Sol-gel Auto-combustion Technique Research Articles

Amalgamation and Characterization of NiCo Ferrite by using Sol-gel Auto Combustion Technique

The effect of Nickel doped Cobalt ferrite nano particles Ni0.2CoxFe2-x04(x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5) Created by sol-gel auto combustion technique by using citric acid as fuel. The single phase cubic structure form confirm by the XRD. The crystalline size calculated by FWHM of (311) plane using Scherer’s formula. The typicalsize of the crystalline sample varies in the order of nano regime. The structural and lattice parameter were obtained by XRD data. The surface morphology of Nickel doped Cobalt ferrites was studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. The spherical particles with the average grain size 25.62nm to 33.69nm range are observed by FESEM images. Compositional stoichiometry was confirmed by X-ray photo electron spectroscopy.

Structural and elastic properties of tetragonal nano-structured copper ferrite

Abstract The surge of interest in ferrimagnetic materials over the years has been driven by their fascinating multifunctional properties. The elastic properties of these materials are a subject of much interest and vital importance due to their wide range of technological and industrial applications. In the present work, the structural and elastic properties of tetragonal copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles synthesized by a citrate assisted sol-gel auto combustion technique have been investigated. The nanocrystalline powder of copper ferrite was characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Visible spectroscopic techniques. The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed pure spinel structure of copper ferrite nanoparticles with Jahn–Teller tetragonal distortion. The band gap of copper ferrite nanoparticles was found to be 3.14 ± 0.03 eV using the diffuse reflectance spectra. The values of elastic moduli (Young’s modulus (E) = 186.3 ± 0.5 GPa, bulk modulus (B) = 124.1 ± 0.3 GPa, and rigidity modulus (G) = 74.4 ± 0.2 GPa) and Debye temperature (θ D = 500.5 ± 0.5 K) suggest that the synthesized nano-structured copper ferrite is a promising candidate for high temperature and high pressure applications.

Effect of rare earth (Nd3+) metal doping on structural, morphological, optical and magnetic traits of Zn–Mg nano-ferrites

Herein, we report the synthesis of Zn0.7Mg0.3NdxFe2–xO4 (where, x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02) ferrite nanoparticles by employing the sol–gel auto-combustion technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern suggests the formation of a pure cubic structure, without any impurity phase, with an Fd3m space group at room temperature. With increasing doping amount, the crystallite size is reported as 35–41 nm, while the lattice parameters rise from 0.8381 to 0.8395 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images show the formation of spherical grains with agglomerated morphology in all the samples, with grain sizes ranging from 49 to 103 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and elemental mapping investigation confirm the chemical purity of all the samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis shows the presence of two prominent peaks around 440 and 560 cm−1 that correspond to the octahedral and tetrahedral positions. In addition, the existence of five Raman active vibrational modes in all produced specimens again confirms the structural purity of all the samples. The M−H curve shows that saturation magnetization (Ms) first increases from 14.98 to 28.22 emu/g and then decreases to 18.98 emu/g with increasing doping amount. This is due to the A-B type super-exchange interaction for the synthesized samples. The variation in coercivity (Hc) and magnetic anisotropy (K1) suggest the thermal stability of all the samples and can be utilized in transformers and solenoids.

Microwave absorption properties of rare earth (RE) ions doped Mn–Ni–Zn nanoferrites (RE = Dy, Sm, Ce, Er) to shield electromagnetic interference (EMI) in X-band frequency

