Analysis Of Soil Samples Research Articles

Geochemical Content of Lead and its Distribution in Soil of Kirkuk City/Northern Iraq

The current study includes determination of the concentrations of lead (Pb) in 18 specimen of Kirkuk city soil (K). Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) technology has been used in the analysis of soil samples in laboratories Acme company in Canada. Results of chemical analysis of samples clarified a rise in average of lead in soil samples (26.11 ppm) compared with international average of soil (10 ppm) and with uncontaminated ones (15 ppm), and rise in its average in surface depth (30.2ppm) compared with the lower depths (17.97ppm), and decreases in its average as compared with local soils in other cities in Iraq. Factor analysis of the geochemical data for the samples above has been conducted and has been shown a presence of affinity and geochemical associations among Pb and both of potassium oxide and phosphorus penta oxide and also some elements such as phosphorus, cadmium, copper and zinc, as well as organic materials. Size analysis of the samples has confirmed that the concentration of Pb increases in the clay fraction in soils, and in a larger quantities than in the silty and sandy fractions. The value of Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) for samples of soil showed that it lies within the medium pollution category to non-pollution. Oxidation - reduction potential and the acidic function have helped to identify the prevailing metallic phase in the soils at the area of study, which is a type of Cerussite.

A Study on Physico Chemical Properties of the Soil in the Gautham Khani Open Cast Mine Kothagudem Coal Fields Region, Telangana

The soil quality refers to a broad range of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that maintain environmental quality, productivity, and microbial proliferation, the soil samples are collected from Gautham Khani Open Cast Mine it was located in Goutampur Village, Chunchupalli Madal, Badradri Kothagudem District in Telanagan State. The texture of the soil sample, physical properties like bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity as well as chemical properties like pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and macronutrients like N, P, K are analysed in the soil samples, As a result, the study analyzed soil samples and observed that study area soils need the restoration to improve the soil quality In order to evaluate the condition of the soil in coal mining sites for reclamation methods.

Evaluating the accuracy and usefulness of commercially-available proximal soil mapping services for grassland nutrient management planning and soil health monitoring

Grasslands play an important role in global food security. However, there are increasing pressures to improve the sustainability of ruminant farming. Precision nutrient management tools (e.g., proximal soil sensors for soil mapping) offer opportunities to improve nutrient use efficiency through spatially-variable nutrient application rate maps. Despite little research validating these technologies on grasslands, commercial companies promote these technologies to grassland farmers. In this study, the accuracy of commercial companies offering these services was evaluated by comparing soil pH, P, K, Mg and SOM measurements derived from conventional soil sampling and laboratory analyses to measurements derived from the commercial operators, across a range of soils that are typical found in UK grasslands. Results showed that soil mapping services utilising gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS) were not sufficiently accurate to predict soil pH, P, K and Mg on grasslands, and subsequently inappropriate for nutrient management planning for variable rate lime and nutrient application. Conversely, both GRS and visible-near infrared spectroscopy (Vis–NIR) accurately predicted between-field SOM variations in grassland soils but not within-field variation. This study emphasises the need for further research to explore the limitations of, and opportunities for, the universal application of these technologies across different soil types and/or land uses before their commercial application. It is therefore highly recommended that commercially-available soil mapping services are subject to certification, similar to centralised soil testing laboratories, to ensure data are accurate for soil management interpretation. The lack of reliability of such systems risks farmers’ confidence in the value of soil mapping, which could severely hinder future adoption of potentially valuable technologies.

