Sol-gel Synthetic Route Research Articles

Using molten-salts as a thermal processing medium for cobalt-free lithium-rich cathode material

Lithium-rich nickel manganese oxide cathode materials are well known to have limited rate capabilities. In this investigation we demonstrate that modifying a common sol-gel synthetic route by adding simple salts to the precursors during firing can create a molten-salt environment for the synthesis of the material that may results in improved materials and performance attributes. After screening multiple salt species, our findings indicate that the use of NaCl can provide a cost-effective and facile method for increasing the rate capability of these materials.

Highly dispersive Co3O4 nanoparticles incorporated into a cellulose nanofiber for a high-performance flexible supercapacitor.

Transition metal oxides used as electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors have attracted huge attention due to their high specific capacitance and surface-to-volume ratio, specifically for cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles. However, the low intrinsic electronic conductivity and aggregation of Co3O4 nanoparticles restrict their electrochemical performance and prevent these electrode materials from being commercialized. Herein, a facile, advantageous, and cost effective sol-gel synthetic route for growing Co3O4 nanoparticles uniformly over a low cost and eco-friendly one-dimensional (1D) hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber (CNF) surface has been reported. This exhibits high conductivity, which enables the symmetric electrode to deliver a high specific capacitance of ∼214 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 with remarkable cycling behavior (∼94% even after 5000 cycles) compared to that of pristine CNF and Co3O4 electrodes in an aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the binder-free nature of 1D Co3O4@CNF (which was carbonized at 200 °C for about 20 min under a H2/Ar atmosphere) shows great potential as a hybrid flexible paper-like electrode and provides a high specific capacitance of 80 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 with a superior energy density of 10 W h kg-1 in the gel electrolyte. This study provides a novel pathway, using a hydrophilic 1D CNF, for realizing the full potential of Co3O4 nanoparticles as advanced electrode materials for next generation flexible electronic devices.

Morphology engineered spatial charge separation in superhydrophilic TiO2/graphene hybrids for hydrogen production

Spatial charge separation is achieved by morphologically tuning TiO2 nanomaterials along with graphene by a hydrothermally modified sol-gel synthetic route. Morphology engineered TiO2 is constructed between nanocuboids with high energy {010}/{100} and {001}facets, and nanoellipsoids exposing low energy {101} facets. In situ grown titania hybridized with graphene (0.1% w/w) introduced chemical linkages as affirmed by XPS, Raman and FTIR studies. PL and TCSPC measurements greatly supported interfacial charge separation and reduced recombination rate in the hybrids. Photocatalytic studies determined that hybrids with TiO2 nanoellipsoids favoured hydrogen production as high as 18,266.6 μL/gm/L/hr under solar light illumination. While the hybrid with shared morphology of nanoellipsoids and nanocuboids for TiO2 exhibited comparatively less H2 production (13,967 μL/gm/L/hr) but displayed extreme photoinduced wettability of ~0° within 10 min of light irradiation. The divergence in the performance of morphologically tuned hybrids is explained using a plausible mechanism, assisted by photoconductivity and Hall-Effect measurements.

High purity H2 production from sorption enhanced bio-ethanol reforming via sol-gel-derived Ni–CaO–Al2O3 bi-functional materials

Catalytic steam reforming of renewable bio-oxygenates coupled with in-situ CO2 capture is a promising option for sustainable H2 production. The current work focuses on high purity H2 production over Ni–CaO–Al2O3 bi-functional materials via sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SEESR). To ensure the uniform distribution of catalytic sites (Ni), adsorptive sites (CaO) and stabilizer (Al2O3) in the bi-functional materials, a citrate sol-gel synthetic route was employed. These materials were characterized by XRD, N2 physical adsorption, SEM, TG and TPR techniques. It was revealed that the existence of CaO in bi-functional materials could not only in-situ remove CO2, but also play the role of inhibiting the formation of harmful spinel phase. The stabilizing role of Al component against capacity decay was confirmed, whereas the presence of Ni ions had a negative effect on the cycle CO2 uptake. The sample of Ni/Al/Ca-85.5 possessed large specific surface area, abundant porosity with fluffy morphology, and thereby, exhibited the best CO2 sorption capacity during 20 carbonation/calcination cycles. The highest H2 concentration of 96% was obtained through the SEESR during the pre-breakthrough period when the Ni/Al/Ca-85.5 was employed. Over the optimized bi-functional material, the effect of operating conditions on the SEESR was investigated and the results indicated that temperature of 600 °C, reaction liquid space velocity of 0.05 ml/min and steam/ethanol ratio of 4 were the suitable conditions. After 10 cycles, the bi-functional material of Ni/Al/Ca-85.5 also showed the best performance, with a H2 purity of about 90% and pre-breakthrough time of 18 min, conforming the high potential of this material for SEESR process.

