Solanum Indicum Research Articles

Effects of Piper betle fractionated extracts on inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus intermedius.

The overgrowth of certain strains of normal flora in oral cavity can cause many kinds of oral infections or diseases such as carries, periodontitis, and gingivitis. Prevention and treatment of these diseases are usually achieved by chemical antiseptics. However, these chemicals are found as negative impacts of human health hazards and accession of microbial resistance. The present study explores the potential of Piper betle extracts on inhibition of two oral pathogenic bacteria; Streptococcus mutans DMST 41283 and Streptococcus intermedius DMST 42700. P. betle demonstrated significantly higher inhibitory activity against both pathogenic strains than Acacia catechu, Camellia sinensis, Coccinia grandis, Solanum indicum, and Streblus asper. Among fractionated extracts of P. betle from several solvents, the extract from ethyl acetate (Pb-EtOAc) possessed the widest inhibition zone of 11.0 ± 0.1 and 11.3 ± 0.4 mm against both bacterial strains, respectively. Pb-EtOAc showed the same minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 mg/mL against both strains, whereas its minimum bactericidal concentrations were 2.0 and 0.5 mg/mL against S. mutans and S. intermedius, respectively. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the major active compound of Pb-EtOAc was 4-allylpyrocatechol. It was found that the killing kinetics of Pb-EtOAc against both test strains were time and dose dependent. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed the morphological changes and depletion of the tested pathogens indicating cell destruction after exposure to Pb-EtOAc. It is confirmed that Pb-EtOAc is potentially effective against both oral pathogens and might be used as natural alternative agents in prevention and treatment of oral infections caused by oral pathogenic bacteria.

Evaluation of Calcium Concentration of Medicinal Plants Incorporating in Dashmool by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Ayurveda is one of the traditional medicinal systems of Indian. The philosophy behind Ayurveda is preventing unnecessary suffering and living a long healthy life. Dashmool is Ayurvedic preparation containing various parts of ten medicinal plants. The medicinal plants used in Dashmool are collected from different parts of India and variation in elemental concentration has been observed. The present study was aimed to determine the level of Calcium of Aegle marmelos (root), Clerodendrum phlomidis (root), Desmodium gangeticum (root), Stereospermum suavaveolens (Stem bark), Oroxylum indicum (Stem bark), Gmelina arborea (stem bark), Solanum xanthocarpum (root), Solanum indicum (stem bark), Tribulus terrestris (root) and Uraria picta (leaves) used for the formulation of Dashmool by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The findings demonstrated that the concentration of Calcium in selected medicinal plants was under the prescribed limits. Such information could be helpful in standardization of Dashmool and imparts better therapeutic efficacy.

Preparation and physicochemical characterization of ingredients of Indian traditional medicine, Mahamrutyunjaya Rasa

BackgroundMahamrutyunjaya rasa is an ayurvedic formulation used in the treatment of cardiac disorders. It contains the purified roots of Visa (Aconitum ferox), Brihati (Solanum indicum), fruits of Pippali Kana (Piper longum), Marica (Piper nigrum), Gandhaka (Sulfur), Hingula (Cinnabar) and Tankana (Sodium metaborate) as per Bhaishajya Ratnavali. The purification (shodhana) process changes the physiochemical properties of the raw materials which need to be studied and understood. ObjectiveThe present work aims to perform a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of raw materials, intermediates and the final product obtained during purification, using modern analytical techniques. Materials and methodsThe standard methods as per traditional text were followed and the physicochemical changes were also investigated by collecting samples at different steps of purification. The samples were analysed using various techniques, viz. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and High Performance thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC). ResultsThe FTIR and HPTLC analysis of the alkaloidal extracts of Visa showed loss of an ester group with shift in the peaks from 1720 cm−1 (CO stretching of esters) to 1676 cm−1 (CO stretching of Ketone) which signifies the conversion of alkaloid Aconitine (LD50 – 0.08 mg/kg) to Benzoylaconine (LD50 – 24 mg/kg) improving its safety. The analysis of gandhaka by XRD and DSC showed that purification brought about transformation of orthorhombic sulphur into monoclinic sulphur and it reverted back to original form with higher purity. The treatments given to gandhaka and hingula with organic compounds made them homologous to the body tissues. Analysis of purified tankana showed that the processing led to loss of water and slight change in the crystal structure with the shift in the endothermic peak from 110.6 °C to 104.2 °C. ConclusionThus, the present study provides a scientific backing to the methodologies used by Ayurvedic practitioners. The study also provides physicochemical fingerprints for the standardization as well as characterization of raw materials and forms a technical platform for manufacturers to develop quality control standards.