Sol-gel auto combustion technique has been adopted to prepare RE doped Mn–Ni–Zn ferrite systems following the stoichiometry Mn0.1Ni0.7Zn0.2RE0.5Fe1.5O4 (RE = Dy, Ce, Sm and Er). The XRD patterns confirm the cubic spinel phase with the Fd3m space group and the lattice parameter and crystallite size were found to be in the range of 8.3874–8.4066 Å and 28.6–33.2 nm. The M − H data indicates the soft magnetic behaviour of present ferrite systems. The substitution of rare-earth ions in the spinel structure influences the superexchange interaction and in turn, affects the magnetic behaviour of present ferrite systems. The highest value of saturation magnetization equal to 41.2 emu/g was observed for the sample with a composition of Mn0.1Ni0.7Zn0.2Ce0.5Fe1.5O4. For all the ferrite systems studied here the real part (ε′) of complex permittivity is increasing with an increase in frequency while oscillatory nature can be found in the imaginary part (ε″). The value of ε′ found in the range of 5.421–5.856 at 8.2 GHz and it is 5.538–6.066 at 12.4 GHz. The value of ε″ is in the range of 0.092–0.104 at 8.2 GHz while it is in between 0.042 and 0.105 at 12.4 GHz. A wavy nature can be seen in the real part (μ′) of complex permeability whereas the imaginary part (μ″) is decreasing for all compositions with the increase in frequency, but shows a weak resonance peak between 9 and 10 GHz. The value of μ′ is in the range of 0.869–0.958 at 8.2 GHz and it is 0.903–0.925 at 12.4 GHz. The value of μ″ fall in between 0.269 and 0.334 at 8.2 GHz and it is in the range of 0.059–0.068 at 12.4 GHz. The shielding studies for EMI revealed that the present systems are working as microwave absorbers. The total effective shielding for all ferrite systems is in the range of 33.31–36.09 dB 8.2 GHz while it is in between 32.74 and 34.98 dB at 12.4 GHz. Under the investigation of shielding performance, it is observed that all the RE doped Mn–Ni–Zn ferrites systems studied here can effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference in X-band frequency. The ferrite system with composition Mn0.1Ni0.7Zn0.2Ce0.5Fe1.5O4 has shown a potential microwave absorber in X-band frequency.

Magnetic and dielectric response of M-type barium hexaferrite

Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) is a promising candidate for ceramics, microwave devices and numerous applications. Barium hexaferrite was synthesised via the sol-gel auto-combustion technique using glycine fuel. The X-ray diffraction technique confirmed the hexagonal structure of the particles with space group P63/mmc. The morphological analysis was performed using the field-emission scanning microscope, and the images displayed the plate-like particle formation. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to determine the average particle size of the sample, which was estimated to be 155.93 nm. The magnetic studies were taken through the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at 300 K, with which the saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc), squareness ratio (Mr/Ms), and energy product (BHmax) was calculated, and the particles were validated to be in single domain arrangement. The dielectric properties were investigated through the LCR meter. Koop and Maxwell-Wagner's model was used to interpret charge conduction and the occurrence of relaxations in the system.

Effect of Nb doping on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of SrTiO3 nanopowder synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion technique

ABSTRACT Metal oxide photocatalyst is a promising wastewater treatment process due to its simplicity, high efficiency, and low cost, as well as being environmentally friendly and non-energy consuming. The perovskite structure material, SrTi1− x Nb x O3 (STNO) with x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05, was successfully synthesized by the sol-gel auto-combustion method. Samples with a pure phase and cubic perovskite structure were obtained. The Rietveld refinement results showed that the lattice parameter and unit cell density increased as the Nb-doping level increased. The particle size of the STNO decreases with increasing Nb doping content. Photoluminescence was excited at 327 nm, producing violet, green, and blue emissions, while the Nb content asserts an insignificant effect on the bandgap (Eg ). The Nyquist plot and Mott-Schottky analysis were used to determine the photoelectrode performance of the STNO samples. The photocatalytic activity of STNO on the decolorization of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation increased with increasing Nb content and optimization at x = 0.05, corresponding to the results obtained from photoluminescence, Eg , Nyquist plot, and Mott-Schottky analyses.

