Soil Permeability Research Articles

Pore-Scale Formation Characteristics of Impermeable Frozen Walls for Shallow Groundwater Contamination Remediation

Impermeability and water blocking are crucial for remediating shallow groundwater contamination. Traditional methods often employ curtain-grouting technology to create impermeable layers. However, cement slurry curing is irreversible, leading to permanent closure of underground aquifers and secondary pollution. This study employs an innovative approach by fabricating cylindrical models that simulate actual strata and utilizing a high-temperature and high-pressure displacement device. It systematically analyzes the variations in soil pore structure, distribution, porosity, and permeability under different temperatures, pressures, and freezing durations. The microscopic characteristics of the freezing process in water-bearing soils were studied. Results demonstrate that longer freezing time improves the effectiveness of soil freezing, reaching complete freezing at temperatures as low as −4 °C for samples with low water content. For water-saturated samples, freezing below −6 °C results in nearly zero porosity. Increased pressure at a certain freezing temperature significantly reduces permeability. When freezing temperature falls below −4 °C, water permeability in saturated samples after freezing reaches near-zero levels, while unsaturated samples experience complete freezing. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for constructing freezing curtains in remediating shallow groundwater pollution.

Simulation of Groundwater Potential Zone Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Through Related Factors

Groundwater is the primary water source for irrigating and drinking in dry seasons. This work was examined to assess groundwater potential area underlain by basement complex with GIS based approach of selected locations in Osogbo. The soil samples were taken and soil textural and permeability analyses were done in the laboratory. Supervised classification analysis was done on LandSAT imagery to generate Land use and a lineament map, surface analyst algorithm was applied on ASTER dam to generate elevation map. Hydraulic conductivity and overburden thickness maps were generated from the Borehole data parameters. Interpolation method was used to generate spatially spread clay, silt, sand, rainfall and hydraulic conductivity. Multi-criteria analysis was used to generate groundwater potential zone map in the study area. Specific factors were considered for groundwater potential zone. Reclassification was done on each of the considered factors and AHP model was used to assign weight to all the factors. The results of the various factors responsible for groundwater potential include lineament density 0-0.0028; sand 67.2-89.60%, silt 9.00-30.00%, clay 0.17-2.80%, permeability 0.000010-0.00002, rainfall 1304.02-1469.06mm/yr, hydraulic conductivity 0.21-0.96m/min, land use consisting of degraded forest 48.65%, riparian forest 13.05%, built up 38.29%, and water body 0.001%. However, ground water potential of the study area was assessed and classified into fair, good and very good with the coverage of 2%, 80% and 18% respectively. Conclusively, the groundwater recharge potential is very good at Ofatedo, Gbonmi and Oke-Oro locations, good at Awosuru, Gbodofon and Dagbolu locations, but fair at Mallam Tope location in Osogbo

Groundwater quality deterioration evaluation for irrigation using several indices and geographic information systems: A case study

Groundwater in the Al-Burayhi and Hethran Basin, Taiz, Yemen, it is important source of irrigation water. However, its quality faces threats from both natural and human activities. This study aims to assess the potential deterioration of groundwater for irrigation purposes using several indices and Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Indices, including salinity (electrical conductivity), sodium hazard (Sodium Adsorption Ratio and Permeability Index), combined salinity and sodium hazard index (electrical conductivity and sodium percentage), magnesium hazard index, and chloride content index. The results indicate that 24.14 % of the samples showed high salinity, while 75.86 % showed very high salinity according to the electrical conductivity indices. For sodium hazards, 79.3 % of the samples posed a medium hazard to soil permeability in the long term based on the Permeability Index. Regarding the combined salinity and sodium hazard, 69 % of the samples were of poor quality for irrigation. For magnesium hazards, 55.17 % of the groundwater samples were of poor quality for irrigation. Concerning chloride content, 72.41 % of the samples exceeded the permissible limits according to Yemeni and international standards (350 mg/L). Therefore, using groundwater in the study area for irrigation impedes crop growth and productivity, leads to soil salinization and/or physical degradation due to increased alkalinity, and necessitates costly soil treatments to restore its productivity. Nevertheless, groundwater in the study area can be conditionally used for irrigation by considering all factors affecting the use of low-quality groundwater for irrigation.