Influence of Cr and Zn substitution on structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of Sr2-xZnxNi2Fe28-yCryO46 X-type hexagonal ferrite

Polycrystalline materials of Sr2-xZnxNi2Fe28-yCryO46 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04; y = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) X-type nano-ferrites are fabricated by sol-gel synthetic route. The TGA results of the prepared samples showed that these materials have high thermal stability. The analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns is confirmed X-type phase of these materials. The crystallite size was under 50 nm for all samples, which confirmed that these materials lie in nano-scale range. The large value of dielectric constant (91, 123) and moderate loss (0.52, 0.92) of Sr1.98Zn0.02Ni2Fe27.60Cr0.4O46 and Sr1.97Zn0.03Ni2Fe27.40Cr0.6O46 samples respectively were observed. Slope versus concentration graph indicated that the ac conductivity of all the exhibited frequency dependent behavior. Cole-Cole plots exhibited complete semicircle for these materials, which showed the grain boundary resistance inside the samples. The magnetic properties such that saturation, remanent magnetization (Ms, Mr), squareness ratio (Mr/Ms), coercivity (Hc), anisotropy constant (K) and magnetic moment are examined from hysteresis loops. The saturation magnetization was increased (45.42–52.45 emu/g) while the coercivity was decreased (414–630 Oe) by substitution of Cr3+-Zn2+. The increase in magnetic moment from 21.08 μB to 24.34 μB was observed by inclusion of Cr3+-Zn2+. The multi domain nature was evidenced by the smaller squareness ratio (0.36–0.40) of these ferrites. The high saturation magnetization and small coercivity of Sr1.98Zn0.02Ni2Fe27.60Cr0.4O46, Sr1.97Zn0.03Ni2Fe27.40Cr0.6O46 samples was obtained up to 52.45 emu/g, 49.42 emu/g and 345 Oe, 448 Oe respectively, which show their applications for absorption of electromagnetic radiation at microwave region and development of multilayer chip inductors. The dielectric properties of Sr1.98Zn0.02Ni2Fe27.60Cr0.4O46 and Sr1.97Zn0.03Ni2Fe27.40Cr0.6O46 ferrites showed that these materials might be consider for the development of super-capacitor devices.

A facile procedure for the synthesis of urchin-like Al2O3:Eu3+ hollow microsphere

Urchin-like Al2O3:Eu3+ hollow microsphere precursors have been synthesized via a rapid sol-gel synthetic route followed by a solvent-induced self-transformation process. The preparation of Al2O3:Eu3+ hollow microsphere phosphors involves the following steps: firstly epoxide-driven sol-gel reactions induce gel formation. Secondly, the gel transforms into urchin-like hollow microspheres precursor through a solvent-induced self-transformation process. Finally, Al2O3:Eu3+ hollow microsphere phosphors are obtained after a low temperature calcination procedure. Al2O3:Eu3+ hollow microsphere phosphors with diameter around 1–2 μm present an urchin-like external surface constructed by randomly aggregated and interconnecting nanoplatelets. The photoluminescence spectra indicate that the Al2O3:Eu3+ hollow microsphere phosphors exhibit strong red emission under UV excitation. Upon excitation at 395 nm, emission peaks at 579 nm, 592 nm, 615 nm, 650 nm and 700 nm could be clearly observed due to the transitions from the 5D0 → 7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4).

