Russian Soil Research Articles

Water permeability and accumulation of moisture in the soil during its cultivation using the No-till technology

Relevance. Cultivation of crops using No-till technology in the Stavropol Territory and other regions of our country is becoming more widespread. However, the expansion of this technology is hampered by fears that without tillage Russian soils, mostly heavy in mechanical composition, can overcompact, which will lead to a deterioration in their physical properties and, as a result, a decrease in the yield of cultivated crops.Methods. In 2013–2020 on the experimental field of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Agrarian Canter, located in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol Territory, on ordinary chernozem studies were carried out, the purpose of which was to establish the effect of long-term use of the No-till technology on the water permeability and accumulation of moisture in ordinary heavy loamy chernozem of the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol Territory. In the experiment, a four-field crop rotation was studied: peas — winter wheat — sunflower — corn. In one case, all crop rotation crops were cultivated according to the technology recommended by the scientific institutions of the Stavropol Territory with tillage, in the other case, according to the No-till technology, in which the soil was not cultivated for two crop rotations (8 years).Results. During two rotations of crop rotation in the No-till technology, the water resistance of soil aggregates increases and, on average, over the years of the experiments, 30.4 pcs./m2 of earthworms lived in it, which is 4.0 times more than in the soil cultivated according to the recommended technology. The water permeability of ordinary chernozem in No-till technology after eight years of research (in autumn 2020) was 7.18, and in cultivated soil —5.17 mm per minute, which is 38.9% lower. These indicators ensured the accumulation and preservation of 133 mm of productive moisture in a one and a half meter soil layer by the time of flowering of spring crops and earing of winter wheat using the No-till technology, according to the recommended technology — 101 mm.

Formation of the concept of "benefit" in Russian language.

The article discusses the formation of the concept of "Benefit" from a historical point of view. Based on the material of the literary language, its stages are determined on the basis of historical changes in the nominational structure of this fragment of the Russian linguistic image of the world. The first, prehistoric period, is associated with the most common native Slavic designation of the concept of "benefit" by the lexeme greed and its various regional names (extraction, gain, profit), realizing the motivational sign "result (material) that the subject aspired to". The next stage is the collision and interaction of the pagan interpretation of benefit, primarily as prey, with the Christian understanding of benefit as something that gives relief (soul and body), liberation (from sins and hardships of everyday life). The third and fourth stages are associated with the interpretation of the concept expressed by the word benefit on Russian soil. The preservation of the connection between the concept of "benefit" with the concepts of "relief" and "help" is evidenced by the data of a number of dialects and Dahl's dictionary.

African Studies in Russia: History and the Current State

The article provides a detailed analysis of the development in Russia of African studies throughout the entire period of its existence - from the first fragmentary knowledge about the African continent, brought to Russian soil by individual travelers and enthusiasts to modern comprehensive research in Africa by the largest Russian scientific centers, among which, of course, the leading positions are held by the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The work exposes the evolution of the development of African studies as a science through the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods. A powerful impetus for the study of Africa was given in the late 1950s. This was due to the victory of national liberation movements in African countries and the formation of independent states on the continent. The author shows the increased interest in African studies at the present stage of development of our country, when the African vector of Russian foreign policy is becoming more and more in demand. Despite the limited human, organizational and financial resources, Russian African studies are currently on the rise. The international recognition of the achievements of Russian African studies imposes an additional obligations on Russian scientists. Taking into account the practical significance of their works, the conclusions and proposals they contain for the development of Russian-African relations, they feel even greater responsibility. The latest vivid example of this was the active participation of Russian African scientists in the preparation and successful holding of the first Russia-Africa Summit and Economic Forum in Sochi on October 23-24, 2019.