Comparative Analysis of the Anticonvulsant activity of Crinum jagus and Solanum indicum in Mice

There is no known drug that has prevented or cured reoccurrence of epileptic seizures, hence the need to explore and compare natural remedies that are employed in folkloric treatment of convulsion. The aim of the present was to assess comparatively, the anticonvulsant activity of methanol extracts of Crinum jagus and Solanum indicum. The crude methanol extracts of the bulbs and fruits of C. jagus and S. indicum, respectively, obtained by 72 h maceration in methanol. The extracts were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity using mice and electroconvulsive shock equipment (Ugobasile ECT UNIT 7801). Four groups of six animals each were used for each extract. Group I received no extract serving as control in both cases. Groups II, III and IV received varying concentrations (32.50, 25.50; 41.50, 51.50; and 64.50, 112.50 mg/kg) for C. jagus and S. indicum respectively. All medicaments were protective against electrically induced convulsion. C. jagus showed protection after administration of 64.50 mg/kg body weight while S. indicum was at 112.50 mg/kg body weight. The two extracts justified their use in traditional and folkloric setting with the bulb extract of C. jagus possessing greater anticonvulsant effect than the fruit extract of S. indicum.

STUDY OF DIFFERENT HOST PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE GROWTH OF LEUCINODES ORBONALIS

Different host plants (Solanum melongena, Lycopersicon esculentum , Abelmoschus esculentus , Solanum tuberosum , Solanum nigrum , Cyndon indicum , Ocimum basilicum and Solanum indicum ) affect the weight of larva on 5th , 10th and 15th day of development differently . On these plants the larval weight on 5th day varies from 2.2 to 2.8 mg. . The tested plants affect the growth of larva on 10th day also . Solanum melongena reared larva was the heaviest ( 4.8 mg. ) and the reared on Ocimum basilicum was the lightest (3.6 mg. ) the larval weight on 15th day is also affected differently by different host plants . Solanum melongena produce the heaviest larva ( 9.8 mg. ) and Ocimum basilicum both produced the lightest larva (7.4 mg.) However , the increase in larval weight with respect to the remaining plants was slightly less . The increase in the larval weight is possibly due to relative more feeding and more utilization of the ingested food and the differences in weight of larvae are mostly due to varying nutritive value of the tested plants.

LC-ESI-MS/MS based characterization of phenolic components in fruits of two species of Solanaceae.

The present work appraises the phenolic profile of fruit extracts from two species (Solanum indicum and Solanum surattense) of Solanaceae. The bioactive components from both the species were extracted with different concentrations of acidified (hydrolysis) and aqueous methanol (non-hydrolyzed) and analyzed for the total phenolics calorimetrically. The hydrolyzed extracts of both the species were characterized for phenolic compounds profiling using LC-ESI-MS/MS. The hydrolysis of fruit samples produced greater extract yield (31.9-50.7%) and total phenolics (250.4-289.5mg GAE/g of extract) than non-hydrolyzed (11.1-19.2 and 161.5-171.2, respectively). The hydrolyzed extracts from both the species, with higher contents of total phenols were analyzed for phenolic profiling using LC-ESI-MS/MS technique and the data authenticated the presence of caftaric acid, ellagic acid, myricetin, apigenin-7-glucoside and methoxy chrysin in S. indicum while isoquercitrin, gallocatechin, quercetin and catechin in S. surattense. The current study explores the profile of valuable phenolic bioactives of the selected species of Solanaceae, thereby supporting their potential applications as ingredients of functional foods and neutraceuticals.