Self-assembly of iron oxide precursor micelles driven by magnetic stirring time in sol-gel coatings.

The purpose of this work is to fabricate self-assembled microstructures by the sol–gel method and study the morphological, structural and compositional dependence of ε-Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded in silica when glycerol (GLY) and cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are added as steric agents simultaneously. The combined action of a polyalcohol and a surfactant significantly modifies the morphology of the sample giving rise to a different microstructure in each of the studied cases (1, 3 and 7 days of magnetic stirring time). This is due to the fact that the addition of these two compounds leads to a considerable increase in gelation time as GLY can interact with the alkoxide group on the surface of the iron oxide precursor micelle and/or be incorporated into the hydrophilic chains of CTAB. This last effect causes the iron oxide precursor micelles to be interconnected forming aggregates whose size and structure depend on the magnetic stirring time of the sol–gel synthetic route. In this paper, crystalline structure, composition, purity and morphology of the sol–gel coatings densified at 960 °C are examined. Emphasis is placed on the nominal percentage of the different iron oxides found in the samples and on the morphological and structural differences. This work implies the possibility of patterning ε-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in coatings and controlling their purity by an easy one-pot sol–gel method.

The effect of synthetic routes on the physicochemical properties and optical response of N-doped titania–oxidized carbon nanotube nanohybrids

This work systematically evaluates the effect of synthetic routes on the physicochemical and optical properties of nitrogen-doped titania (NTiO2) nanohybrids supported on oxidized carbon nanotubes (oxCNTs). A series of NTiO2–oxCNT nanohybrids consisting of 0–5 wt.% oxCNTs and NTiO2 were synthesized using either a hydrothermal treatment technique or a solgel synthetic route under controlled conditions. A fair and comprehensive assessment of the effect of the two synthetic methods on the properties of NTiO2–oxCNT nanohybrids was carried out for the first time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a chemical bond between N and Ti as well as between NTiO2 and CNTs, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of N (∼at.1%) and the formation of the Ti–C linkage between NTiO2 and oxCNTs into the nanohybrids. Significant Raman shifts due to TiO2 and CNT scattering suggested strong electrostatic interactions between N-doped TiO2 and oxidized CNTs. Microscopic investigations indicate that solgel-synthesized nanohybrids have smaller particles (11–16 nm) as opposed to the large, cuboidal NTiO2 nanoparticles of the hydrothermally synthesized nanohybrids (11–25 nm). An increase in the CNT content led to a decrease in NTiO2 aggregation and reduced the particle sizes of the nanohybrids produced. The 100% anatase nanohybrids thus showed that an increase in oxCNT content significantly reduces the crystalline sizes of NTiO2. The solgel-synthesized nanohybrids were found to be more thermally stable degrading in the range 550–640 °C compared with 470–630 °C for hydrothermally synthesized nanohybrids. Hydrothermally synthesized nanohybrids were found to exhibit lower energy band gaps (as low as 2.0 eV) and displayed higher visible light absorption. The hydrothermally synthesized nanohybrids had lower electron–hole (ecb−/hvb+) recombination rates than the nanohybrids produced via the solgel method. This comparative work clearly demonstrates that NTiO2–oxCNT nanohybrids exhibit diverse optical, chemical, and surface properties depending on the production technique.

Induced neodymium luminescence in sol–gel derived layered double hydroxides

The Mg3Al1−xNdx layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized via aqueous sol–gel synthetic route and the influence of the Nd3+ doping on the Mg3Al1−xNdx LDHs properties was estimated for the dopant concentration varied in the range of 1–10 mol%. The microstructure and morphology of the synthesized LDHs were revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The neodymium doped LDHs were characterized by the luminescence emission spectra.

