Soil Reinforcement Method Research Articles

Improvement of earthen dikes with binders: a civil engineering advancement for agricultural irrigation and drought mitigation in Algeria

In recent decades, Algeria has faced significant challenges due to climate change, resulting in cracks in agricultural soils and degradation of the vegetation layer, especially during unusual summer rains. Dikes play a crucial role in preserving this vegetation layer, allowing farmers to restore soil integrity and utilize dikes as earth barriers for crop irrigation and animal watering.Within civil engineering, dikes are often classified as either hydraulic or geotechnical structures, typically constructed using compacted earth, especially in non-draining soils like clays or soft soils. It has been observed that accumulation of mud or water can compromise their structural integrity partially or completely.To address these issues, this study focuses on presenting reinforcement systems for earth-built dikes using commonly used binders in the Algerian market such as Portland cement, lime, gypsum, etc. Specific calculations are conducted to assess the strength, mechanical behavior, and resilience of each dike type based on soil type, reinforcement method, and concentration. This approach aims to enhance the mechanical properties of dikes and optimize soil characteristics, offering solutions to strengthen the irrigation and agricultural sector, potentially yielding significant economic benefits for the country.

Soil Reinforcement Methods for Environmental Protection of Slope Failure Against Landslides

Slopes are not stable due to the variations of slope gradient combined with the driving forces including the groundwater action, producing shear stresses in the slopes, which are contradicted by the soil shear strength. The slopes instability may cause the displacement of the mass of soil downstream recognised as landslide. Consequently, landslides are one of the most significant catastrophic phenomena observed on the earth surface. This phenomenon can be considered as a major concern on the social and economic point of view and for the quality of life of a local population, including also the environmental impact on the ground water level, blockage of rivers, road destruction, forests and ecosystems destruction, etc. Therefore, soil reinforcement has become one of the best forms of embankment protection against slopes failure. This work used soil reinforcement methods by using retaining structures, slope design with low gradient and vegetation cover to stabilize the embankment. The usage of the shear strength reduction technique was carried out to evaluate the stability of embankment slope. This process has tendency to reduce shear strength as rarer as failure is produced. This study is achieved along with pseudo-static and static methodologies. Varied parameters influence on the stability of slopes are revealed by accomplishment of many studies. To end, the Static method findings are acceded to comparison with the ones found by Pseudo-Static method. The results showed that the stability of reinforced slopes was reached and the slope can resist against landslides.

Effect of Using Plastic Waste Bottles on Soil Response above Buried Pipes under Static Loads

Development and population growth have made using shallow buried pipes in urban areas, highways, and subways inevitable. In this study, the performance and behavior of shallow unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes buried in sand reinforced with PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles produced by the end consumer filled with soil under static loads were investigated. The bottle reinforcement mattress filled with soil was vertically installed above the buried uPVC pipe inside the soil bed at the required depth; after that, backfilling was performed. The effects of the relative density of soil, placement depth, and the width of the soil-filled bottle-reinforced block were examined. The increase in relative density has shown a noticeable decrease in footing surface settlement and load transferred to the buried pipe. The test results have shown significant improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity of bottle-reinforced soil with a reduction in surface settlement. The backfill reinforced with soil-filled bottle block has shown a 71% improvement in ultimate bearing capacity. Additionally, the improvement in bearing capacity increases as the placement depth decreases and width increases. The optimum depth of placement and width of the bottle-reinforced mattress were 0.50 and 2.08 B. The proposed soil reinforcement method may be a good and relatively inexpensive alternative to traditional geosynthetic reinforcement while providing geotechnical and environmental benefits.

