Iodine Content Of Soil Research Articles

The problem of iodine deficiency in the environment and prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in the Orel region

Iodine deficiency diseases continue to be a problem in various regions of the world, especially in areas with low iodine content in soils and waters. Among other regions of Russia, the Orel region belongs to territories with a low iodine content in the environment. The aim of the work was to analyze the state of the problem of iodine deficiency in the environment and the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in the Orel region based on scientific literature data. To achieve this goal, scientific publications, accounting and reporting statistics related to the problem of iodine deficiency were studied. The analysis showed a low iodine content in water, soil and food products produced in the territory of the Oryol region. An assessment of citizens’ preferences for certain foods revealed the priority of bakery and dairy products. Measures are being taken in the region to enrich these food products with iodine, but low awareness of the population reduces the effectiveness of preventive measures. As priority areas for the prevention of iodine deficiency conditions in the Orel region, it is necessary to continue work on the inclusion of food additives and products enriched with this trace element in the diet of residents of the region. At the same time, it will be important to intensify awareness-raising work with the population.

Iodine in soils, pasture vegetation cuttings, and local food products of certain regions of Russia affected by the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident

Natural iodine deficiency, which in some regions of Russia provokes thyroid diseases, increases the consequences of the entry of short-lived radioactive isotopes of this element into the food chain as a result of the Chernobyl accident (1986). The aim of the work is to assess the risk of morbidity of the population of the Kaluga, Bryansk and Oryol regions with thyroid cancer at the level of individual settlements based on experimental data. The iodine content in soils and vegetation cuttings of pastures in geochemically contrasting landscapes, as well as in cows' milk and potatoes of private household farms in the regions affected by the Chernobyl accident in 1986: Bryansk (2021), Oryol (2022) and Kaluga (2023) regions was studied. Joint expeditions of the Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry of GEOKHI RAS and the Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology of the Institute of Ecology of RUDN, carried out on the initiative and with the participation of the authors, revealed a significant variation of iodine concentration in soils and food products, which may be crucial for assessing the risk of thyroid diseases, including thyroid cancer, among the local rural population. The iodine content was found to be highly variable in both topsoil (0.31-3.04 mg/kg) and grass cuttings (0.14-0.29 mg/kg) of the study area. The maximum natural and technogenic risk of thyroid cancer morbidity in the rural population as a result of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident of 1986 is specific for the studied settlements of Zhizdrinsky district of Kaluga region, Bolkhovsky, Dmitrovsky and Sverdlovsky districts of Oryol region, Rognedinsky district of Bryansk region.

Prevalence of Goiter Disease to the Human Population of District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Background: Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, continues to be a significant global health issue, affecting approximately ten million people worldwide. The prevalence of goiter is notably influenced by geographical and environmental factors, such as soil iodine content, especially in hilly terrains. Prior research has indicated a gender and age-related predisposition to the condition, with varied prevalence across different regions. Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and demographic distribution of goiter in District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and to compare these findings with data from other regions to better understand the condition's epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to September 2022. A total of 280 patients from six tehsils within District Buner were investigated through questionnaires and medical examinations by healthcare professionals. Data collection occurred weekly across multiple healthcare facilities, including medical centers, rural health centers, and the District Headquarters Hospital in Buner. Results: Out of 280 patients, 78% were females, indicating a higher prevalence among women. The highest prevalence among males (33%) was recorded at 70 years of age, while for females, it peaked (86%) at 50 years. The majority of cases belonged to the age group of 30-60 years. Multinodular goiter was the most common type observed. The data also reflected a higher incidence of goiter in hilly regions compared to plain areas, likely due to iodine deficiency. Conclusion: The study confirmed that goiter is more prevalent among females and tends to increase with age. The high incidence in hilly areas supports the association with low soil iodine content. This research underscores the need for targeted public health strategies, including iodine supplementation and education, particularly in at-risk areas.

Ecological and Toxicological Analysis of Iodine Content in Mongolian Soils

Man-made environmental pollution, low iodine content in soils and waters leads to the spread of endemic goiter in animals and humans. The main sources of iodine in the body are food and drinking water, which determines the high dependence of the health of the population that consumes local food on the level of iodine in the soils and natural waters of agricultural landscapes. The article presents the results of cartographic analysis of thematic maps of Mongolia, medical data and data on the content of iodine in soils obtained from open sources. For the Ulaanbaatar region, the authors also used their own field and analytical data on the content of iodine in drinking water obtained in 2015-2017.the hypothesis about the influence of geographical and edaphic conditions on the causes of iodine deficiency in various parts of The country was tested. The average content of iodine in the soils of Mongolia ranged from 0.5 to 3 mg / kg, while the most iodine-deficient areas were identified for the southern and partially Eastern aimags (territories) of the country. The data obtained deserve attention and consideration when organizing the prevention of iodine deficiency in Mongolia.