Experimental Study of Soil Compaction with Proctor Standard Test Equipment

Soil is the surface layer of the earth which consists of minerals, organic materials, air, living things. Clay soil is one type of soil that is important in determining the bearing capacity of subgrade required for construction. The bearing capacity of the soil is obtained by compacting it, using the TS-365 Automatic Standard Proctor. Soil compaction is the process of removing air from the pores of the soil, and is effective for improving soil properties in order to increase the density (density) of the soil so that shear strength increases, soil settlement decreases, and soil permeability decreases. The standard proctor test uses 5 separate soil samples weighing 2 kg, with a mixture of 16%, 19%, 22%, 25% and 28% air respectively. The test results show that the soil obtained from the Pojok sub-district area. Mojoroto, East Java obtained the results of soil compaction data using a standard proctor test, it was obtained that the optimum dry volume weight of the soil was 1,630 gr/cm3 and the optimum water content was 32%. So that the results of soil testing in the laboratory can be used as a reference for controlling soil compaction in construction.

Evaluation of effects of earthworm density and species on the permeability of clay loam soils for managing stormwater in urban systems

Evaluation of effects of earthworm density and species on the permeability of clay loam soils for managing stormwater in urban systems

Optimizing gypseous soils permeability utilizing clayey soils, both treated and untreated

Optimizing gypseous soils permeability utilizing clayey soils, both treated and untreated

Soil erodibility results of revegetation using bitti plant at various ages reclamation of quarry a lime stone mine at Pt Semen Tonasa, Pangkep District, South Sulawesi

Background: Limestone mine reclamation carried out by PT Semen Tonasa is carried out periodically as an effort to restore land conditions in a sustainable manner. The reclamation was carried out in the form of revegetation using endemic plants, namely the bitti plant (Vitex cofassus R.) which grows a lot in the southern part of Sulawesi. This study aims to determine the erodibility of the soil in limestone mine reclamation land planted with bitti plants. Methods: The method used is the survey method by determining the location of soil samples using the purposive sampling method based on the reclamation age planted with bitti plants in 2019, 2015 and 2010 and determining the erodibility value using the formula according to Wischmerier and Smith (1978). Parameters used included soil texture, soil structure, organic matter, soil permeability, soil pH, and soil unit weight. Findings: The results of this study indicate that the erodibility of the soil in the limestone mine reclamation land planted with bitti plants is classified as high due to the high dust content which is influenced by the parent material. The results of this study indicate that the erodibility value of the land reclamation in 2019 was classified as moderately low to moderately high, the land reclamation in 2015 was classified as moderate to moderately high, and the land reclamation in 2010 was classified as moderate to high. Conclusion: The factor affecting the erodibility of the soil in the reclamation area is the M value (percentage of very fine silt and sand). Novelty/Originality of this Study: The novelty of this study lies in the examination of soil erodibility changes over different reclamation ages in a limestone mine using endemic bitti plants. This research highlights the unique relationship between reclamation age and soil properties, contributing valuable insights into effective land reclamation practices in tropical karst environments.