SCREENING OF TOTAL POLY PHENOLS AND VITAMIN E AS NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS POTENTIAL FROM IRANIAN TRADITIONAL FOOD PLANTS EXTRACTS

Antioxidants are vital substances, which possess the ability to protect the body from damages caused by free radical-induced oxidative stress. The main objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant levels of a number of fruits and vegetables. We investigated the total phenolic contents in the plant foods used as traditional vegetables and fruits and well-known as sources of antioxidant using standard assay. Total phenolic contents ranged from 0.87 to 7.02mg gallic acid/g Dw in Alocaccia indica and Solanum indicum,respectively. Results showed that portulaca contains the most value (11.6 mg/100g),leaves of this plant may be considered as a potential new source of natural α- tocopherol, but vitamin E in Solanum, Chlorophytum and Alocacia are not detected. The plant foods possess valuable antioxidant properties for culinary and possible nutritive use.

Comparative Study on Effects of Vrikshayurveda and Modern Techniques on Germination of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L.) Seeds

Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L.) is one of the important endangered medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and other Traditional systems. Its cultivation and propagation is difficult because of hard seed coat and short seed viability, hence hampering germination. The study aims to compare seed treatments explained in Vrikshayurveda, an ancient science of plant life, with modern/conventional techniques. Bakuchi seeds were divided into 13 groups, each containing 100 seeds. They were subjected to different treatments and observed for 60 days. The experiment was conducted in replicates. Number of seeds germinated, germination percentage, emergence index and relative seed germination parameters were observed. The group, T8, treated with milk overnight and shade dried, kept in paste of brihati (Solanum indicum), tila (Sesamum indicum), kamala nala (Nelumbo nucifera) and ghee for 6 h showed better results in terms of number of seeds germinated (21.67 ± 4.19), germinability (21.67 ± 4.19), germination rate index (0.36 ± 0.07), emergence index (0.96 ± 0.12) and relative seed germination (148.69 ± 50.92), as compared to control (T1, treated with water) and standard groups (T2, T3 and T4, treated with sulphuric acid). Conclusively on the basis of germination parameters observed, group treated following the method mentioned in Vrikshayurveda can be considered beneficial alternative in terms of better and safe germination.

A Brief Review on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Potential ofSolanum IndiumL. used in Indian Systems of Medicine

Solanum indicum L. (Fam. Solanaceae) commonly known as poison berry in English is a prickly, much branched perennial under shrub, nearly upto 1m high, mostly found throughout India in warmer parts upto an elevation of 1500 m. This important medicinal plant is widely used in folk and traditional Indian systems of medicine for poisonous affections, skin diseases, ulcers difficult breathing, abdominal pain, cough and dyspepsia. In Ayurveda and Siddha. It is an important ingredient of dasamoola group of plants. The review attempts to highlight various available literature with respect to the therapeutic uses, enthno-medicinal uses, pharmacognostic studies, chemical constitutes and various reported pharmacological activities. Some steroidal alkaloids/glycoalkaloids such as Solasodine, Solasonine, Solamargine, Solanidine and Solanine were reported by various investigators. Pharmacognostic studies revealed the presence black powdery depositions of sandy crystals, throughout the root, sclerieds in the cortical region, phloem fibres towards the periphery and uni to biseriate medullary rays in xylem and phloem as the diagnostic characters of root of S. indicum. It is reported to have hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, antioxident and antimicrobial activity.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Solanum indicum L. and their antibacterial, splenocyte cytotoxic potentials

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out using Solanum indicum L. plant extract as a reducing agent. The morphology of the AgNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the nanoparticles obtained from S. indicum L. The EDX analysis of the nanoparticles dispersion, using a range of 2–4 keV, confirmed the presence of elemental silver, without any contamination. The green synthesized AgNPs were evaluated against the pathogens such as Staphylococcus sp., (Accession No. KC688883) and Klebsiella sp., (Accession No. KC899845). The AgNPs (1–4 mM) extensively inhibit the growth of the pathogens. Cytotoxic potential of the synthesized AgNPs was analyzed against rat splenocytes. The percentage of viable cells was diminished according to the increasing concentration of AgNPs.

Plants used to manage type II diabetes mellitus in selected districts of central Uganda.

Chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus are increasing in incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. African traditional medicine is part and parcel of the health care system in Uganda. Majority of the indigenous population will have visited a traditional health care practioner or self-administered herbal medicines before seeking conventional health care. However, documentation of the various medicinal plants is still lacking, necessitating a well-organized information search for such knowledge through research. Such information can lay a firm and clear foundation for scientific investigation of the purported therapeutic benefits of the said plants. The objective of this study was to collect names of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes mellitus type II in selected districts of central Uganda. In this ethnobotanical survey, names, of plants used to manage diabetes mellitus type II as well as the methods of preparation, routes of administration and the plant parts used in the districts of Mukono, Kampala, Wakiso and Masaka in the central region of Uganda were documented using a researcher administered questionnaire. Participants were recruited using a snow ball approach in which one individual directed us to another. Informant consensus was determined for each of the plants mentioned. A total of 18 names of medicinal plants were recorded of which Aloe vera var, Solanum indicum and Vernonia amygydalina were the most commonly mentioned plants and thus had the highest informant consensus. Leaves were the main parts that were used to prepare the herbal medicine while water as the solvent used in all the preparations. In all the cases, only the oral route was used for administration of the medicines. Documentation of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes can further improve on the formalization process of the Ugandan traditional medicine system as well as lay a basis for further scientific investigation with emphasis on the plants whose informant consensus is high.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of some Traditional Medicinal Plants from India

Background: Medicinal plants have been used to prevent and treat various health problems. Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous and solvent extracts of some selected medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: The disc diffusion method was employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide reducing and ‐carotene/linoleic acid bleaching inhibition assays. Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent method was employed for the determination of total phenolic contents. Results: Aqueous and solvent extracts of Acacia catechu, A. ferruginea, Adenanthera pavonina, Albizia odoratissima, Anogeissus latifolia, Breynia vitis‐idaea, Salacia oblonga, Senna spectabilis and Solanum indicum showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis, and promising antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activities were positively correlated with total phenolic contents. Discussion and Conclusion: The promising antibacterial and antioxidant activities of these plants validated their traditional use in various herbal preparations to treat various ailments associated with pathogenic microbes and oxidative stress. Further investigations such as isolation of active principles and toxicological studies to ascertain the safety, and in vivo experimentations on suitable models are required to explore the therapeutic usage of these plants on humans. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, medicinal plants, total phenolic content

HPLC-DAD Analysis and In-Vitro Property of Polyphenols Extracts from (Solanum Aethiopium) Fruits on A-Amylase, A -Glucosidase and Angiotensin - 1- Converting Enzyme Activities

AIM: Garden egg (Solanum aethiopium) is an edible fruits vegetable with different species.This study investigated characterisation and the effect of the phenolics extracts from S. aethiopium species with enzymes linked with type -2-diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and hypertension [Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE)]. METHODS: Fresh samples of the 5 species of the garden egg namely, [Solanum gilo (PW), Solanum torvum (TWS), Solanum kumba (PGR), Solanum incanum (GSB), and Solanum indicum (WSB)] were oven-dried at 50°C and milled into flour. The aqueous extracts were prepared (1:50 w/v). The phenolic contents (total phenol and total flavonoid), vitamin C and 1,1-diphenyl–2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated. The ability of the extracts to inhibit diabetes enzymes in rat pancreas as well as the inhibition of angiotensin-1-converting (ACE) enzyme in lungs homogenates in vitro were investigated. Furthermore, the fruits polyphenols were identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD. RESULTS: The phenolic contents ranged from 2.70-3.76 mgGAE/g, while there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in their flavonoid content and ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. The vitamin C contents of the species ranged from 4.01-6.52 mg/ml. The extracts scavenged DPPH in a dose dependent manner with the IC50 values ranging from 3.23-4.20 mg/ml. Furthermore, the extracts showed strong inhibition of α-glucosidase, mild inhibition of α-amylase and strong inhibition of ACE activities. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the inhibition of the key enzymes relevant to type-2 diabetes and hypertension could be part of the mechanisms by which garden egg manage/prevent the degenerative conditions.