Experimental Study on Vibration Velocity of Piled Raft Supported Embankment and Foundation for Ballastless High Speed Railway

In recent years, the high development of high-speed railway lines cross through areas with poor geological conditions, such as soft soil, offshore and low-lying marsh areas, resulting geotechnical problems, such as large settlements and reduction of bearing capacity. As a new soil reinforcement method in high speed railway lines, the piled raft structure has been used to improve soil conditions and control excess settlement. In order to study the dynamic behavior of piled raft supported ballastless track system in soft soil, an experimental study on vibration velocities of piled raft supported embankment and foundations is presented in soft soil with different underground water levels. Vibration velocities at specified positions of the piled raft supported embankment and foundations are obtained and discussed. The vibration velocity curves on various testing locations of piled raft foundations are clearly visible and have sharp impulse and relaxation pattern, corresponding to loading from train wheels, bogies, and passages. Vibration velocity distribution in the horizontal direction at three train speeds clearly follows an exponential curves. Most of the power spectrums of vibration velocity at various locations are mainly concentrated at harmonic frequencies. The change in water level has slight impaction on the peak spectrum of vibration velocity at harmonic frequencies. The vibration power induced by train loads are transmitted, absorbed, and weakened to a certain extent through embankment and piled raft structure. The dynamic response character of embankments are affected by their self-vibration characteristics and the dynamic bearing capacity of the piled raft structure.

The Effect of Reinforcement of Bamboo Matting, Bamboo Grids, and Geotextiles on Non-Woven Increasing the Carrying Capacity of Clay Soil Using the Loading Test

Nowadays, various soil improvement methods have been developed. One of them is the soil reinforcement method as an alternative solution to subsidence and low soil bearing capacity. This study aimed to determine the effect of reinforcing bamboo mats, bamboo grids, and geotextiles non-woven on increasing the bearing capacity of clay soil and comparing the bearing capacity of each variation with the value of the bearing capacity without reinforcement. This research is an experimental study using the loading method with the modeling of the underburdened soil conditions. This study uses woven bamboo reinforcement, bamboo grids, and geotextiles non-woven. Each effect of the reinforcing material on the clay is sought for the ultimate bearing capacity value. The results showed that: (1) the type of soil according to the USCS classification in Kalangan Hamlet, Bangunjiwo Village, Kasihan District, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region is inorganic clay with high plasticity, fat clays with code CH (high clay plasticity). According to AASHTO, the soil classified in group A-7-6 (40), (2) the addition of reinforcing bamboo mats, grids bamboo, and geotextiles non-woven can increase the ultimate bearing strength (3) strengthening the bamboo grid can provide an increase in value. The ultimate bearing strength (qult), which is dominant, is 3.4 times that of the original soil without reinforcement with a bearing capacity ratio (BCR) of 3.44 or a 234.43% increase in percentage. This study shows that bamboo is more effective in transferring and spreading loads to the soil.

Mechanically Stabilized Earth with Steel Reinforcement

This paper presents the Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) technique as a practical option for earth retaining wall structures. The literature pertaining soil reinforcement methods and their application in MSE walls were intensively reviewed. The present work focused on evaluating the performance of MSE walls with backfill soil reinforced by steel strips. Almolid square overpass bridge in Khartoum, which was constructed in 2015 with MSE walls as lateral support of the overpass ramps, was considered as case study. Based on field observations, the current status of the overpass bridge has proven that the use of MSE walls is successful and beneficial for sustainability of the overpass.

An Improved Soft Soil Reinforcement Method with Micp Based on Biochar Induced Nucleation Technology

An Improved Soft Soil Reinforcement Method with Micp Based on Biochar Induced Nucleation Technology

The use of geocell as soil stabilization and soil erosion countermeasures

This work proposed a composite soil reinforcement method to support the vegetation growth and improve slope stability using geocell structures and wheat straws. Twelve physical models were developed for assessing rainfall intensities, slope steepness and geocell sizes on the soil erosion. The results showed that: (1) the geocell reinforced slopes maintained a good integrity, but the bare slope showed horizontal cracks; (2) the soil erosion was less than 40 g and more than 4000 g under the 50 mm/h and 100 mm/h rainfall intensities; the largest slope displacement was 2.5 mm and 7.5 mm, respectively; (3) the steep slopes showed a largest soil erosion of 5000 g and largest displacement of 8 cm, compared to 4500 g and 5.5 cm for gentle slopes; soil water contents were 40% and 30% for the steep and gentle slopes; (4) the measured soil erosion under the 100 mm/h rainfall was 4000 g and 5000 g for the small and large geocell reinforced slopes; the displacement of small geocell reinforced slopes were typically 1–2.5 cm smaller than large geocell reinforced slopes. It is concluded that the small geocell reinforced slope at a small inclination and low rainfall intensity has the best stability.