Effect on Magnetic, morphological and structural properties of Zn2+-Zr4+ substituted SrM for permanent magnet based appliances

The purpose of the study is to assess the influence of Zn2+-Zr4+ dopant upon morphological and magnetic aspects of SrM (M−type Strontium hexaferrites). In the current investigation, a series of SrZnxZrxFe12-2xO19 (x = 0.00–0.15) were manufactured by employing the sol–gel auto-combustion technique (SGACT). The formation of the pure phase has been revealed from XRD data of strontium hexaferrites without the existence of an intermediate phase for instance α–Fe2O3, SrFe2O4 and SrCO3. The lattice parameter ‘c’ increases from 23.0601 to 23.0703 Å and cell volume increases to 692. 68 Å3 from 691.38 Å3 with an increment in Zn2+-Zr4+ content. With substitution, FESEM images reveal an increase in the particle as well as agglomerates size. DLS data also show an increase in size of particle from x = 0.00 (≈130 nm) to x = 0.15 (≈ 500 nm). Raman spectra reveal crystals straining with an increment in Zn2+-Zr4+ content. The coercivity values (Hc) range from 5164Oe (x = 0.00) to 6210Oe (x = 0.15) as disseminated by magnetic measurements. The corresponding values of saturation magnetization (Ms) fall between 71.22 and 82.16 emu/g. The augmentation in magnetic characteristics of SrM upon doping with Zn2+-Zr4+ could be vital for permanent magnet applications.

Structural and electromagnetic characterization of yttrium doped copper ferrite

In this study, Yttrium doped Copper ferrites (CuFe2-xYxO4;x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5) are synthesized through sol–gel auto combustion technique. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope is employed to carry out structural and morphological study of as prepared samples. The XRD patterns show formation of stable tetragonal copper ferrite with and without doping. Tetragonal structure transformation is achieved with high sintering temperature. Vibrational modes were further examined through Raman and FTIR spectra and affirm formation of tetragonal structure with MO bonding. Electromagnetic response of the powdered samples was investigated in microwave region from 1 to 15 GHz. The decrease in real permittivity from 5 to 3 (F/m) as well as in real permeability from 2.5 to 1.75 (H/m) by increasing Y3+ content is observed. This trend directly correlates with degree of crystallinity. The low values of dielectric and magnetic loss tangent make them highly suitable for low loss applications.

Sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis of double metal-doped barium hexaferrite nanoparticles for permanent magnet applications

In the current work, BaZnxZrxFe12-2xO19 (x ​= ​0.00–0.15) sub-micron particles synthesis with the help of the sol-gel auto-combustion technique has been carried out. XRD studies reveal the single BaM (barium hexaferrite of M-type) phase formation and undesirable phases such as BaFe2O4 and α–Fe2O3 absent. The FE-SEM micrographs suggest that the size of grain increases from ≈241 ​nm (x ​= ​0.00) to ​≈ ​280 ​nm (x ​= ​0.15) with a substitution level. The enhancement in grain size with composition has been also confirmed by the dynamic light scattering technique (DLS). The coercivity (Hc) has been continuously decrease from 5363 ​Oe (x ​= ​0.00) to 4211 ​Oe (x ​= ​0.15) with increase in non-magnetic dopant concentration. On the other hand, the saturation magnetization (Ms) value increases from 70.87 emu/g (x ​= ​0.00) to 87.04 emu/g (x ​= ​0.15) with substitution. In the sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis of M-type hexaferrite, fuel plays an important role. It affects the magnetic properties, surface morphology, and calcination temperature of hexaferrite. In the present study, synthesis of Zr4+-Zn2+ doped BaM having a low composition (x ​= ​0.00–0.15) using tartaric acid as fuel is first reported. The enhanced magnetic properties of Zr4+-Zn2+ doped BaM samples over undoped samples can be used in permanent magnet appliances.

Structural, dielectric, and electrical transport properties of Al3+ substituted nanocrystalline Ni-Cu spinel ferrites prepared through the sol–gel route

