, from VLT/NaCo (2012-2013) and Gemini/GPI (2013-2016), the extended set of astrometric measurements allowed us to refine the orbital properties of HD 95086 b. We also investigated the spectral properties and the presence of a circumplanetary disk around HD 95086 b by using the special fitting tool exploring the diversity of several atmospheric models. In addition, we improved our detection limits in order to search for a putative planet c via the K-Stacker algorithm. Results. We extracted for the first time the JH low-resolution spectrum of HD 95086 b by stacking the six best epochs, and confirm its very red spectral energy distribution. Combined with additional datasets from GPI and NaCo, our analysis indicates that this very red color can be explained by the presence of a circumplanetary disk around planet b, with a range of high-temperature solutions (1400–1600 K) and significant extinction (Av ≳ 10 mag), or by a super-solar metallicity atmosphere with lower temperatures (800–300 K), and small to medium amount of extinction (Av ≲ 10 mag). We do not find any robust candidates for planet c, but give updated constraints on its potential mass and location.

V889 Her: abrupt changes in the magnetic field or differential rotation?

We have applied Zeeman-Doppler imaging (ZDI) to an extensive spectropolarimetric HARPSpol data set of the magnetically active young solar analogue V889 Her, covering 35 spectra obtained during six nights in May 2011. The data set allows us to study Stokes V profiles of the star at almost identical rotational phases, separated by one or more stellar rotations. We use these data to study if the line profiles evolve from one rotation to the next, and find that some evolution does indeed occur. We consider two possible explanations for this: abrupt changes in the large-scale magnetic field or differential rotation. We find it quite difficult to distinguish between the two alternatives using ZDI alone. A strong differential rotation could, however, explain the changes in the line profiles, so we conclude that it must be present, and the abrupt magnetic field evolution is left uncertain. Commonly, rapidly rotating stars are assumed to have only weak differential rotation. If the strong differential rotation of V889 Her is indeed present, as has been found in other studies as well, it could indicate that the theoretical and numerical results of differential rotation still need to be revised. The rapid changes that may have occurred in the magnetic field indicate that one should be quite cautious when interpreting ZDI maps constructed from data over long time intervals.

The Origin of Weakened Magnetic Braking in Old Solar Analogs

The rotation rates of main-sequence stars slow over time as they gradually lose angular momentum to their magnetized stellar winds. The rate of angular momentum loss depends on the strength and morphology of the magnetic field, the mass-loss rate, and the stellar rotation period, mass, and radius. Previous observations suggested a shift in magnetic morphology between two F-type stars with similar rotation rates but very different ages (88 Leo and ρ CrB). In this Letter, we identify a comparable transition in an evolutionary sequence of solar analogs with ages between 2–7 Gyr. We present new spectropolarimetry of 18 Sco and 16 Cyg A and B from the Large Binocular Telescope, and we reanalyze previously published Zeeman Doppler images of HD 76151 and 18 Sco, providing additional constraints on the nature and timing of this transition. We combine archival X-ray observations with updated distances from Gaia to estimate mass-loss rates, and we adopt precise stellar properties from asteroseismology and other sources. We then calculate the wind braking torque for each star in the evolutionary sequence, demonstrating that the rate of angular momentum loss drops by more than an order of magnitude between the ages of HD 76151 and 18 Sco (2.6–3.7 Gyr) and continues to decrease modestly to the age of 16 Cyg A and B (7 Gyr). We suggest that this magnetic transition may represent a disruption of the global dynamo arising from weaker differential rotation, and we outline plans to probe this phenomenon in additional stars spanning a wide range of spectral types.

ALMA Images the Eccentric HD 53143 Debris Disk

We present ALMA 1.3 mm observations of the HD 53143 debris disk—the first infrared or millimeter image produced of this ∼1 Gyr old solar analog. Previous HST STIS coronagraphic imaging did not detect flux along the minor axis of the disk, which could suggest a face-on geometry with two clumps of dust. These ALMA observations reveal a disk with a strikingly different structure. In order to fit models to the millimeter visibilities and constrain the uncertainties on the disk parameters, we adopt a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. This is the most eccentric debris disk observed to date with a forced eccentricity of 0.21 ± 0.02, nearly twice that of the Fomalhaut debris disk, and also displays an apocenter glow. Although this eccentric model fits the outer debris disk well, significant interior residuals remain, which may suggest a possible edge-on inner disk, which remains unresolved in these observations. Combined with the observed structure difference between HST and ALMA, these results suggest a potential previous scattering event or dynamical instability in this system. We also note that the stellar flux changes considerably over the course of our observations, suggesting flaring at millimeter wavelengths. Using simultaneous TESS observations, we determine the stellar rotation period to be 9.6 ± 0.1 days.

Detailed abundances of the wide pairs of stars with and without planets: the binary systems 16 Cyg and HD 219542

ABSTRACT We present results of the comparative analysis of the two wide binary systems – 16 Cyg, with a giant gas planet orbiting around 16 Cyg B, and HD 219542 without planet detected. Atmospheric parameters of the binary components and the Sun were determined using their high-resolution spectra and the sme tools for automatic spectral analysis. By applying the synthetic spectrum method, we derived abundances of 29 and 23 chemical elements in 16 Cyg and HD 219542, respectively. For 19 of these elements, our results are based on the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium line formation. For both 16 Cyg and HD 219542, we obtained a small abundance difference between the A and B components: +0.019 ± 0.012 and −0.014 ± 0.019, respectively, suggesting only a weak influence of the giant gas planet formation on chemical composition of the host star atmosphere. For HD 219542 A and B, trends of the relative-to-solar abundances with the dust condensation temperature are similar to the literature data for the solar analogues without detected planets. The components of 16 Cyg reveal very similar behaviour of [X/H] with the condensation temperature; however, it is different from that for HD 219542. This indicates a specific chemical composition of the cloud from which the 16 Cyg binary system formed.