Chromaticity characteristics of soil profiles in the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong, southern China and their climatic significance

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of soil color as a climatic proxy. We investigated the variation of soil chromaticity parameters in subtropical and tropical coastal areas in China and their relationships with climatic factors (mean annual precipitation and temperature). Latitudinal zonal soil profiles in the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong were selected for study, and chromaticity analysis of soil samples was performed using the CIELAB color system. The principal results are as follows: (1) Soil color in the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong is mainly controlled by hematite and goethite. Redness (a∗) varies significantly with depth within the soil profiles, and two types of profile can be defined: type I in which a∗ decreases with increasing depth within the profile, and type II in which a∗ increases with increasing depth within the profile. (2) Overall, a∗, b∗ (yellowness) and the b∗/a∗ ratio do not show a significant relationship with latitude. The a∗ of some of the Fujian profiles and the Guangdong soil profiles are significantly negatively correlated with the MAP, the b∗/a∗ of some of the Fujian is highly positively correlated with MAP. A precipitation threshold may exist for both sets of profiles. There is a high correlation coefficient between b∗/a∗ and MAT, and a temperature threshold of ∼23 °C is evident. b∗/a∗ is correlated with MAP and MAT, and it can potentially be used as a climate proxy.

The effectiveness of the use of organic fertilizers in the link of crop rotation on light gray forest soil of the south of the Volga-Vyatka region

Relevance. The issues of reproduction of fertility of light gray forest soils of the forest-steppe zone and utilization of poultry industry waste as organic fertilizers are interrelated and are very relevant. Methods. The experiments studied the effect of one-time application of various doses (15, 30, 50 t/ha) of chicken manure, chicken manure compost and local organic fertilizers (sapropel and peat) on crop yields, and the aftereffect of fertilizers on the main indicators of soil fertility — amount of humus, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The variants of the experiments were investigated sixfold. The Federal State Center of Agrochemical Service "Chuvashsky" was involved in laboratory analyses of soils and crop production. Mеthods of analysis of soil samples and crop production are generally accepted in agrochemical science.Results. Organic fertilizers for three years of research were introduced into the soil only once at the beginning of the experiment in doses of 15, 30 and 50 t/ha, and their effect on the yield and quality of crop production (potato tubers, spring wheat grains and peas) in 2020–2022 was positive. The agrochemical properties of the arable soil layer in the variants with the use of organic fertilizers have significantly improved. The nitrate content in the products in variants with doses of chicken manure and compost of 50 t/ha or more approached the critical level. Local fertilizers (sapropel and peat) at a dose of 30 t/ha, chicken manure and compost at a dose of 15 t/ha are good organic fertilizers with a long aftereffect.

The Role of Wastewater in Controlling Fluvial Erosion Processes on Clayey Bedrock

In recent decades, fluvial erosion processes in highly anthropized areas are mainly associated with in-stream gravel mining activities or with the presence of artificial reservoirs which have increased the erosive capacity of the river as a consequence of the reduced sediment transport or the modification of the longitudinal profile of the channel. On the other hand, the role of pollutants in the degradation processes of soils with a predominantly clayey component is little known. The present study, through chemical analyses of water and mineralogical–geotechnical analyses of clayey soil samples taken along some river channels in central Italy in correspondence with water treatment plants, highlights how “polluting” elements present in the water can modify the crystalline lattice and consequently, the resistance parameters of the soil itself, making it more susceptible to erosion processes. In particular, significant are the variations of the Plasticity Index, which tends to double in all the samples and the transformations of clayey minerals such as illite and kaolinite, toward montmorillonite and smectite, with consequent breaking of the ionic bonds and decrease of the material cohesion. Although in the cases studied this phenomenon was quantitatively less relevant than the “mechanical” processes described above, it could have a greater impact in the presence of landfills or large production settlements (agricultural or industrial) where the concentration of pollutants can be substantial.

Comparison of Rhizospheric and Endophytic Bacterial Compositions between Netted and Oriental Melons.