In this study, a series of nanocrystalline Ni0.7Cu0.30AlxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.00 to 0.10 with a step of 0.02) has been synthesized through the sol–gel auto combustion technique. The structural, morphological, dielectric, and electrical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles are analyzed due to the substitution effect of Al3+ content. The structural study has been performed through the XRD and FTIR analyses. The extracted XRD patterns assure the single-phase cubic spinel structure of all samples in high crystalline nature with maintaining their homogeneity. The average crystallite size of the nanoparticles is found in the range of 55.63–70.74 nm, and the average grain size varies from 59.00 to 65.00 nm. FTIR study also confirms the formation of spinel structures in the prepared Ni-Cu ferrite nanoparticles. The surface morphology of the materials has been studied through the FESEM study linked with EDX analysis. The dielectric dispersion of the materials is reflected at lower frequencies up to 10 kHz. The impedance spectroscopy confirms the non-Debye relaxation phenomena of the synthesized nanomaterials. The contribution of grains and grain boundaries is resolved through the modulus study of the materials. The trend in variation of AC resistivity with frequency has been explained by the hopping mechanism.

Effect of nickel substitution on structural and dielectric properties of Mg-Zn based spinel ferrite nanoparticles

Herein, we used sol-gel auto combustion technique for fabrication of the series of nickel substituted magnesium-zinc spinel ferrite (Mg0.3NixZn0.7−xFe2O4) nanoparticles by varying nickel concentrations as 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.20. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation evidenced that the synthesized nanomaterials are of spinel ferrite nature with secondary phase. Moreover, the crystallite size was observed to be in the range from 13 to 17 nm as estimated by Scherrer’s formula. It has been found that the structural parameters (e.g., bulk density, lattice constant, micro strain, crystallite size, surface area etc) of the as-synthesized magnesium-zinc spinel ferrite nanoparticles have been strongly influenced by doping content of nickel. Moving further, we have investigated the dielectric properties of the prepared nanoparticles in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 MHz. The remarkable electric modulus, impedance and dielectric properties of the prepared spinel ferrites made these materials a potential candidate for low- and high-frequency applications.

Si9+ Ion-Irradiation Induced Modification of Structural and Magnetic Properties of Zn-Nanoferrite

We report synthesis of ZnFe2O4 by sol gel auto-combustion technique, and study the effect of 120 MeV 28Si9+ ion irradiation (dose: 1 × 1012 −1 × 1014 ions cm−2) on structural, magnetic properties, correlation between them, probed by X-ray diffraction “XRD,” scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis “SEM–EDX,” magnetic measurements. Formation of single-phase spinel nanoferrite (grain diameter: 15.93–16.92 nm), is confirmed by XRD. EDX-SEM confirms formation of desired phase, non-homogeneous particle size dispersal. Results show that with increasing irradiation dose, lattice parameter decreases;reduction of Fe3+ ions on B-site, with concurrent increase on A-site, while Zn2+ ions remain more populated on A-site than on B-site. Irradiation shows decrease of oxygen positional parameter, and strain, increase of inversion-degree, modification of A–O–B, A–O–A, B–O–B super-exchange interaction, reduction of dead-layer thickness, resulting in reduction of coercivity, saturation magnetization. Linear dependence of coercivity on grain diameter suggests the studied samples lie in overlap-region between multiple-domains or single-domain.

Structural, dielectric, impedance and electric modulus analysis of Ni substituted copper spinel ferrites nanoparticles for microwave device applications

A series containing five samples of nickel substituted copper spinel ferrite (NixCu1-xFe2O4) nanoparticles with five different nickel concentrations varying as x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, fabricated with the aid of sol-gel auto-combustion technique. Through X-ray diffraction analysis, the structural properties of the compound were determined, which revealed that the prepared nanomaterials possess a spinel nature which was confirmed due to the existence of a secondary phase. The crystallite size was ascertained by applying the Scherrer formula, which was brought up in the range of 8–11 nm. The experimental parameters such as magnetic stirring speed, the molarity of reactants, synthesis temperature, the quantity of citric acid, and annealing were kept controlled. The substitution of nickel in copper spinel ferrite made a significant effect on the structural variables such as crystallite size stacking fault, lattice strain, micro-strain, dislocation density, bulk density, Impedance Analyzer (LCR meter) was used to get the dielectric properties in the frequency extended from 1 Hz to 20 MHz. From the obtained results it was depicted that the synthesized nanomaterials might be able to give response to the electromagnetic radiations, hence these can be usefully applied in microwave devices. Tangent loss and dielectric constant are varied due to Ni2+ content. Impedance loss shows the grain boundaries are dominant as a function of Ni2+ content. Inverse relation of AC frequency with the dielectric constant exposed the existence of Maxwell–Wagner type interfacial polarization. The various dielectric plots give awareness about the conducting grains and resistive grain boundaries that play a vital role in understanding the dielectric relaxation in the material. The ac conductivity is also determined due to Ni2+ content. From the observed electrical parameters, it can be propounded that the prepared nanocrystalline particles hold semiconducting nature and can be employed as a dielectric in low-frequency devices, and might be utilized as a conductor in high-frequency devices.