Two new coumarins from the seeds of Solanum indicum

Two new coumarins, (E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-5-methoxy-2H-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-h]chromene-3,9-dione (indicumin E, 1) and 7-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-3-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-coumarin (2), together with two known coumarins isofraxidin (3) and fraxetin (4), were isolated from the Solanum indicum seeds. Their structures were established on the basis of 1D and 2D spectroscopic data. Compound 1 was the rarest coumarinolignoid known to date.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles Using Solanum Indicum Fruits

This paper reports on the eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Solanum indicum fruit extract (SFE). We have evaluated various parameters for synthesis of AuNPs such as SFE (0.03%), HAuCl4 (0.5 mM) and reaction time (20 seconds). The synthesized AuNPs were characterized with different physical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). TEM experiments showed that AuNPs presented an anisotropic shape and size ranging from 5–50nm. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that biomolecules containing an amine group (-NH2), a carbonyl group, -OH groups and other stabilizing functional groups were adsorbed on the surface of the synthesized AuNPs. EDX showed the presence of the elements on the surface of the AuNPs. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized AuNPs were tested on two different human cancer cell lines, HeLa and MCF-7 and were found to be nontoxic, thus providing an opportunity to be used in biomedical applications.

Screening of Phytochemical Compounds and Toxic Proteinaceous Protease Inhibitor in Some Lesser-Known Food Based Plants and Their Effects and Potential Applications in Food

Compounds or substances which act to reduce nutrient intake, digestion, absorption and utilization and may produce other adverse effects are referred to as anti-nutrients or anti-nutritional factors. Plant sources contain in their raw state wide varieties of anti-nutrients which are potentially toxic. This study was conducted to phytochemical investigation on fruits and plants from India and Iran. Eight plant species were used. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed for the presence of polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor and saponins. The results obtained of the investigated plants showed that the all eight samples were found to be polyphenols but Solanum indicum contains highest value(7.02mg/g). All samples showed the presence of alkaloids, and showed presence of saponins except Alocacia and As- paragus and showed presence of steroids except Chlorophytum and Asparagus. Portulaca with(16.9 TIU/g) and Asparagus with(0.8 TIU/g) contain highest and lowest values of trypsin inhibitor respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed moderate phytate contents except Solanum and Portulaca. The plants are rich sources of polyphenols appear to have protec- tive effects for human health. Trypsin inhibitor and phytic acid may play a role as an antioxidant in plants and may be beneficial to health when it is consumed.

Ethnobotany of the Monpa ethnic group at Arunachal Pradesh, India

BackgroundThe present paper documents the uses of plants in traditional herbal medicine for human and veterinary ailments, and those used for dietary supplements, religious purpose, local beverage, and plants used to poison fish and wild animals. Traditional botanical medicine is the primary mode of healthcare for most of the rural population in Arunachal Pradesh.Materials and methodsField research was conducted between April 2006 and March 2009 with randomly selected 124 key informants using semi-structured questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed through informant consensus factor (FIC) to determine the homogeneity of informant's knowledge on medicinal plants.ResultsWe documented 50 plants species belonging to 29 families used for treating 22 human and 4 veterinary ailments. Of the medicinal plants reported, the most common growth form was herbs (40%) followed by shrubs, trees, and climbers. Leaves were most frequently used plant parts. The consensus analysis revealed that the dermatological ailments have the highest FIC (0.56) and the gastro-intestinal diseases have FIC (0.43). FIC values indicated that there was high agreement in the use of plants in dermatological and gastro-intestinal ailments category among the users. Gymnocladus assamicus is a critically rare and endangered species used as disinfectant for cleaning wounds and parasites like leeches and lice on livestocks. Two plant species (Illicium griffithii and Rubia cordifolia) are commonly used for traditional dyeing of clothes and food items. Some of the edible plants recorded in this study were known for their treatment against high blood pressure (Clerodendron colebrookianum), diabetes mellitus (Momordica charantia), and intestinal parasitic worms like round and tape worms (Lindera neesiana, Solanum etiopicum, and Solanum indicum). The Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh have traditionally been using Daphne papyracea for preparing hand-made paper for painting and writing religious scripts in Buddhist monasteries. Three plant species (Derris scandens, Aesculus assamica, and Polygonum hydropiper) were frequently used to poison fish during the month of June-July every year and the underground tuber of Aconitum ferrox is widely used in arrow poisoning to kill ferocious animals like bear, wild pigs, gaur and deer. The most frequently cited plant species; Buddleja asiatica and Hedyotis scandens were used as common growth supplements during the preparation of fermentation starter cultures.ConclusionThe traditional pharmacopoeia of the Monpa ethnic group incorporates a myriad of diverse botanical flora. Traditional knowledge of the remedies is passed down through oral traditions without any written document. This traditional knowledge is however, currently threatened mainly due to acculturation and deforestation due to continuing traditional shifting cultivation. This study reveals that the rural populations in Arunachal Pradesh have a rich knowledge of forest-based natural resources and consumption of wild edible plants is still an integral part of their socio-cultural life. Findings of this documentation study can be used as an ethnopharmacological basis for selecting plants for future phytochemical and pharmaceutical studies.