Study of SPALD-T Implementation Based on Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 04/PRT/M/2017 (Case Study: Surabaya City)

PUPR Ministerial Decree No. 4 of 2017 states that SPALD development is based on 6 criteria including population density, groundwater depth, soil permeability, financing capacity, land slope, and specific areas. If it refers to one of these criteria, Surabaya City is potentially obliged to implement SPALD-T. This research aims to examine how SPALD-T can be implemented in Surabaya City in terms of technical and institutional aspects. The research method was carried out using descriptive analysis with additional mapping using GIS. Descriptive analysis was carried out to describe the condition of Surabaya City. Meanwhile, mapping is used to determine priority locations that can be implemented by the relevant agencies to implement SPALD-T in Surabaya City. Based on the studies that have been carried out, Surabaya City is included in the areas that need to implement SPALD-T in wastewater management efforts. Furthermore, from an institutional perspective, Surabaya City is ready to implement SPALD-T because it has mapped out the tasks between planning, construction, operations and maintenance. The scheme that can be implemented in Surabaya City is SPALD-T for residential areas with a service area of 1 RT 1 WWTP using an anaerobic processing system.

Potential contamination of groundwater quality in west Algeria by non-biodegradable effluents from public discharges

The aim of this work is to study the environmental impact of the municipal landfill in the town of Sidi Bel Abbes (western Algeria), in particular on the water table, which circulates at a shallow depth (Max. 20 m) under permeable soil. The huge quantities of putrescible waste discharged into this landfill generate highly polluting leachate water, rich in organic matter (COD up to 1300 mg/L, 209 mg/L in BOD5), salts and micro-organisms. A physico-chemical study of well water in the region reveals a significant deterioration in the quality of the underlying groundwater. In fact, electrical conductivities (on average 5.75 mS/cm) are common in wells, especially those located close to the landfill site. This indicates heavy contamination of the water in these wells by leachate. As for the organic and metallic load, abnormally high levels (82 mg/l in COD, 40 mg/l in BOD₅, 0.74 mg/L in Cr, 0.45 mg/L in Cd, 0.24 mg/L in Cu, 0.85 mg/L in Ni) were observed, mainly in the wells located near and downstream of the landfill, in the direction of groundwater flow.

Effect of non-erodible particle content on the mechanism of suffusion and the evolution of permeability of sandy soil

Effect of non-erodible particle content on the mechanism of suffusion and the evolution of permeability of sandy soil

Penilaian Tingkat Kekeritisan Lahan Pertambangan dan Beberapa Pengguanaan Lahan Lainnya di Kalimantan Selatan

Critical land is land that is no longer productive from an agricultural perspective, because management and use do not consider land management requirements and soil conservation principles. This research aims to assess the level of criticality of land based on the level of erosion that occurs at various coal mining land locations in several districts in South Kalimantan. This research is non-experimental research using exploratory descriptive methods. The data collected is secondary data obtained through official publications from the Environmental Service and related agencies from several environmental documents of coal mining companies that have received approval from the authorized Agency. The secondary data used is the data needed to calculate the amount of erosion which is used as a basis for evaluating land criticality. These data include: soil texture, permeability, bulk density, rainfall, slope and slope length, management factors, land cover vegetation factors and soil organic C. Erosion estimation uses the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method. The results of erosion calculations using USLE show that in open mine land in Banjar Regency it is 233.9 tons ha-1 year-1, while in Tanah Laut Regency is 173.1 tons ha-1 year-1 and in Kotabaru Regency is 275.1 tons ha-1 year-1. The level of criticality of land in the mining area is at a critical and very critical level compared to natural land and cultivated land due to differences in erosion values ​​and also the thickness of the soil solum studied.

ALEM-FEM-BEM coupling for response analysis of pile group in laminated fluid-saturated geomaterials induced by tunnel excavation