Cation distribution and site occupancy of nanoscale Cu2+-Er3+ substituted strontium hexaferrites via Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy

In this research, we report on the cation distribution and site occupancy of Cu2+ and Er3+ ions in the hexagonal lattice of M-type strontium hexagonal ferrites with chemical composition Sr1-xCuxFe12-yEryO19 (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and y=0.0, 0.4, 0.5) fabricated using sol-gel autocombustion technique. Raman analysis of the synthesized samples was conducted based on the group theory analysis of hexagonal ferrites based on the D6h symmetry. The Raman active modes based on the mode assignment and symmetry and were typical of M-type hexaferrite. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows the density of the s electron cloud at the 12k, 4f2, and 4f1 is affected by Cu2+-Er3+ substitution which indicate that all the five sexets originate from Fe3+ ion with high spin and that Er3+ ion (with d10 orbitals) occupies Fe3+ ion position at 12k, 4f2, 2a, and 2b sites in different proportion based on the Ligand theory.

Role of pH on the Structural and Infrared Properties of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared via Sol-Gel Auto Combustion Method

Wet chemical methods in particular sol-gel auto combustion method play a vital role in governing the size and the shape of the particles. In the present communication, nickel ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel auto combustion technique using citric acid as a fuel. The metal nitrate to fuel ratio was chosen as 1:3 using propellant chemistry approach. The nanopowder of the nickel ferrite was prepared at various pH viz. 2, 5, 7 and 9. The obtained nanopowder was annealed at 600°C for 4 h and used for further characterizations. All the samples were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy technique. The room temperature XRD pattern reveals the formation of single-phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice constant calculated from XRD data shows dependence of pH values. The Fourier transform infrared spectra show two absorption bands in all the four samples near 400 cm-1 and 600 cm-1. However, a slight variation in the absorption band is observed for different pH.

Investigation of microstructural and magnetic properties of Ca2+ doped strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles

The effect of Ca2+ ions doping on the structure, magnetic properties, and surface morphology of Sr1-xCaxFe12O19 (x = 0.0 to 0.5 with step size 0.1) hexaferrite nanoparticles synthesized using the sol–gel auto-combustion technique was investigated in the current study. The phase purity of synthesized samples is confirmed by XRD data plots up to x = 0.2, after which α-Fe2O3 was observed as a secondary phase in all concentrations. The micrographs from FESEM show that with the increase in the concentration of Ca2+ dopant, the average grain size increases from ≈125 nm to ≈240 nm. The intensity of secondary phase Raman peaks increases with increasing dopant ion concentration beyond x = 0.2. The coercivity value varies between 5292 and 5828 Oe as the Ca2+ dopant increases. A maximum (72.63 emu/g) value of saturation magnetization (Ms) have been obtained in samples at x = 0.2. Such substances can be utilized for making permanent magnets applications.