Reinforcement Of Soft Soil Using Soil Column Method (Soft Soil + CCR + RHA)

Soil reinforcement method is one of attempt to improve technical characteristic from the soil, such as soil bearing capacity, compressibility and permeability. The Soil Column Method is one of alternatives to enhance physical characteristic by way of stabilization to improve soil bearing capacity. Rice Husk Ash (RHA) contains high silica element, Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) contains high calcium which is able to form pozzolan when mixed upon silica. This research aims to improve soil bearing capacity by using column soil method with a mixture of soft soil, 3% Calcium Calbide Residue (CCR) and 12% Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Soil column in this research applied a single column variation with a diameter of 3,2 cm which each has 40 cm, 46 cm, and 53 cm in length and each column with diameter of 3,2 cm, 4,2 cm, and 4,8 cm. Based on the research, ultimate Bearing Capacity (qu) of soft soil without soil column was 54,03 kPa and after being given reinforcement had increased the bearing capacity value (qu). The greates increase in soil bearing capacity of the soft soil occurred in soil column variation of 53 cm in lenght with 4,8 cm in diameter where the soil bearing capacity had increased to 75,58 kPa and the percentage increase in BCR was 39,90%. Meanwhile the least of soil bearing capacity occurred in soil column that had 53 cm in length and diameter of 3,2 cm while the soil bearing capacity had increased to 64,47 kPa and BCR only increased to 19,33%

The Effect of Geocell Reinforced Embankment Construction on the Behaviour of Beneath Soil Layers Using Numerical Analysis

Geocell soil reinforcement method is became one of the common improvement method used in different aspects of geotechnical engineering. The experimental investigation using physical modelling is somehow complicated and needs more financial support especially when using saturated or partially saturated soil. That’s why nowadays, researchers are trying to use updated numerical methods to simulate the soil behaviour considering above conditions. In this paper, Geocell reinforcement method in embankment construction has been studied using Mohr-Coulomb model. The embankment is overlaid on two layers of soil with different moisture content conditions. The first layer beneath the embankment is a five-meter layer of dry soil and the second layer considered fully saturated soil. The results indicate that embankment reinforcement by Geocell has no significant effect on the excess pore water pressure while the settlement and stress distribution beneath the embankment is highly affected.

Influence of the number of reinforcement layers on the bearing capacity of strip foundation resting on sandy soil

Reinforced soil technology is considered one of the most important methods of soil improvement due to its simplicity, easy implementation and saving cost. One of the known soil reinforcement methods is using geogrids to improve the bearing capacity of the soil and reduce the settlement of the soil beneath foundation. In this study, a strip foundation made of a rigid stainless steel with dimensions of 490 mm length, 135 mm width, and 40 mm thickness and reinforced with geogrid (called Tensar SS2) was tested in a laboratory model to investigate the effect of the number of reinforcement layers on the bearing capacity and settlement. The soil was reinforced with one, two, three, and four layers of geogrid (Tensar SS2). The obtained results showed that the reinforcement using geogrid system significantly improved the bearing capacity while reducing the settlement under the strip foundation compared with unreinforced soil. The test result also showed a good improvement in the bearing capacity when the number of reinforcement layers increased from one to four layers. The bearing capacity of the foundation increased when the soil reinforced by four layers of geogrid to about 2.5 times compared with the case of one layer of geogrid. In addition, the maximum settlement decreased to about 2.0 times compared with the case of one layer of geogrid.

New method of soft soil foundation reinforcement and its application

The strength of soft soil foundation is low, so foundation reinforcement measures should be considered when building sluice. Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional soft soil foundation treatment and reinforcement methods at home and abroad, this paper puts forward a control technology of vibration shock and compaction for soft soil foundation of sluice to solve the existing problems. Compared with the traditional methods, the technology has the advantages of low cost and short cycle.