This paper proposes a two-stage analytical methodology for predicting the response of pile groups in layered fluid-saturated soils induced by tunnel excavation. The Loganathan analytical approach is adopted for estimating the free-field response induced by tunneling. At the second phase, the solution to the surrounding soil of pile groups is employed as the kernel function based on the analytical layer-element method (ALEM). Subsequently, the analysis of soil-structure interaction is presented using the boundary element method (BEM). The Timoshenko-beam model is utilized to simulate each monopile combined with finite element method (FEM). Finally, the responses of adjacent pile groups are derived by the coordination conditions and coupling of BEM and FEM. Comparisons are made between the presented analytical solutions and existing experimental and numerical results. Parametric analyses are performed to evaluate the influence of soil permeability, material stratification, tunnel-pile distance, tunnel buried depth, and pile slenderness ratio on the mechanical behavior of grouped piles. The results show that the pile group in hard top and soft bottom saturated soils demonstrates better load-bearing capacity than that in soft upper and hard lower soils. Then, with the increment of tunnel-pile distance, the displacement and bending moment are reduced by 22.2 %-50 % and 41.2 %-66.7 %, respectively, and the increased rate of mechanical response over time slows down. Moreover, increasing the burial depth reduces the displacement by 8.6 %-33.3 % and the bending moment by 33.4 %-50 %, respectively, and the locations of peak responses increase from 0.6 times the pile length to 0.8 times the pile length.

Effect of Lime Source, Fineness and Granulation on Soil Permeation with Contrasting Textures under Simulated Mediterranean Climate Rainfall Conditions

ABSTRACT Granulated micro-fine limes have recently been introduced as liming materials which are purportedly more effective than conventional agricultural limes in terms of rapidly correcting subsoil acidity in no-tillage systems. Hydrated limes are known to react more quickly in soils than calcitic limes, yet their soil permeability has not been evaluated under Mediterranean climate growing conditions. Therefore, the aim of this controlled study was to compare soil permeation and pH neutralization of different liming materials (hydrated lime, calcitic agricultural lime, micro-fine lime and molasses-granulated micro-fine lime) in two contrasting (sand and sandy loam) acid (pHKCl < 4.1) topsoils under simulated Mediterranean climate conditions. Limes were surface applied to 40 cm soil columns and then rainfall (350 mm) was simulated. Subsequently, soil chemical properties (pH, exchangeable cations, available P) were measured in 5 cm increments. Application of all liming materials increased soil pH 1–2 pH units above target pHKCl of 5.5 in the top 5 cm of both soils. Only hydrated lime was able to increase soil pHKCl (5.7–6.8) below 5 cm up to a depth of 15 cm on the sand soil. Hydrated lime, however, resulted in substantial over-liming (pHKCl 7.3–8.7) of the top 5 cm of soil compared to the other materials. Granulated micro-fine lime reacted more slowly than the agricultural limes and is therefore not a suitable quick-fix for subsoil acidity in rain-fed no-till systems under Mediterranean climate rainfall conditions. Whereas hydrated lime showed potential in ameliorating subsoil acidity in the sand soil within one season of rainfall.

Coupled finite element analysis of the dynamics of poroelastic media considering the relative fluid acceleration

AbstractThis paper mainly discusses the dynamics of poroelastic media using the finite element analysis based on the u‐v‐p full formulation, where , , and p denote the solid displacement, relative fluid velocity with respect to solid velocity, and pore fluid pressure. It incorporates the effect of relative fluid acceleration with respect to solid acceleration on soil dynamic response. The ‐‐p formulation is first verified through the comparison with the analytical solution. After that, the response of one‐dimensional saturated soil column and two‐dimensional partially saturated soil layer subjected to vertical loading with different combinations of soil permeability and loading frequency are investigated using the analyses with the ‐‐p and ‐p formulations, based on which the effect of relative pore fluid motion is discussed and the differences in the soil response between two kinds of analysis approaches are examined. Results reveal that the rapid fluid flow has a pronounced effect on soil dynamics and the soil with a greater degree of saturation is more sensitive to the increase of loading frequency and soil permeability. The soil dynamic response can basically be divided into two main categories that represent insignificant and significant flow motion depending on loading frequency and soil permeability. Furthermore, despite vertical loading, horizontal soil response can also be affected by the large relative pore fluid flow when loading frequency and soil permeability are large. In addition, the simplified formulation can still be applicable to predict dynamics of poroelastic media in cases with high loading frequency and low soil permeability.