To elucidate the biological mechanism of formation of the netted pattern in melons, the characteristics of the soil bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere and of the endophytic bacteria in the stems of netted melons were analyzed. High-throughput sequencing technology was used for the analysis of plant stem and soil samples collected from netted melons (NM) and oriental melons (OM). At the phylum level, Acidobacteria, Dependentiae, and Chloroflexi were the dominant endophytic bacteria in the stems of NM only. In addition, at the genus level, the soil bacteria enriched in the rhizospheres of NM and OM were different. Five unique dominant bacterial genera, including Gaiella, Actinoplanes, norank_f__Gemmatimonadaceae, Devosia, and Bradyrhizobium, were the dominant soil bacteria unique to the rhizosphere of NM. In contrast, Mycobacterium and unclassified_f__Acetobacteraceae were the dominant soil bacteria in the rhizosphere of OM. Moreover, Hyphomicrobium, Nocardioides, norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales, Bryobacter, unclassified_f__Pseudonocardiaceae, Pseudolabrys, norank_f__Micropepsaceae, Ideonella, Mizugakiibacter, norank_f__Vermiphilaceae, unclassified_f__Xanthobacteraceae, Bacillus, and Pseudaminobacter were the dominant endophytic bacteria in the stems of NM. In contrast, Flavobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, unclassified_f__Burkholderiaceae, Paenibacillus, Bordetella, Hephaestia, and Ideonella were the dominant endophytic bacteria in the stems of OM. The specific substances (enzymes, proteins, endogenous hormones, etc.) secreted by unique rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria, such as Bacillus and Bradyrhizobium, may activate the promoters of genes. Therefore, the expression of genes can be regulated by unique rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria for formation or nonformation of netting in melons. IMPORTANCE The study of the differential structures and functions of rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial communities between netted melon and oriental melon treatments is investigated. Our findings make a significant contribution to the literature because they are the first step in coupling the study of rhizospheric and endophytic microbial community structure to reticulation formation in netted melon. Further, we believe that this research appears to be meaningful because it provides new insights into the mechanisms of reticulation formation in netted melon in modern agricultural production.

Correlation between Soil Carbon Potential and Soil Quality Index in Various Types of Dry Land Use in Aceh Besar District

Soil quality is a useful concept when assessing the sustainability of an agricultural business and demonstrating the ability of soil to maintain plant and animal productivity, improve water and air quality, and protect human health. SQI is a soil variable with the following characteristics: 1) well correlated with ecosystem processes; 2) integration of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties; 3) good sensitivity to human-induced soil changes; 4) simple measurement and interpretation; and 5) Reproducibility Soil quality index (SQI) is a diagnostic procedure to evaluate soil function and overall health. This research was carried out on a unit of land in a dry area in Aceh Besar District with a study area of 239,439.63 ha. Analysis of biomass samples and soil samples was carried out at the Laboratory of Soil and Plant Sciences and Soil Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Syiah Kuala. The tools used in this study include a set of computers with the Microsoft Windows 10 operating system that are equipped with several software for analysis, writing instruments, and other supporting tools. The main materials used in this study were soil samples, tree diameter measurement data, and land use maps, including geology, climate, slope class, soil, and topography. The results of the correlation analysis test showed a value of 0.6358. This shows that the relationship between soil C potential and soil quality index is a strong correlation. The distribution of carbon in the soil also has a close relationship with the soil quality index and is an effort to maintain carbon stocks in the soil. C - organic content is a very important parameter in compiling soil quality index criteria. Soil quality can be affected by many factors, such as parent material, environmental factors, land use type, and human activities. The percentage of soil organic C is an indicator of the percentage of soil organic matter (BOT), and BOT is able to improve soil structure and aggregates. Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration is closely related to soil quality and vegetation productivity. This relationship occurs because of the many contributions of soil carbon to soil properties such as the improvement of soil structure and water retention, provision of cation exchange capacity, and supply of plant nutrients through mineralization. This effect is especially important in small-scale tropical farming systems where the use of external inputs is often limited, and SOC concentrations have been positively correlated with yield levels for a variety of tropical soils.