Visible light absorption of surface-modified Al2O3 powders: A comparative DFT and experimental study

Surface modification of Al2O3 powders, prepared using reproducible sol-gel synthetic route with small colorless organic molecules, induces charge transfer complex formation and the appearance of absorption in the visible spectral region. Comprehensive microstructural characterization involving transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, revealed that γ-crystalline alumina powders consist of mesoporous particles in the size range from 0.1 to 0.3 μm, with specific surface area of 54.8 m2/g, and pore radius between 3 and 4 nm. The attachment of catecholate-type of ligands (catechol, caffeic acid, gallic acid, dopamine and 2,3-dihydroxy naphthalene), salicylate-type of ligands (salicylic acid and 5-amino salicylic acid), and ascorbic acid, to the surface such γ-Al2O3 particles leads to the formation of colored powders and activates their absorption in visible-light spectral region. To the best of our knowledge, similar transformation of an insulator (Al2O3), with the band gap energy of 8.7 eV, into a semiconductor-like hybrid material with tunable optical properties has not been reported in the literature before. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations with periodic boundary conditions were performed in order to estimate the energy gaps of various inorganic/organic hybrids. The calculated values compare well with the experimental data. The good agreement between the calculated and experimentally determined band gaps was found, thus demonstrating predictive ability of the theory when proper model is used.

Hybrid sol–gel silica adsorbent materials synthesized by molecular imprinting for tannin removal

This study reports the development of a functional adsorbent synthesized by the molecular imprinting method in a sol–gel matrix. The adsorption capacity of the organic-inorganic hybrid adsorbent material was tested on tannin compounds, i.e., phenolic substances that are among the most difficult compounds to remove in industrial wastewater. The specific surface area obtained by nitrogen porosimetry analysis was between 2 and 579 m2 g−1 due to each sol–gel synthetic route used. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis revealed that the hybrid silicas were arranged in a multi-level structure consisting of three levels of organization and a surface fractal structure. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed the interactions between the tannins and the silica matrix, and confirmed the partial removal of tannins after ultrasound-assisted extraction. Zeta potential analysis showed that the values ranged between −37.9 and +27.8 mV, where non-functionalized xerogels were anionic and those functionalized with organosilane were cationic. The structural and textural characteristics of the hybrid materials were found to depend on the sol–gel synthetic route, which in turn affected the adsorption capacity. The adsorbent functionalized with (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane was an effective adsorbent for the tannin compounds tested here, with approximately 90% removal in aqueous solutions.

Sol-gel synthetic route to improve interaction of polyester/cotton blended fabric with anionic dyes

A different chemical nature of PET/cotton fibers hinders to attain solid shade during the coloration process. To overcome this problem in current the attempt, surface functionalization of PET/cotton fabric by simple and cost effective sol-gel technology was investigated. By this simple coating method, different anchor sites were introduced onto the PET/cotton fabric surface such as amine, epoxy or hydroxyl. Incorporation of such groups was conducted using two different alkoxysilanes, namely 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as coupling agents for C.I. reactive blue 5 and C.I. acid blue 80 dyes. The sol-gel synthesis reactions of used alkoxysilanes were preceded under either acidic or basic condition. The chemistry and morphology of APTES and GPTMS modified PET/cotton surface were studied by utilizing some surface sensitive techniques such as streaming potential measurements, ATR-FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-dependent contact angle measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, color strength and fastness tests of the prints were examined to test the effectiveness of the fabric surface modification. It was observed that the isoelectric point value of PET/cotton fabric coated with base-hydrolyzed APTES is shifted toward higher pH value in comparison with PET/cotton fabric coated with base-hydrolyzed GPTMS. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of sol-gel modified PET/cotton fabric was increased. The results also presented that the PET/cotton blend fabrics after treatment with base-hydrolyzed APTES showed improvement in K/S value and fastness properties.