Large strain consolidation of soft soils with partially penetrating PVDs: Analytical solutions incorporating variable well resistance

The large-strain geometric assumptions and nonlinear compressibility and permeability have significant effects on the consolidation of soft soils with high compressibility. However, analytical solutions for large-strain nonlinear consolidation of soft soils with partially penetrating PVDs have been rarely reported in the literature. A double logarithmic model is adopted to describe the nonlinear compressibility and permeability of soft soils with high compressibility, and a large-strain consolidation model for soft soils with partially penetrating PVDs under the condition that the excess pore water pressure at the interface between the improved and unimproved layers is equal is established based on Gibson’s large-strain consolidation theory. The analytical solution for the large-strain nonlinear consolidation model for soft soils with partially penetrating PVDs is obtained. The reliability of the analytical solution obtained in this study is verified by comparing it with the existing solutions under different conditions, and the maximum deviation between the two methods does not exceed 5 %. On this basis, consolidation behaviors of soft soils with partially penetrating PVDs under different conditions were analyzed by extensive calculations. Finally, the proposed analytical solution for the large strain consolidation model is applied to the settlement calculation of the Bachiem Highway Project, which further demonstrates the applicability of the consolidation model.

Socio-environmental Analysis and Financial Profitability of the Efficiency of Agricultural Machinery on Rice and Maize Fields in Benin

Agriculture requires sustainable mechanization in Benin to increase production. This study analyzes the socio-environmental impact and financial efficiency of mechanized agricultural equipment. We adopted a methodology that integrated bibliographic research, observations, in-depth analyses and surveys in Lalo. Data analysis indicates that agricultural mechanization improves soil permeability and reduces the greenhouse effect. Socially, it contributes to the reducing of poverty, working time and labour costs. However, constraints such as the unavailability of tools, breakdowns, and negative impacts such as soil depletion and air pollution are noted. It causes unemployment and requires significant investments. The majority (88.89%) of the machines were mainly rented, costing 70,000 FCFA for small equipment and 50,000 FCFA for heavy equipment per hectare. For rice production, the income of a producer using motorized tillers far exceeds (109,400 F) that of using traditional tools (43,632 F). An increase of 60.12% (65,768 F). The income of a producer using tractors for corn production is higher (80,700 F) than that using traditional tools (48,599 F). We observe an increase of 39.78 per cent (32,101 F). Repairs are complex. Recommendations, such as access to agricultural credit, improved access to equipment, and the training of producers, aim to promote sustainable mechanization.

Effective Use of Catastrophe Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Delineating Groundwater Recharge Potential Zones

Multicriteria decision analysis based on Thom’s [1] Catastrophe Theory (CT) has been applied extensively in solving various social, physical and natural sciences problems. It has become a key tool for identifying the groundwater potentiality of an area with a Geographic Information System (GIS). This paper aimed to apply catastrophe theory effectively by utilizing the standardization formulae suggested by Li et al. [2] and the modified formulae provided by Hongwei Zhu [3]. Depending on the nature of a hydrogeological parameter, CT formulae were chosen to ensure that the least important features also get attention during standardization using Hongwei Zhu's formulae where applicable, which were not possible using Li’s formulae. The standardized values of the features of all the themes obtained using four formulae were sorted in ascending order to estimate the normalized values to ensure that no normalized value of a feature exceeds the others having very close but lower standardized values. The effective use of CT technique was employed in a GIS environment to delineate groundwater recharge potential zones of the middle-west part of Kushtia district, Bangladesh, by integrating influential recharge factors, such as land type, slope, drainage density, distance from surface water bodies, soil permeability, surface clay thickness, rainfall, topographic ruggedness index, topographic curvature index, topographic wetness index and topographic position index. The groundwater recharge potential zones were classified as very good (28.76%), good (32.17%), and moderately good (39.05%) for effective CT technique. But in case of the improper use of CT covering area were 17.24%, 54.05% and 28.71% respectively, and the respective most sensitive factors are rainfall and drainage density. Finally, recharge potential zones were validated using groundwater recharge data with a determinant coefficient of 0.92 and 0.84 for effective and improper use of CT technique respectively.