Carbon saving agricultural technologies and mitigation of the greenhouse

The paper generalizes and analysis the data of soil organic carbon (SOC) amount in agricultural land on the example of the field studies carried out in 2013–2016 on the area of the Upper Volga Federal Agrarian Research Centre on the gray forest soils. The purpose of the study was to determine the stocks and the losses SOC in the agricultural land; to evaluate the factors reducing SOC in the arable soils and to show the ways to maintain and to increase the soil organic carbon; to study the influence of the technological factors on the balance of organic carbon in gray forest soils. Authors consider the transition to carbon-saving technologies of arable soils in Russia can restore almost 2.2 Gt C of the SOC and can play a significant role in the reducing of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This SOC value can be a significant additional reserve for achieving Russia’s commitments on mitigating climate change. The result of the field experiment showed the most effective approach is the choice of agricultural crops, as the perennial grasses using the manure as an organic fertilizer and the use of resource-saving non-moldboard tillage methods.

Агроэкологическая оценка засоления почв

In the conducted studies, the influence of salinization on the soil-plant system on the soils of Russia and Vietnam was evaluated. It is shown that the nature and degree of soil salinization vary over time and in space, including on individual elements of meso- and microrelief. For soils, plants and biota, it is advisable to allocate their optima and maximum permissible salinity concentrations. They differ for different soils, for individual plant species and microorganisms. It is shown that optimal and acceptable indicators of soil salinity differ from a combination of parameters of plant life factors and soil functioning: temperature, humidity, combination of soil properties, phases of soil and plant development, etc. It was found that the composition of the soil extract differs significantly from the composition of the soil solution not only in the concentration of salts, but also in their composition, which must be taken into account in the agroecological assessment of salinity. The possibility of increasing the resistance of plants to soil salinization when they are fed with biophilic elements, stimulants, complexons is shown. Keywords: SALINIZATION, PLANTS, MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS, OPTIMIZATION

Cryoaridic Soils as a Genetic Type in the Russian Soil Classification System: Geography, Morphology, Diagnostics

Cryoaridic Soils as a Genetic Type in the Russian Soil Classification System: Geography, Morphology, Diagnostics

Формирование мещанства как прослойки среднего класса в российском сословном обществе

The article considers the problems of changes in the social structure of society as a result of the development of the Russian Federation according to the Western capitalist models. It is noted that market capitalism has brought to the Russian soil, along with some modernization processes and phenomena old archaic social practices, which were expressed in feudalization and class transformation of the Russian society. The formation of the archaic petty bourgeoisie as a form of middle class existence within some modern Russian estates, such as the shadow selfemployed workers estate, teachers estate, scientific and teaching estate, medical doctors and information (bloggers, ticktockers) is considered. It is shown that this social group, despite some differences, forms a common class and professional identity, a special specific lifestyle, style of consumption, a special bourgeois understanding of social prestige, a special class culture. The conclusion is formulated that modern Russian petty bourgeoisie as a specific type of urban dweller, as a form of middle class existence of some estates is a stabilizing stratum, strengthening the stability of Russian society, on the one hand, and a source of archaic socio-economic practices, on the other.

On Russian Soil: Myth and Materiality. By Mieka Erley. Ithaca: Northern Illinois University Press, distributed by Cornell University Press, 2021. xi, 204 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. $39.95, hard bound.

On Russian Soil: Myth and Materiality. By Mieka Erley. Ithaca: Northern Illinois University Press, distributed by Cornell University Press, 2021. xi, 204 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. $39.95, hard bound. - Volume 81 Issue 3

Theoretical Sociology in Modern Russia: Global and National Perspectives

The article provides a brief analysis of theoretical processes in post-Soviet Russian sociology. The current state and prospects for development of theoretical sociology are discussed in the context of global sociology and in the framework of original sociological theories on Russian soil. Within the first framework, a special place is given to the problem of borrowing and imitating foreign theories that take place among Russian sociologists educated and socialized in the West. It is stated that the development of national theories does not reject a possibility of relying on some global achievements and does not mean indigenization of Russian sociology. The article describes views on the general state of theoretical sociology and assessment of individual Russian theories (modernization, eco-risk, sociology of life, etc.), highlights their weaknesses and problems hindering their development. The author's position on the combination of global and national in theoretical sociology, general sociological and special sociological theories, study of national traditions of science is offered. It is concluded that there are no prospects for a new grand theory, while coexistence of many general theories that determine the probabilistic paths of Russia's development is possible. The need for an active position of Russian sociologists in theoretical construction is emphasized.