Analysis of antibiotic resistance from a rural community and wastewater contaminated environment linked to human and animal activities

Antimicrobial resistance poses serious socioeconomic and ecological threat globally, warranting innovative approaches for surveillance and monitoring. One Health concept was considered in the analysis of soil, animal feces, pond water, wastewater and vegetable samples from a rural community and the environment in Palapye, Botswana. Culture-dependent and next-generation sequencing approaches were used for characterization of bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Viable potentially pathogenic bacteria exhibiting multi-drug resistance profiles corresponding to various clinically relevant antibiotics were observed. Next-generation sequence analysis also reveals occurrence and diversity of bacterial communities and acquired antibiotic resistance genes corresponding to clinically important classes of antibiotics (beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, fosfomycin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, quinolone, macrolide, and phenicol). High diversity was observed for beta-lactamase encoding (bla) genes from pond water in a rural community. Phylum gammaproteobacteria was revealed as the most abundant from metagenomics sequences of both community and environment samples. Multi-drug and heavy metal resistance encoding Serratia mercensens DM6 was identified from whole genome sequence data. This study serves as proof-of-concept for the application of next-generation sequencing in low- and middle-income countries and supports the One Health surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. The data generated can contribute towards antimicrobial stewardship programs and implementation of National Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance.

Growth and Yield Response of Tomato to Different Soil Amendment Techniques under Different Water Stress

The research was aimed at evaluating the growth and yield performance of tomato under different water regimes and different ricehusk biochar application rates. A trial was conducted during the 2022 dry season at Wudil in Kano State. The experiment was laid out in a Split Plot design. The experiment consisted of two factors; biochar at six different application rates (15, 13.75, 12.5, 11.25, 8.75 and 5tons/ha) and irrigation regimes (100, 50 and 25% irrigation). Which were combined to produce 18 treatments? Prior to planting, fifteen soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected randomly and bulked to obtained three composite soil samples for physical and chemical analysis using standard laboratory procedures. Growth and yield parameters were taken from 2WAT at 2 weeks intervals in each plot and. The result showed that aplication of biochar has a significant effect on crop growth and yield especially at 50% irrigation. Therefore it is recommended that 15tons/ha of rice husk biochar at 50% irrigation is very suitable for use by farmers in the study area.

Study of Movement of Pollutants in Soils around the Onsite Sanitation Systems - A Case Study of Periurban area in Karnataka, India

Sitting onsite sanitation systems near ground water sources without following any Indian national building organization, guideline is common in the peri urban areas in India. Due to close location of them the contaminants infiltrates from onsite sanitation systems and causes contamination of groundwater sources. Contamination of groundwater sources by pathogenic bacteria and nitrate are two major public health risks due to onsite sanitation systems. Sufficient depths of unsaturated soil and adequate horizontal separation distances between an onsite system and water sources are required to protect public health from aquifer contamination. In the present study the assessment of movement of pollutants in sandy soils around the onsite sanitation systems has been carried out to study the impact of septic tank on nearby borewell groundwater. Soil samples were collected around the septic tank in five directions. In each direction, soil samples were collected at 1 m interval longitudinally up to 2 m from septic tank edge at 0.3 m and 0.5 m depth. The soil samples are analyzed for sulphates, chlorides, phosphates, nitrates. The soil samples for bacterial analysis (E. coli) were collected in both monsoon and non-monsoon seasons upto 10 m from septic tank edge. From analysis of soil samples it can be concluded that concentration of nitrate, chloride, phosphate and sulphates leached from septic tank are not able to effect quality of bore well water located downstream of septic tank. The E. coli movement in the soil is observed upto 5 meters from the edge of the septic tank. The study concludes that the present distance between public borewell and septic tank is sufficient to prevent groundwater contamination.