Excellent Microwave Absorbing Properties of Nd3+‐Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite/PANI Nanocomposite for Ku Band

Nd3+‐substituted Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles are synthesized by the sol–gel autocombustion technique, and their nanocomposite with polyaniline (PANI) is prepared by in situ polymerization. X‐ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of single‐phase cubic spinel structure of the prepared ferrite samples. The crystallite size of the synthesized ferrite nanoparticles is found to be in the range of 16−52 nm. The saturation magnetization is observed to decrease due to nonmagnetic polyaniline coating on ferrite nanoparticles. The microwave absorbing properties of ferrite nanoparticles and ferrite/polyaniline nanocomposite are investigated using vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 2−18 GHz for different sample thickness. The minimum value of reflection loss is found to be −6.0 dB at a frequency of 13.20 GHz for Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe1.9Nd0.1O4 ferrite nanoparticles of thickness 2.0 mm, and −53.72 dB at a frequency of 14.48 GHz for Ni0.5 Zn0.5Fe1.9Nd0.1O4/PANI nanocomposite of sample thickness 1.7 mm. The prepared nanocomposite absorbs 99.99% of the incident microwave at a frequency of 14.48 GHz. The microwave absorbing properties improve with a shift of absorption frequency toward higher level for the nanocomposite sample.

Improved microwave absorption and EMI shielding properties of Ba-doped Co–Zn ferrite

Herein, we report the synthesis of Ba-doped Co–Zn ferrite nanoparticles using the sol-gel auto combustion technique. The single-phase formation of the samples with F d 3m space group was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallite size, lattice parameter, and x-ray density, decreases with increasing dopant concentration. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows the formation of irregular grains for all the samples. The oxidation states of Ba, Co, Zn, Fe, and O were estimated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirmed the chemical purity of the samples. Cationic distributions at tetrahedral and octahedral sites were proposed based on XPS studies. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectra shows the presence of two strong peaks around 430 cm −1 and 580 cm −1 that confirmed the formation of ferrite structure. The M − H curves were acquired to analyze the magnetic ordering in the specimens where the highest saturation magnetization (Ms) value of 43.479 emu/g was witnessed for x = 0.05. The microwave properties shows a decrease in magnetic loss and dielectric loss from 0.486 to 0.319 and 0.178 to 0.168 when Ba concentration was increased. EMI shielding analysis shows an increase in effective shielding ( S E T ) from 11.43 dB to 12.82 dB.

Structural, Dielectric, and Electrical Transport Properties of Al3+ Substituted Nanocrystalline Ni-Cu Spinel Ferrites Prepared Through the Sol-Gel Route

In this study, a series of nanocrystalline ferrites of Ni0.7Cu0.30AlxFe2-xO4 (x=0.00 to 0.10 with a step of 0.02) has been synthesized through the sol-gel auto combustion technique. The structural, morphological, dielectric, and electrical properties of the Ni-Cu spinel ferrite nanoparticles are analyzed due to the substitution of Al3+ content. The crystalline and structural characteristics of the prepared nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied employing the x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra and FTIR analysis. The extracted XRD patterns assure the single-phase cubic spinel structure of all samples with homogeneity and no impurity, which indicates the yielding of high crystalline NPs. A slight decrease of average grain size with increment of Al3+ content is observed in the surface morphological study carried out by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The studied materials are found in semi-spherical shapes, showing the multi-domain grains separated by grain boundaries with some agglomerations. The chemical composition study for the synthesized NI-Cu spinel ferrites using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) ensures the presence of each component in appropriate proportions in each sample.

Utilizing nanomagnetic materials to eliminate Pb+2 and Cd+2 from aqueous mixtures

The magnetic structure of NiFe2O4 particles has been obtained by using a sol-gel auto combustion technique with limejuice as a surface-active agent as well as a fuel agent. The above process is classified as sustainable chemistry, which is a procedure that is both environmentally friendly and less expensive than other methods. Some of the physical and chemical techniques used to diagnose nanomaterials include energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TEM, FESEM, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. The phase purity and particle size of 24.27 ​nm were revealed by XRD patterns. Pb+2, as well as Cd+2 absorption characteristics, have been investigated in relation to adsorbent concentration, pH, temperature, and contact time. When the pH ranges from three to nine, the best time to contact is 60 ​min for Pb+2 and 90 ​min for Cd+2. When compared to the Langmuir adsorption model, the adsorption studies revealed a strong relationship with a Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The thermophysical properties have been described, showing an endothermic reaction for ΔH, a spontaneous process for ΔG, as well as a positive value for ΔS, which was characterized by an increase in process disorder.