Россия в преддверии участия в войне идентистов против антиидентистов

The article analyzes the role of Russia in the framework of the current opposition of traditionalists to Western anti-identity influence. In this context, anti-identity is the main characteristic of the modern “new liberalism”, or liberal democracy. It is emphasized that the “new liberalism” has little to do with traditional European liberalism, it has completely different roots, which go also into the Russian soil. The authors see the origins of the “new liberalism” in Marxism, on the basis of which the ideology of overcoming identity was born in the second half of the 20th century. The dictatorship of minorities and a specific form of ostracism – Cancel culture – have become a tool for combating identity as the need to realize one’s connection with any community and its values. In contrast to Western countries, radical forms of anti-identity in Russia were already embodied by the Bolsheviks after the 1917 revolution in the field of gender policy, sexual morality and the national question. The rollback of Soviet policy from Bolshevik maximalism did not lead to a complete return to traditional values, which especially affected family values. From the point of view of the Central and Eastern European traditionalists (Poland, Hungary), whom the leaders of the European Union consider authoritarians, Russia is a defender of traditional values, but there were no statements that the Russian government embodies “true European values” and the ideals of “real” democracy. For many conservative politicians in Western Europe and the USA (Protestants and Catholics, Muslims), although Russia is important as a country that opposes anti-identity, its role is largely symbolic, since in Russia there are no influential political and significant public circles that consistently defend, for example, biblical values, like in the United States (prohibition of abortion, in addition to rejecting same-sex marriage, a high degree of religiosity and protection of the interests of their church, following biblical norms in life).

Придворный театр как факт европеизации России в эпоху правления царя Алексея Михайловича

Russia’s Theatrical Past: Court Entertainment in the Seventeenth Century (2021), written by Claudia Jensen, Ingrid Mayer, Stepan Shamin, and Daniel C. Waugh, focuses on the Russian court theatre of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which existed from 1672 to 1676. The book analyzes this theatre within the context of Russian culture and diplomatic relations between Russia and Western Europe from the middle of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th century. The study of intercultural exchange and how Russia assimilated Western European theatrical and musical traditions is based on unique documents, such as European newspapers, diplomats’ reports, foreign travel accounts, witness accounts, and payment records, that were found in Russian and Western European archives. In tracing the transmission and spread of Western performance traditions on Russian soil, the authors use the concept of intertheater. Intertheatrical processes were largely conditioned by diplomatic contacts. The book presents the Alexei Mikhailovich’s court theatre as a proven source of the Europeanization of Russia, which began before the reforms of Peter the Great.

Putin's Invasion of Ukraine: What's Religion Got To Do With It?

Summary As of February 24, 2022, as Russian air strikes, missiles, and tanks began pouring into an outmatched Ukraine, the Byzantine calculus of symphonia, of a mutually interdependent church and state, devolved into an unholy alliance joining at the hip a predatory Putin and a sycophantic Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kyrill. Especially over the past decade Patriarch Kyrill has tied the fate of his church to that of his patron Putin, the same tragic mistake made by the same church in its defense of tsarist Russia in its death throes. Since his accession in 2009, and emphatically since Russia’s moves against Crimea, Donetsk, and Luhansk in 2014, Patriarch Kyrill has sought to enshrine the principle of “Russky mir,” the “Russian World,” which he understands to mean the spiritual and ecclesial union of the Eastern Slavs. Following the demise of Marxism, Russian Orthodoxy emerged as a substitute state ideology, not only giving the Russian Republic a sacred purpose for its existence, but also energizing the dream of the reconstitution of the old Russian/Soviet empire. Presuming an East-West spiritual and moral divide, Putin increasingly sees all things Western, including Catholicism and Protestantism on Russian soil, as a threat to Russian Orthodoxy, which is one of the underpinnings of his regime. In close proximity to notions of the “Russian World” and Orthodox triumphalism is the attendant messianic belief that Patriarch Kyrill and Putin are the world’s last best hope for the preservation of traditional Christian family values, and this in the face of their obscenely lavish lifestyles and out-sized hubris Tragically, the Russian Orthodox Church, far from being a check on Putin’s war against Chechnya, anti-Assad forces in Syria, and now Ukraine, supports the Russian autocrat wholeheartedly. On March 6, 2022, Orthodoxy’s Forgiveness Sunday, in Moscow’s palatial Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Patriarch Kyrill outdid himself going so far as to equate Ukraine with the Prodigal Son. On February 28, 2022, Kyrill declared in vain that a guarantee of “fraternal relations” would be “our united Orthodox Church represented in Ukraine by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church headed by His Beatitude Onuphry.” Yet four days prior, on the very day the Russian invasion began, Metropolitan Onuphry had already boldly condemned Russian aggression. For the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in communion with Moscow a Russian war against Ukrainians is “a repetition of the sin of Cain, who killed his own brother out of envy.” On