The study of the dynamics of the content of nutrients in the soil when growing crops

The study was conducted in the soil and climatic conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest–steppe (station Minino) on leached chernozem. The scheme of the experiment with mineral fertilizers provided for the introduction of ammonium nitrate, ammophos and azophos in a dose of 80 kg / d.v.ha and the introduction of plant protection products. Soil samples for agrochemical analysis were selected in the phase of stalking, flowering and full ripeness. The content of nitrate nitrogen was carried out in accordance with GOST 26951-86, mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium were determined by the Chirikov method (GOST 26204-91). The conducted studies have shown that the introduction of ammonium nitrate allowed to significantly increase the amount of nitrate nitrogen (up to 25.2 mg / kg) in the arable soil layer, in the control version, the level of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed 3.3 mg / kg during the growing season. In the soil of the experimental site, the content of mobile phosphorus varied from 16.4 to 29.7 mg/100 g. The introduction of ammophos did not significantly increase the phosphorus content in the arable horizon. The content of mobile potassium in the soil was high and varied from 10.0 to 17.5 mg/100 g of soil.

林火干扰对广东木荷林生态系统碳库的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 林火干扰对广东木荷林生态系统碳库的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202004240980 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2018YFE0207800);广东省自然科学基金项目(2021A1515010946);广东省林业科技创新项目(2020KJCX003);广西自然科学基金项目(2014GXNSFBA118108) Effects of forest fire disturbance on carbon pools of Schima superba forest ecosystem in Guangdong Province Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:森林碳库在调节CO2浓度及减缓温室效应中发挥重要作用。选择广东木荷林为研究对象,通过相邻样地法,进行植被生物量、凋落物生物量和土壤样品的采样与分析,研究不同林火干扰强度对生态系统各碳库(植被、凋落物和土壤有机碳)及生态系统碳库产生的变化规律和空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)植被碳密度随着林火干扰强度增强而减少,但不同组分的植被碳密度表现不同,乔木碳密度在不同林火干扰强度下变化与植被碳密度变化一致,而草本碳密度则呈现相反的变化趋势。相同林火干扰强度下,植被各组分碳密度均以乔木层降低幅度最大。林火干扰均显著降低了凋落物碳密度(P<0.05),并随林火干扰强度的增加其降低幅度增大,但不同林火干扰强度对凋落物碳密度的影响有所差异。林火干扰降低了土壤有机碳密度,且降低幅度随土层深度增加而逐渐变小。(2)林火干扰有效改变了生态系统碳库的空间分布格局。对照样地木荷林土壤有机碳库占比为61.59%,重度林火干扰后,土壤有机碳库占比为70.96%呈上升趋势,占生态系统碳库的优势地位,而植被和凋落物碳库占比呈下降趋势,处于生态系统碳库的次要地位。(3)双因素方差分析表明,林火干扰强度和土层深度及其交互作用均对土壤有机碳密度有显著影响。林火干扰强度解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的8.78%,土层深度解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的70.29%,林火干扰强度和土层深度之间的交互作用解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的8.16%。研究发现:林火干扰降低了生态系统碳库,且随林火干扰强度增加,生态系统碳库减少幅度增大。轻度林火干扰对森林生态系统碳库的影响差异不显著,而中度和重度林火干扰对森林生态系统碳库的影响差异显著。研究结果对深化亚热带森林固碳效应的影响机制提供理论支撑。 Abstract:Forest carbon pools play an important role in regulating CO2 concentration and mitigating the greenhouse effect. In this study, the Schima superba forest in Guangdong was selected as the research object. Through the adjacent plot method, the sampling and analysis of vegetation biomass, litter biomass and soil samples were conducted to study the impact of different forest fire disturbance intensities on the various carbon pools (vegetation, vegetation, litter and soil organic carbon) and the change law and spatial distribution pattern of ecosystem carbon pool and its influencing factors. The results showed that the vegetation carbon density decreased with the increase of forest fire disturbance intensity, but the vegetation carbon densities of different components were different. The change of tree carbon density under different forest fire disturbance intensities was consistent with the change of vegetation carbon density. The carbon density showed the opposite trend. Under the same fire disturbance intensity, the arbor layer had the largest decrease in the carbon density of each component of vegetation. The forest fire disturbance significantly reduced the litter carbon density (P<0.05), and the decrease range increased with the increase of the forest fire disturbance intensity, but the effects of different forest fire disturbance intensities on the litter carbon density were different. The forest fire disturbance reduced soil organic carbon density, and the reduction range gradually became smaller with the increase of soil depth. Forest fire disturbance has effectively changed the spatial distribution pattern of the ecosystem carbon pool. The proportion of soil organic carbon reservoir in the control plot was 61.59%. After severe forest fire disturbance, the proportion of soil organic carbon pool was 70.96%, showing an upward trend, accounting for the dominant position of ecosystem carbon pool, while the proportion of vegetation and litter carbon pool showed a downward trend, which was in the secondary position of ecosystem carbon pool. ANOVA showed that the intensity of forest fire disturbance and the depth of soil layer and its interaction had a significant impact on soil organic carbon density. The intensity of forest fire interference explained 8.78% of the soil organic carbon density variation, the soil layer depth explained 70.29% of the soil organic carbon density variation, and the interaction between the forest fire interference intensity and the soil layer depth explained 8.16% of the soil organic carbon density variation. The study found that forest fire disturbance reduced the ecosystem carbon pool, and as the intensity of forest fire disturbance increased, the reduction in ecosystem carbon pool increased. The impact of low forest fire disturbance on forest ecosystem carbon pool was not significant, while the impact of moderate and high forest fire disturbance on forest ecosystem carbon pool was significant. The research results provide theoretical support for the impact mechanism of deepening the carbon sequestration effect of subtropical forests. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