The synthesis of bimetallic gold plus nickel nanoparticles dispersed in a glass host and behavior-enhanced optical nonlinearities

A sol-gel synthetic route toward the fabrication of bimetallic gold plus nickel nanoparticles (NPs) in sodium borosilicate glasses is presented, with controlled atmosphere heat treatments. Characterizations of the as-obtained glasses indicate that when exposed to variable atmospheres of oxygen (O2) and oxygen (O2)-hydrogen (H2), randomly distributed Au/NiO NPs and Au/Ni NPs are produced in the glass host, respectively. Subsequently, the Z-Scan technique is conducted to examine their nonlinear optical response with femtosecond pulses. The two glasses show superior optical nonlinearities comparable to that of the glasses incorporated with Au NPs. For the glass dispersed with Au/NiO NPs, the enhancement of the third-order nonlinear response mainly depends on a contribution of a stronger nonlinear refraction response. However, the dominant contribution to improve optical nonlinearities of the glass doped with Au/Ni NPs is the more intense nonlinear absorption effect.

Characterization and microwave dielectric properties of wolframite-type MgZrNb2O8 ceramics

Wolframite type MgZrNb2O8 ceramics were prepared by solid-state method and sol–gel process in this study, and the influence of sol–gel process on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of MgZrNb2O8 ceramics was investigated. The optimal sintering temperatures of MgZrNb2O8 ceramic for solid-state and sol–gel method were 1225 °C and 1175 °C, respectively. For solid-state method, MZN ceramics sintered at 1225 °C with nearly full density had the microwave dielectric properties of εr = 27.08, Q·f = 29,070 GHz and τf = −24.31 ppm/°C. For sol–gel process, MZN ceramics sintered at 1175 °C with nearly full density had excellent microwave dielectric properties of εr = 22.16, Q·f = 29,490 GHz and τf = −15.99 ppm/°C. Obviously, sol–gel synthetic route could significantly reduce the sintering temperature and improve the microwave dielectric properties.

Visible light absorption of surface modified TiO2 powders with bidentate benzene derivatives

TiO2 powders with different specific surface area were prepared using reproducible, sol–gel synthetic route and their ability to form hybrids with catechol and 5-amino salicylic acid was compared with the commercially available Degussa P25 TiO2 powder. Microstructural characterization involving transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms indicated that TiO2 samples cover reasonably wide size and/or specific surface area range (50–115 m2/g). The surface modification of TiO2 powders with catechol and 5-amino salicylic acid induced significant shift of absorption to the visible spectral region due to charge transfer complex formation. It should be emphasized that tunable optical properties of TiO2 in powder form have never been reported in the literature. The largest red shift of the absorption onset was observed for sample with the largest specific surface area upon surface modification with both ligands. The binding of the modifier molecules to the surface Ti atoms was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Nitric oxide-releasing xerogels synthesized from N-diazeniumdiolate-modified silane precursors.

Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing xerogel materials were synthesized using N-diazeniumdiolate-modified silane monomers that were subsequently co-condensed with an alkoxysilane. The NO-release characteristics were tuned by varying the aminosilane structure and concentration. The resulting materials exhibited maximum NO release totals and durations ranging from 0.45-3.2 μmol cm(-2) and 20-90 h, respectively. The stability of the xerogel networks was optimized by varying the alkoxysilane backbone identity, water to silane ratio, base catalyst concentration, reaction time, and drying conditions. The response of glucose biosensors prepared using the NO-releasing xerogel (15 mol % N-diazeniumdiolate-modified N-2-(aminoethyl)-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane) as an outer sensor membrane was linear (R(2) = 0.979) up to 24 mM glucose. The sensitivity (3.4 nA mM(-1)) of the device to glucose was maintained for 7 days in phosphate buffered saline. The facile sol-gel synthetic route, along with the NO release and glucose biosensor characteristics, demonstrates the versatility of this method for biosensor membrane applications.

Liquid Phase Oxidation of Acetophenone over Rice Husk Silica Vanadium Catalyst

Rice husk silica catalyst loaded with 10 wt% vanadium was synthesized from agricultural biomass via a sol-gel synthetic route at pH = 9. The catalyst was characterized by different physico-chemical methods. The FTIR spectra showed the formation of Si–O–V and V=O stretching bands. The presence of vanadium was confirmed by EDX elemental analysis. RH-10V possessed a high specific surface area of 276 m 2 /g and pore volume of 0.83 ml/g. The prepared catalyst possessed a narrow pore size distribution centered around 7.9 nm. The catalytic performance of RH-10V was tested in the oxidation of acetophenone at 70 °C. RH-10V was found to be an active catalyst in the oxidation of acetophenone, producing 36.28% conversion efficiency. The products identified were benzoic acid, 2-hydroxyacetophenone, phenol, acetic acid, and 3-hydroxyacetophenone. The liquid phase oxidation of acetophenone over vanadium/rice husk silica catalyst using H 2 O 2 as oxidant under ambient conditions.