Surface Heave Behaviour of Sand Bed Reinforced with Woven Bamboo Mat

There is a considerable reduction in the good quality land for construction due to the rapid growth of population and industrialisation. Under these circumstances, the civil engineers are forced to utilise the poor sites by improving the ground conditions. Among the various ground improvement techniques, soil reinforcement methods are considered to be one of the effective methods. Studies on soil reinforcement by the natural materials become trending at present days owing to its benefits over conventional reinforcement material. Bamboo is one of the potential materials for soil reinforcement, but the studies are limited in some forms of bamboo products. In this study, the woven bamboo mat was utilised as a planar reinforcing element in the sand bed and the efficacy of bamboo mat to reduce surface heave formation was studied in detail. Five sets of laboratory model tests were conducted and the influence of different parameters such as placement depth of bamboo mat, width, spacing between two layers and the number of layers of reinforcement was studied.

Suction drain as a low carbon ground improvement technique: Proof-of-concept at the laboratory scale

The most common soil reinforcement methods used in tunnelling, such as jet grouting, fiberglass reinforcement and ground freezing, leave spoils into the ground and have high costs of implementation. On the other hand, preloading methods for soils improvement require long construction periods and limit the enhancement of the undrained shear strength to the applied surcharge load or vacuum load. This paper presents the concept of suction drain as an innovative technique for temporary stabilisation of geostructures in soft clayey soils, which overcomes the inconvenience of current soil reinforcement techniques and the limitation of the preloading. Based on suction generated in the ground by the evaporation from pre-drilled holes, the suction drain enables the enhancement of the undrained shear strength in soft clayey soils. The concept and its validation at mock-up scale level are presented in this study. The experimental investigation assessed the capacity of the suction drain to reduce the soil water content via soil water evaporation induced by forced ventilation. The mock-up scale test was then validated numerically via FEM modelling. Finally, the suction drain modelling was extended to an ideal case of tunnelling for assessing the potential impact of the suction drain on undrained shear strength and, hence, on tunnel face stability.

Bearing capacity of synthetic granular column enchased reinforcement geogrid on soft soil

The soil reinforcement method using columns has been widely used in some places. Stones or sand and stones are commonly used as fillers for those columns. The availability of natural stones constitutes a major constraint in some areas where there are no coarse aggregates (gravel). This research aims to analyze the use of artificial granular columns using geogrids on soft soil reinforcement. As column fillers, geogrid wrapped synthetic gravel was used. Variations in the shape of the synthetic gravel included a triangular prism, cube, and hexagonal prism. The test tub used was 800 mm in diameter, with a height of 1,400 mm. Column loading was undertaken for each variation in the size of synthetic gravel, plus a combination of the three sizes. The amount of column loading for each variation was 30 kN. Based on results of the loading test, the largest carrying capacity was generated by columns with fillers of synthetic gravel with a hexagonal prism shape and a combination of the three variations.

3D Numerical Analysis of Loading Geometry on Soil Behavior Reinforced with Geocell Element

Abstract Considering the weakness of the soil profile against tensile forces, researchers have been continuously searching to increase the bearing capacity and shear strength and improve its properties. In some projects, the soil reinforcement method has been known as a proper method for soil improvement because of its low cost, easy implementation, and great impact on soil properties. Reinforced soil is a structure composed of two different types of materials, which minimize their weaknesses together: the soil tolerates compressive stresses, and the reinforcement elements tolerate tensile stresses. In this research, the behavior of circle foundation located on a sand bed reinforced with geocell (GC) elements (which was investigated experimentally) was assessed analytically by using the Abaqus finite element software in three-dimensional (3D) mode as well. After assuring that the results of analytical studies were appropriately correlated with the results of laboratory studies, the behavior of the soil reinforced with GC elements under other square foundations was examined by using analytical studies. The results of this study showed a 65 % increase in bearing capacity and 15 % reduction in the settlement of circle foundation if using GC elements to reinforce the soil profile. The aforementioned has been obtained from comparing the results obtained from analytical and laboratory studies, showing proper matching and alignment between them by changing the geometry of the foundation from circle to square in 3D analytic studies. There was a greater effect on the bearing capacity of square foundations when increasing the GC elements (up to 12 %) than on the bearing capacity of circle foundations. To prove the proposed innovation in this research, some of its outputs were applied for improving the soil under an old one-story building with asymmetric settlement instead of reinforced concrete piles. The settlement was stopped within six months after the completion of the soil improvement operation.