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОЧВЕННЫХ РЕСУРСОВ ЕВРЕЙСКОЙ АВТОНОМНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ В АГРОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ РАЗВИТИИ РЕГИОНА

The paper deals with the description of soil resources of mountainous and low-lying (agricultural) areas in the Jewish Autonomous Region. The soil diversity is characterized according to the substantive-genetic (profile-genetic) principles of the new Russian soil classification system. The author considers actual problems of agrarian utilization of soils in the Jewish Autonomous Region in the new social-economic conditions.

Participation of Soviet Scientists in the Soil Map of the World Project

This article discusses the participation of Soviet soil scientists in the project aimed to create a soil map of the world. The ideas of creating a soil map were based on the ideas of soil classification that had been put forward by V. V. Dokuchaev in the late 19th century. These ideas were further developed by Dokuchaev’s pupil K. D. Glinka who greatly influenced the relevant works of C. F. Marbut, the leader of American soil science. In the Soviet Union, the creation of soil maps was initiated in the early 1930s for the purpose of land and soil inventory, which was necessary to ensure successful development of the collective-farm economy. With their vast experience in soil mapping, Soviet soil scientists initiated a project to create a world soil map at the Sixth International Congress of Soil Scientists, held in Paris in 1956. The first soil maps of individual regions, presented during the ICSS Congress in Madison in 1960, were seriously flawed and could not be integrated into a single map. The International Society of Soil Science asked the U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for help and, together with UNESCO, FAO began to provide assistance in the implementation of this project. The Soviet scientists’ positions in the project were undermined in 1961 after the V. V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute was removed from under the auspices of the USSR Academy of Sciences and transferred to the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VASKhNIL). Only a few scientists from the USSR Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Geography, headed by I. P. Gerasimov, remained full participants in World Soil Map Project. In this situation V. A. Kovda, who directed the project on the Soviet side, concentrated on defending the positions of Soviet soil science from the encroachments on the part of American scientists. There was a risk that traditional Russian soil names could disappear from the new soil map of the world. Soviet scientists succeeded in defending their position at the International Soil Congress, held in Adelaide (Australia) in 1968, and secured the holding of the next Congress in Moscow. The first sheets of the soil map of the world were released in 1970.

Diagnostic Properties and Soil Forming Materials in the Classification System of Russian Soils: Version of 2021

Diagnostic Properties and Soil Forming Materials in the Classification System of Russian Soils: Version of 2021

Nationality (narodnost’) of Golden Age literature: The achievement of romanticism or the heritage of classicism

The article counters the widely held opinion that the interest in nationality (narodnost’) and particular nature of nation is a characteristic feature of the Romantic literature. The criticism and aesthetics of the Golden Age (1810–1830s), transferring Western concepts to the Russian soil, sometimes too hastily correlated them with Russian artistic practice. So, in the early 1820s, when, as Petr Vyazemsky admitted, the Russian ideas of romanticism were still vague, nationality was declared the property of the romantic school (сf. the article On Romantic Poetry by Orest Somov, who was largely influenced by Germaine de Staёl). This point of view was reflected in later criticism which characterized such authors as Konstantin Batyushkov, Nikola Gnedich, Anton Delvig, and Pavel Katenin as belonging to the Romantic school. Their interest in particular nature of nation, however, had absolutely different sources. Besides Herder’s Enlightenment ideas, it was the aesthetics of renewed classicism, advanced by Winkelmann and oriented at authentic antiquity that nurtured this interest. The antique culture, understood differently from French classicism, still served as a model for poets developing national themes. The influence of Greek Anthology upon Delvig’s Russian song, Greek motives in Gnedich’s Russian idyll, the Homeric simplicity, which permeated in Russian ballad, — all this resulte from deliberate integration of Russian content and high antiquity. National themes were bornby the culture of classicism, affecting the entire Golden Age, but in the framework of the same transitional period were quickly “appropriated” by the adepts of Romantic movement.