Method for Optimizing Coating Properties Based on an Evolutionary Algorithm Approach

In industry as well as many areas of scientific research, data collected often contain a number of responses of interest for a chosen set of exploratory variables. Optimization of such multivariable multiresponse systems is a challenge well suited to genetic algorithms as global optimization tools. One such example is the optimization of coating surfaces with the required absolute and relative sensitivity for detecting analytes using devices such as sensor arrays. High-throughput synthesis and screening methods can be used to accelerate materials discovery and optimization; however, an important practical consideration for successful optimization of materials for arrays and other applications is the ability to generate adequate information from a minimum number of experiments. Here we present a case study to evaluate the efficiency of a novel evolutionary model-based multiresponse approach (EMMA) that enables the optimization of a coating while minimizing the number of experiments. EMMA plans the experiments and simultaneously models the material properties. We illustrate this novel procedure for materials optimization by testing the algorithm on a sol-gel synthetic route for production and optimization of a well studied amino-methyl-silane coating. The response variables of the coating have been optimized based on application criteria for micro- and macro-array surfaces. Spotting performance has been monitored using a fluorescent dye molecule for demonstration purposes and measured using a laser scanner. Optimization is achieved by exploring less than 2% of the possible experiments, resulting in identification of the most influential compositional variables. Use of EMMA to optimize control factors of a product or process is illustrated, and the proposed approach is shown to be a promising tool for simultaneously optimizing and modeling multivariable multiresponse systems.

Metal complexes with N-methyldiethanolamine as new photosensitive precursors for the low-temperature preparation of ferroelectric thin films

New photosensitive precursors for the low-temperature preparation of ferroelectric PbTiO3 thin films are obtained by using a sol–gel synthetic route. The reaction of N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) with lead acetate and titanium bis(acetylacetonate) diisopropoxide reagents leads to the formation of metal-MDEA complexes with a significant ultraviolet (UV) absorption due to the chromophore groups arisen from the orbital splitting between the respective metal atom and the organic ligand. Processes of transference of charge between the nitrogen and the metallic centre are responsible for the UV absorption in the resulting sols: ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) in the case of the Ti(IV) complex, d0 element, and metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in the case of the Pb(II) one, d10 element. The enhanced photosensitivity of the precursor solutions provided by these complexes is exploited for the fabrication of ferroelectric PbTiO3 films at temperatures compatible with silicon microelectronics (400 °C).

Covalently bonded dendrimer-maghemite nanosystems: nonviral vectors for in vitro gene magnetofection

In this work novel nonviral nanosystems for in vitrogene magnetofection are presented. The multifunctional vectors consist of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with low generations of poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers. The dendrimers are attached to the iron oxide nanoparticles through covalent bonds via a one-pot sol–gel synthetic route. This approach allows a direct dendritic decoration of the iron oxide NPs without any additional surface modification. Furthermore, this strategy avoids the multistep procedures of dendritic growth onto solid surfaces. The core–shell hybrid structures are water soluble as colloidal ferrofluids which are long-term stable at physiological pH. In vitro transfection experiments were assayed with Saos-2 osteoblasts, using as reporter gene a plasmid DNA that codes for the green fluorescent protein. Gene delivery experiments were carried out in the presence and in the absence of a magnetic field. The transfection efficiency strongly depends on the presence of the magnetic field and the dendrimer generation. The covalent bonding between the dendrimers and the magnetic nanoparticles surface ensures the vector integrity throughout storage and application. The nanosystems couple the DNA fragments and safely transport them under magnetic stimulus from the extracellular environment to the interior of the cell.