Design Constant Head Permeability Meter Digital: A Project-Based Learning Media

The permeability coefficient value is one of the most important parameters in soil mechanics. Quick, simple, and digital direct soil permeability tests in the field are needed to obtain data representing conditions. This research aims to create a portable soil permeability test tool based on microcontroller automation used as a project-based learning for Transportation Cadets peculiarly Palembang Aviation Polytechnic Cadets for new experiences of new learning circumstances. This research method based on the principle of permeability testing using the constant-head method by analyzing the requirements quantitatively. This principle uses water change level parameters, which are used to test the infiltration rate in sample soil. Furthermore, measurements of changes in water level are used by water leveling sensors and processed using Arduino Uno based on fuzzy logic with access to results via the web, tool design, and simulation using SIMULINK software. The results of designing a digital measuring instrument for permeability using the constant head method have been validated for its schematic circuit using SIMULINK and can work without error. In conclusion, a model based on Darcy's Law equation and constant head to find the permeability coefficient can be generated, which can then be a prototype of the tool. It concluded the design of constant head permeability meter digital is useful as project-based leaning media for the Palembang aviation polytechnic. Furthermore, the equipment design will be the first digital measuring tool for permeability coefficient using the constant head method. The design has advantage to measure the soil permeability coefficient at the airport in the fastest way.

The Sliding Surface Determination of A Deep-seated Landslide on Cisumdawu Highway, West Java, Based on The Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Sumedang is one of the regencies in West Java Province that usually experiences landslides due to its lithology, slopes, and water level conditions. Previously slow-moving landslides occurred between 2016 and February 2021, affected the new Cileunyi-Sumedang-Dawuan (Cisumdawu) Highway at Section 2, Station 21 in the North Sumedang District. This research aims to identify the causes of these landslides using a combination of geological field observation, subsurface geo-electric resistivity-based survey, and borehole drilling. A total of fourteen boreholes were drilled to collect geotechnical data from the subsurface of the researched area, including the soil material and N-SPT value. The soil hardness and resistivity were measured and compared to establish the relationship between resistivity and engineering properties. The result of the resistivity measurement showed that the percolating water zone in the permeable loose soil was located above the impermeable layer, estimated as a slip surface. The subsurface measurement and borehole data show that the lithology of the sliding surface is a layer of clay with a thickness of 5 - 12 m, the slope of the sliding surface is 20o, and the depth is between 24 - 26 m. The cover layer of the sliding surface is a layer of silty clay and gravelly clay with a thickness of 5 - 10 m. Thus, based on the data presented, installation of bore piles and groundwater level monitoring need to be done as mitigation efforts.

Identification of the Effectiveness of Land Cover in Some Areas in Borisallo Village for Conservation Measures

Indonesia has excellent land potential for the development of the agricultural sector with various levels of topography that are different for each region. Every slope of the land varies, there are nutrients that are a source of food for plant growth. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of land cover in Borisallo Village, Parangloe District, Gowa Regency. This research will be carried out from October 2023 to April 2024. Analysis of the physical properties of the soil will be carried out at the Soil Physics and Conservation Laboratory, and analysis of the chemical properties of the soil will be carried out at the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. In the preparation stage, literature study and data collection were carried out, then primary data and secondary data were collected. After that, the data is processed into a land unit map. Then soil samples are taken according to the points determined based on the land unit map. After taking soil samples, laboratory analysis is then carried out to analyze soil permeability, organic C, bulk density and porosity. Even though there is land cover, several areas in Borisallo village still require conservation measures to prevent landslides and erosion, especially on land that has a slope. This can be seen from the permeability value which is included in the slow category.