Guideline Values for the Content of Chemical Elements in Soils of Urban Functional Zones: A Review

—The Russian soil quality assessment system, where the guideline values for the content of heavy metals and metalloids derived for arable lands (mostly, in terms of the general sanitary indicator of harmfulness) are applied to soils of the residential area and the protected area of water supply sources, can be updated using international experience, e.g., substantiation of generic values for urban functional zones since, with a few exceptions, the Russian soil quality guidelines are the same for all soils of the country. In order to assess the applicability of foreign approaches to Russian realities, we have thoroughly analyzed the original and most developed legislation systems of the soil quality control in cities of Germany, Canada, and the United States, as well as the systems of Australia, New Zealand, Republic of South Africa, and the countries of the European Union, where the values are land use specific. In this paper, we summarize the principles of soil quality assessment for the contents of chemical elements, brief the methodology used in different countries and the consequences of exceeding the standards, and highlight some clues for improving the Russian soil quality assessment system. The Russian soil quality assessment system can be improved and updated by substantiating (i) the land use specific standards for cities with the focus on actual subjects of standardization (the health of ecosystems, children, or adults); (ii) the standards for different geochemical environments taking into account the specific features of migration of substances; and (iii) the standards for the soil materials used to construct lawns and roadside areas. In addition, we suggest (i) developing a comprehensive system of management decisions for the case when soil quality standards are exceeded; (ii) legitimizing the concept of historical pollution that existed before the commencement of business activities; and (iii) establishing the minimum volume of soil and the depth or set of soil horizons to be remediated or removed due to pollution.

The transitional era in literature and the term realism (1840–1850s)

The article describes main milestones of the emergence and approval of the literary term realism. The term was filled with new content in French literature and criticism in the 1840s, and in 1849 first appeared in Russia in the article by Pavel Annenkov. The appearance of the term contributed to the transfer to Russian soil of the entire associative halo of the Realistic school, as it was understood in France at that time. The study of lagging autoreflection allows one to put forward the thesis about the atheoretical nature of realism. The means of realistic self-knowledge were not treatises, but critical articles on modern literature, where the concept of realism served as a means of journalistic polemics. The writers ranked among the great realists today did not classify themselves as such. Realists were considered anti-romantic-minded authors of low origin (raznochintsy), depicting familiar details of low reality. Subsequently, the fundamental thesis of the social determination of characters and artistic typification as asign of realistic art, which was subsequently consolidated, remained peripheral to the autoreflection of realism at the first stage of its development. All this determines the complexity of the conceptualization of this literary trend. In Russia the situation is more complicated because of the still-persisting influence of Soviet literary criticism, which sought to extend the unhistorically understood realism to the entire history of literature and turn it into a telos of literary development. Overcoming this approach and returning to the historical comprehension of realism is one of the urgent tasks of the history of literature.

International conference «Soil as interlink for functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems» devoted to the 90th anniversary of the department of pedology and land resources estimation, Irkutsk State University and year of Baikal