LANDSLIDE MAPPING AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS FROM MUZAFFARABAD TO LUAT AREA WITH CASE STUDY OF PLANG LANDSLIDE, LESSER HIMALAYAS, PAKISTAN

Landslides are one of the most dangerous and frequent natural hazards worldwide and in Pakistan, wreaking havoc on society and the economy. Susceptibility mapping, as well as geological and geotechnical investigations, are the focus of this study on the Plang landslide in Neelam Valley, Pakistan’s Lesser Himalayas. This landslide’s causes and solutions were determined by a combination of geotechnical soil testing, longitudinal profiles, geological mapping, seismicity, roadcut, and rainfall assessments. The greatest concentration of landslides (as measured by both number of occurrences and slope gradient) was found on slopes with a gradient of between 31 and 40 degrees (33.5%). Most landslides (33.75%) happened facing south-east, according to the spatial link between the number of landslides and the slope aspect. To determine landslip causes and triggers, geotechnical studies were conducted. Complex debris flow and slump failure characterize the Plang landslip. Sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, specific gravity and study of disturbed soil samples show that Plang landslip soils are silty sand to clayey sand with plasticity index (PI) of 4.4%. The study depicts that drainage network, anthropogenic activities along steep slopes, fragile geology, active faults, freeze, and thaw action are influential parameters which significantly contribute to the landslide events.

Improving water management technology in rice systems for sustainable rice production

Purpose: to reduce rice irrigation rates by developing water management in rice systems for sustainable rice production. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were data obtained for 2020–2022 in production experiments in three experimental farms in Krasnodar Territory, the total area of which was 59,636 hectares. The idea of decreasing the irrigation rate by reducing the duration of flooding period, the number of discharges, the rate of one-time irrigation, the repeated flooding, the intensity of vertical filtration and physical evaporation is discussed. Water consumption, transpiration and seepage effluent were determined when defining the irrigation rate for the shortened flooding and the combined irrigation using the method of vegetation vessels with an area of 3000 cm². For an environmentally friendly technology, evaporation and transpiration were additionally determined using a GGI-500-50 evaporator at the stage of two or three leaves in rice crop during sprinkling irrigation. Results. The analysis (water-physical properties of soil, chemical analysis of soil samples, content of ferrous and ferric iron in soil) of existing (basic) rice cultivation technologies: shortened flooding and combined irrigation, was carried out. Integral curves of evaporation and evapotranspiration were constructed on the basis of observational data on vegetal discharge. Conclusions. A new environmentally friendly technology for rice cultivation was developed. As a result of evaluation the declared technology, its efficiency expressed in a reduction in irrigation rate by 10 % due to a decrease in evaporation, daily transpiration and vertical filtration was proven.