An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anti-diabetic by a rural community of Dhemaji district of Assam, Northeast India

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional remedies used for treating diabetic ailments are very important in the primary health care of the people living in rural Dhemaji district of Assam, north-east India. Novel information gathered from the current survey is important in preserving folk indigenous knowledge. Materials and methodsInterviews were conducted amongst 80 households comprising of 240 individuals using semi-structured questionnaires. The focus was on plants used in treating diabetes mellitus. ResultsThe current survey documented 21 plant species (20 families) which are reportedly used to treat diabetes mellitus by the rural people in the study area. To the best of our knowledge, Amomum linguiforme, Cinnamomum impressinervium, Colocasia esculenta, Dillenia indica, Euphorbia ligularia, Garcinia pedunculata, Solanum indicum, Sterculia villosa and Tabernaemontana divaricata are recorded for the first time based on globally published literature as medicinal plants used for treating diabetes mellitus and related symptoms. ConclusionsThe wide variety of plants that are used to treat diabetes mellitus in this area supports the traditional value that medicinal plants have in the primary health care system of the rural people of Dhemaji district of Assam. The finding of new plant uses in the current study reveals the importance of the documentation of such ethnobotanical knowledge.

Efficient synthesis of trisaccharide saponins and their tumor cell killing effects through oncotic necrosis

To investigate the relationship of cytotoxicity and saponins with varied aglycones, based on the structure of indioside E 1, a natural derived anti-tumor active ingredient from Chinese medicinal plant Solanum indicum L., five novel saponins 2-6 bearing the same trisaccharide moiety together with 1 were efficiently synthesized via a transglycosylation strategy. MTT assay revealed the killing effects to tumor cells of the synthesized saponins are varied with the change of aglycones. Furthermore, time-lapse microscopy, LDH release, PI staining, and immunocytochemical investigations demonstrated that the cell death caused by neosaponin 2 was through oncotic necrosis involving plasma membrane perturbation and destruction of cytoskeleton.

Effects of Different Maturity Stages on Antioxidant Content of Ivorian Gnagnan (Solanum indicum L.) Berries

Gnagnan (Solanum indicum L.) is a spontaneous plant widely distributed in Ivory Coast. During ripening stages, Solanum indicum L. presents different colours (green, yellow and red) and is reported to contain several albeit poorly characterized antioxidant compounds. This paper describes in detail the antioxidant profile (ascorbic acid, carotenoids and polyphenols), antioxidant capacity (FRAP test and Folin-Ciocalteau assay) and the colour changes of Gnagnan berries at different ripening levels. Ascorbic acid content was similar in green and yellow berries, but significantly lower in red ones. Red berries showed a higher content of carotenoids compared to green and yellow ones. Regarding polyphenols, several phenolic acids and flavonoids were found in all berries. The content of caffeoylquinic acids, caffeic acid, flavonol glycosides and naringenin was higher in red berries, while the content of p-coumaric acid and feruloylquinic acids was similar among the three colours. The FRAP assay increased with the ripening process, whereas total polyphenols were similar among berries. Significant differences were found for the colorimetric indexes among products of different degrees of ripening. The present results show the important role of the ripening stage in increasing the antioxidant content of Gnagnan berries.