From August 23 to August 29, 2021, Irkutsk hosted the Vth International Scientific and Practical Conference "Soil as interlink for functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems" (hereinafter – the conference) dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Assessment of the Irkutsk State University (ISU) and the Year of Baikal. The total number of participants of the conference was 130 from 27 regions of Russia and 6 other countries (the Republic of Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Lebanon and Lithuania). The article presents a brief review of plenary and sectional reports on the following research topics: 1) theoretical soil science: genesis, evolution, classification problems; 2). multidisciplinary approaches of soil science related to the use of soil science methods in other research areas and scientific and industrial areas; 3) Soil resources and land assessment (fertility, degradation, land reclamation, qualitative and economic assessment, ecology and land protection). A total of 43 presentations were given at the conference: 8 plenary and 35 sectional. The interested reader will find a detailed description of the reports presented in this review, as well as other and other conference materials in the collection "Soil as interlink for functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems" (2021).
 A brief description of two excursions is given: (1) one excursion to the beautiful scenery at the shore of the Lake Baikal, held on August 23, 2021; (2) and another excursion at the Bratsk Reservoir on August 26-29, 2021. The purpose of the excursions wass to get acquainted with the nature and historical and cultural heritage of the Irkutsk region, Lake Baikal, as well as with soils, soil-forming rocks and natural features of the Southern Angara region. During the excursion tour, landscapes, rock outcrops and soil sections were presented: soils on a bumpy-depression relief; Paleolithic site of ancient man "Malta" with sections near the geoarchaeological objects "Malta-Bridge 3"; alluvial gray-humus soil in the floodplain of the Belaya River; exposure of Lower Cambrian rocks near the village Novomaltinsk; Cheremkhovsky coal mine; dispersed-carbonate gypseous chernozem near the Unga River; Novonukutsky gypsum mine; gray metamorphic soil and micellar-segregational chernozem on the bank of the Bratsk reservoir near the village Balagansk. At the end of the tour, the conference participants held a roundtable discussion about the problems of genesis and classification of the soils of the south of the Near-Angara region. The classification position of all the presented soils was justified within the framework of two classification systems: Classification of soils of Russia (2004) and Classification and diagnostics of soils of the USSR (1977). For scientific and informational support of the excursion, the guide "Southern Pre-Angara region: features of soil formation on rocks of different ages" (2021) was prepared and published.
 The conference aroused great interest among a wide range of specialists in the field of soil science, agrochemistry and ecology, land resource assessment, landscape studies, etc. The organization of such events promotes exchange of experience and strengthens the cooperation between researchers from leading universities and research centers, advancing the effective development of soil science, research methodology and practice, generalizing the information about soil as a link between the functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems.

Soil organic carbon stocks and stability of organic matter in permafrost-affected soils of Yamal region, Russian Arctic

Chemical composition of soil organic matter determines its decomposability and may affect soil microbial activity. This is very important for understanding variability in soil organic carbon pools in context of changes in plant cover or climate. This paper is aimed to characterize existing carbon pools and molecular organization of the humic acids, isolated from various permafrost-affected soils of Yamal region and to assess the potential vulnerability of soils organic matter in context of possible mineralization processes. Soils for most of studied sites were characterized predominantly by acidic to strong acidic pH. Profile distribution of carbon, nitrogen and C:N ratio showed non-gradual changing with the depth due to manifestation of cryopedogenesis in soil profiles which lead to cryogenic mass transfer. Mean soil organic carbon stocks for the study area were 7.9 ± 2.2 kg m−2 (for 0–10 cm layer), 15.0 ± 5.5 kg m−2 (for 0–30 cm), 24.0 ± 8.0 kg m−2 (for 0–100 cm). Analysis of soil organic carbon stocks among predominant soil types (Russian soil classification system) revealed relatively high variability of values in 0–10 cm (from 4.5 kg m−2 in Peaty Gleyzem underlain by permafrost to 9.6 kg m−2 in Peaty Podzol underlain by permafrost) and 0–30 cm layers (from 9.9 kg m-2 in Cryic Podbur underlain by permafrost to 24.1 kg m−2 in eutrophic peat soil underlain by permafrost). Results of solid-state 13C NMR spectrometry showed low amounts of aromatic fragments in studied soils. All studied soils are characterized by predominance of aliphatic structures, and also carbohydrates, polysaccharides, ethers and amino acids. High content of aliphatic fragments in studied humic acids shows their similarity fulvic acids. Low level of aromaticity reflects the accumulation in soil of poorly decomposed organic matter due to cold temperatures. Our results provide further evidence of high vulnerability and sensitivity of permafrost-affected soils organic matter to Arctic warming. Consequently, these soils may play a crucial role in global carbon balance under effects of climate warming.