Soil Analysis from Crime-Prone Areas of Sultanpur City for Forensic Aspect: A Research

The soil is a crucial resource in many criminal trials and the same has received a recent research approach inrecent years, with numerous groups researching with objectives that allow for improved differentiation of soilprofiles. This investigation was conducted in 2022-2023 with the objective of assessment of soil characterizationfrom several areas in Sultanpur City, Uttar Pradesh. The primary goal of this study was to conduct a quantitativeanalysis of the samples using physical, chemical, microscopic and instrumental examination techniques. The soilsamples were collected from a depth of 0-15 cm and after analysing the samples, it was found that the colour of thesoil varies according to its composition. Soil features like texture, stickiness, plasticity, density, pH, and percentageof soluble sulphate were examined using different physical and chemical tests. Soil texture was classified underthe sandy clay loam category and stickiness and plasticity were measured to be less, medium or more. The soildensity ranged from 1.794 g/cm3 to 2.479 g/cm3. The pH of the soil samples was overall acidic, ranging from6.27 - 7.77. The percentage of soluble sulphate in soil varied from 0.11184 - 0.0864.A stereo microscope was used toobserve the granular and prismatic structures of soil samples. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was usedfor quantitative analysis of soil samples to measure the amount of trace elements present in the soil. The studyresults showed that each soil sample varied from another and the parameters used for soil profiling helped in thedifferentiation of these soil samples. The results from this study can be helpful in preparing soil which can furtherassist the forensic scientists in their investigations related to soil as evidence.

Influence of carbofuran on the concentration of primary soil macronutrients in potato growing areas in the Peruvian highlands

Potatoes have a high production demand in the world, but they are constantly under threat from germination to harvest due to pest infestation; for control, insecticides are used, which are highly polluting chemicals, systemic insecticides of the carbamate group due to their mode of action, with contact activity against different pests. This research sought to evaluate the influence of carbofuran on soil macronutrients in the District of Chongos Bajo, in the highlands of Peru. Through the experimental study method, with a quantitative research approach in a deductive process. We worked with a representative area of 10 m2 with 6 analyses of soil samples every 15 days in a period of 3 months. The results showed a loss value of 7.85% of total nitrogen, 14.05% of available phosphorus and 10% of available potassium in the period of 90 days, where there was a variation in the pH in water with a tendency of acidity, and a decrease in organic matter with a loss value of 6.93%. It was possible to demonstrate that the toxicity of the insecticide carbofuran had an influence on the decrease in the concentration of the main macronutrients and on the physical and chemical properties of the soil.

Laser Diffraction Particle Size Distribution of North American Turfgrass Horse Racing Surfaces