Mass Stabilization as reinforcement of organic soils

The decreasing number of places suitable for constructing buildings forces people to creatively develop newer methods of soil reinforcement. One of these methods is the deep soil mixing. This technology has been firstly developed and applied in Japan in the 1970s. Initially, it was used to create DSM (Deep Soil Mixing) columns. In the subsequent years, it was also developed in Scandinavia. Over time, the deep mixing technology was modified and developed, and in addition to the wet method, also the dry method was started to be used, while in addition to the cement binder, also lime binders and fly ashes were used. Technologies consisting of the deep mixing of cement with soil are very popular due to the wide range of applications and relatively low implementation costs. The method of Mass Stabilization (MS) is a soil reinforcement method that is analogical to DSM and it consists of mixing large volumes of soil with cement. This article describes the method of dry Mass Stabilization of organic soils. It cites the analyzed laboratory tests of soil-cement material manufactured in MS technology. The tests included the creation of 140 material samples, and subsequently the performance of compression strength test on them, along with the registration of stress path. The main aspect of these tests consisted of increase in the primary deformation modulus over time, depending on the amount of applied cement. Also, an example of the project to strengthen the layer of aggregate mud under the floor in the hall is demonstrated. The reinforcement was implemented in the MS technology.

Landslide on a Deeply Landfilled Slope: A Case Study of Tembalang, Indonesia

This paper reports on the failure of a deeply landfilled area where a three-storey building was under construction on it. The soil used for landfill adheres to the safety needs as the material used was the commonly used mountainous soil. The soil has sufficient high shear stress even for a steep slope. When heavy and persistent rain came, some area suffered catastrophic landslide causing part of the ground floor in the three-storey building damaged. Since the rainy season is still undergoing, fast reinforcement acts were needed so that the construction works may proceed without any subsequent landslide events. A grouting technique using cement mixed into the soil was proposed at site and proved successful where no event of landslide occurred. This paper also presented the reasons for choosing grouting cement compared to the other common soil reinforcement methods. An increase in soil shear strength due to cement grouting will also be discussed. This paper also presents the cases of landslide caused by torrential rain and provides recommendation of reinforcement methods for such cases.

Roadbed Treatment Research in Expansive Soil Area

This paper elaborate the bad geological characteristic and the huge disaster caused by expansive soil. When constructing the road or railway in expansive soil area, the roadbed disease such as slope stability failure,roadbed settlement,mud pumping,ballast bag and so on is elaborated. The expansion and shrinkage mechanism of expansive soil has been studied from such aspects as physical-chemistry-mechanics effect, material composition, external influencing factors and so on. In expansive soil area, such expansive soil treatment and reinforcement methods as physical improvement, chemistry improvement, biological improvement are summarized and proposed.

Geosynthetic reinforcement of a granular load transfer platform above rigid inclusions: comparison between centrifuge testing and analytical modelling

ABSTRACT: The soil reinforcement method, which consists of placing a granular mattress above a set of rigid inclusions, is used to transfer part of the surface load to the piles through arching. The addition of an extensible geosynthetic layer at the base of the mattress increases load transfer. A small-scale centrifuge model, the mobile tray device, is used to simulate the foundation behaviour by modelling soft soil settlement between the inclusions. A parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of the mattress thickness and of the pile spacing. The different test configurations are compared with regard to the stress transmitted to soft soil, to differential settlement and to the efficiency of load transfer. With thicker mattresses and/or closer pile meshing, load transfer increases and surface settlements are reduced. Geosynthetic maximum experimental and analytical deflections are also examined. For the analytical study, conducted using the EBGEO German standard, three different distributions of the vertical stress applied to the geosynthetic layer are compared: uniform, triangular and inverse triangular. All three scenario results fall within the range of the experimental results. The inverse triangular distribution reveals some deflection values that were lower than the uniform one. The triangular distribution gives the highest deflection values.