Highlights Laser diffraction analysis of soil particle size distribution is uniquely suited for active turf racetracks. Eight standard sampling locations are shown to be sufficient for characterizing a racing surface. Differences between the three archetypes of turfgrass racing surfaces were significant using laser diffraction. There is a need for consensus on the proper handling of organic content in samples. Abstract. Significant research has focused on North American dirt and synthetic Thoroughbred racing surfaces. Turfgrass racing surfaces have received less consideration. Basic information, including climate and turfgrass species, can be documented relatively easily. However, a key characteristic, the particle size distribution of the growing medium, is not readily available for turf tracks. Particle size distribution and the deviation from nominal values are important to infiltration rate, shear strength, and turf health, as well as being critical for the selection of top-dressing and divot repair sand. The primary difficulty with obtaining the particle size distribution is the relatively large quantity of material required for traditional sedimentation test methods. Sampling an active racing surface could present a risk to the horses and riders. Laser diffraction testing methods present an opportunity to use much smaller samples. The use of smaller samples introduces new questions about the ability of a small sample to represent a large area, such as a racetrack. Tests were carried out with high resolution sampling at one racetrack. By sampling a large number of locations, 96 locations on a single racetrack, the variability of the track could be evaluated, and an eight-sample protocol was developed. Using the eight-location protocol, 22 additional turf racetracks throughout North America were sampled. A total of 23 turf racetracks were tested, representing all three of the designs used for North American turf racetracks. By looking at the three different track designs: engineered profile, engineered profile with fiber, and native soil, appropriate testing parameters and measurements were identified. While the primary objective was to understand turf racetracks, this unique data set also provided a method to investigate the applicability of laser diffraction for the analysis of soil samples. Mineralogy and organic content had previously been identified as important in the measurement of particle size distribution using laser diffraction. Mineralogy and organic content were determined for samples from each surface using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and loss on ignition. The PSD of the three types of turfgrass horse racing surfaces showed significant differences between native soil (N), engineered surfaces without synthetic fibers (EWOF), and engineered surfaces with synthetic fibers (EWF). These basic design descriptions were also found to be sufficient for making reasonable estimates of the settings used in the machine configuration and sample preparation. A single refractive index was used for the entire range of samples in this group; however, the sample quantity tested was different for the three different types of track designs. Keywords: Horse, Laser diffraction, Racing, Soil, Thoroughbred, Turf, Turfgrass.

INFLUENCE OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN TROPICAL RIPARIAN ZONES

Riparian zones are highly productive biodiversity-rich transition areas. However, the invasion of exotic plant species depletes diversity and productivity, a severe global environmental concern as they alter ecosystem services. The analysis of spatio-temporal variations of soil nutrients in an invasive plant-impacted riparian zone is significant. This study was conducted in the riparian zones of a tropical river basin, Vamanapuram river basin (VRB), Southern Western Ghats, India, to analyse soil samples (total n= 60) from invaded (VR) and uninvaded (Control) areas for pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). In general, comparing the invaded and control sites, changes were noticed in almost all the above physico-chemical parameters (except OC) at a significant level with high values in invaded soil sites mainly due to invasion. However, more studies are needed to differentiate the impacts within the system for a better understanding of invasive plant-soil interactions.

Zymography: developing of the enzyme soil activity visualization method

The enzymes produced by the soil biota are a key link in the regulation of biochemical processes. The soil enzyme activity can be visualized with zymography, a method based on using fluorescent substrates and obtaining two-dimensional images (zymograms). A variant of a zymographic measuring system has been proposed. Characteristics of lighting, photographic equipment and shooting modes, reagents preparation and calibration are presented. Preparing and analyzing soil samples of different texture (sand and clay loam) and processing the study results have been described. The ways of introducing the substrate are considered in this study, namely pipetting, short-time dipping, and saturation. An analysis of the kinetics of incubation of samples was carried out. The possibilities and disadvantages of the method were also considered and options for solving possible methodological problems during the analysis were proposed. The zymography is a promising method that allows comparing data with the results of other methods. The use of neural network technologies makes it possible to obtain the volumetric distribution of soil enzymes with high reliability. The soil zymography requires qualitative preparatory work and extreme accuracy during the analysis. It is necessary to ensure maximum contact between the substrate and the soil, as this is one of the key factors determining the quality of the results. The most optimal way to introduce the substrate is to saturate the membranes with substrate solution for 60 minutes. At this stage of the development of the method, it is not possible to establish a universal sample incubation time, since this depends on characteristics of both the studied soils and the experiment conditions. Also, it is necessary to document the conditions in detail for discussion the study results.