Iodine fractionation in agricultural and forest soils using extraction methods

Iodine is an essential micronutrient that enters the food chain from soil primarily via plant root absorption. However, only water soluble and exchangeable fractions are usually linked to the bioavailable iodine in soils. Therefore, an assessment of iodine pools in soils via sequential extraction can provide useful information on the availability of iodine for plant uptake. Moreover, studies that deal with iodine content and fractionation in non-contaminated agricultural and forest soils are scarce and unique. Thus, we have evaluated the total iodine content and its concentration in soil fractions extracted from agricultural and forest soil samples by single and sequential extraction methods followed by ICP-MS determination. Our results showed that the total iodine content in Slovak, non-contaminated soils is around the average value of referred inland soil iodine content. Most of the iodine was extracted from organically rich soils of the haplic cambisol rhodic (CMro), cutanic luvisol (LV) and stagnic cambisol (CM) type, with more than 2.5 mg.kg−1 of iodine. Other soils contained less iodine, and its content decreased in the order of haplic chernozem (CH) > fluvisol (FL) > gleyic fluvisol (glFL). The correlation analysis highlighted that organic matter content plays the most important role in soil iodine retention, followed by concentration of amorphous and weakly crystalline forms of aluminum, clay fraction content, aluminum and iron minerals. Most of the iodine in the selected soils was determined in oxide-bound fraction, fraction bound in humic acids, and in soil residue. The other fractions contained less than 10% of the total iodine on average. The water-soluble fraction, which is theoretically the most bioavailable, contained only 4.4% of the total iodine on average. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicates that the changes in iodine fraction distribution are strongly dependent on soil organic carbon content and the content of metal oxyhydroxides. Our results highlight the significance of soil chemistry for iodine distribution and provide useful information for agricultural research and geochemistry, especially regarding the assessment of mobile and bioavailable fractions of iodine for plant uptake from agricultural and forest soils.

Features of iodine deficiency in the territory of the Republic of Belarus

A medium-scale map of iodine deficiency in the territory of the Republic of Belarus was created for the first time. The map characterizes in detail a spatial variation of iodine concentration in soils of Belarus. The article analyzes a spatial specificity of the ecological situation formed as a result of heterogeneity of the iodine content in soils. Using the means of a specialized GIS, the area of high iodine deficiency was identified at the level of administrative regions. The identified area was further differentiated in terms of different level of ecological risk due to a natural soil iodine deficiency. As a result of such geoinformation analysis, the areas of moderate, significant and greatest risks were established in the territory of Belarus. These regions should become the objects of high priority monitoring and are directly in need of targeted preventive measures.

Association of iodized salt with goiter prevalence in Chinese populations: a continuity analysis over time

BackgroundIodine deficiency disorders (IDD) refer to diseases that are caused by insufficient iodine intake, and the best strategy to prevent IDD is the addition of iodine to dietary salt. Because iodine deficiency is a common cause of goiter, the prevalence as effectively controlled after the implementation of universal salt iodization (USI) in China. However, there is substantial controversy as to whether the incidence of thyroid disorders is related to iodized salt intake. Therefore, we aimed to clarify whether the risk of goiter can be promoted by USI.MethodsA longitudinal continuous study based on the national monitoring results of IDD in China was performed for 3 consecutive years. We recorded the following indicators of IDD from 31 provinces: goiter number, two degrees of goiter (the degree of goiter severity) and cretinism (three endemic diseases), iodized salt intake, median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), soil iodine content and coverage rates of iodized salt. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analyses examined the differences between the three groups and correlations, respectively. Data were collected from the Chinese national IDD surveillance data in 2011-2013, and the background values of Chinese soil elements were published in 1990.ResultsA reference male’s daily intake of maximum iodine was 378.9 μg, 379.2 μg and 366.9 μg in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. No statistical association between daily iodized salt intake and the three endemic diseases was observed in 2011-2013 (P > 0.05). No association was observed between daily iodized salt intake and the UIC of children in 2011 (P > 0.05). Linear regression revealed no significant correlation between the soil iodine content and three endemic diseases. The present study indicated no difference in the daily iodized salt intake in each province during three years (F = 0.886, P = 0.647). The coverage rate of iodized salt remained above 98.7%, and goiter rates were stable in 2011-2013.ConclusionThere was no significant association between iodized salt intake and the three endemic diseases, suggesting that the current nutrition level of iodized salt did not cause the high goiter prevalence.

ПОШИРЕННЯ, ЕТІОЛОГІЯ ТА ДІАГНОСТИКА ГІПОТИРЕОЗУ У КОРІВ ЖИТОМИРСЬКОГО ПОЛІССЯ

Zhytomyr Polissya of Ukraine is part of the biogeochemical zones, which is characterized by insufficient content of biotic trace elements, including iodine, lack of which in the environment is a common biological and medical problem. Animals, which being in a single food chain with a man, have geochemical and environmental impacts in a greater degree. The main reason for the decrease in the functional activity of the thyroid gland in cows is low iodine content in soils and, as a consequence, in animal feed and their contamination with radionuclides – 137Cs and 90Sr. Low total contents in the soil of the territory of the synergists of iodine – cobalt – 1.7 – 2.5 mg/kg (optimal 7 – 30), copper –1.1 – 2.7 (15 – 60), zinc – 13.2 – 31.0 mg/kg (30 – 70), and in some places, and manganese contribute to the development of this disease.The symptoms of iodine deficiency, which is typical for hypothyroidism: dryness and hyperkeratosis of the skin, the long hair site the withers, anemone conjunctiva, enophthalm, bradycardia, myxedema, thyroid enlargement were installed by clinical studies. So, 90% of the cows revealed hypofunction of the thyroid gland : content thyroxine the blood serum was in the range 28.3 to 54.7 nmol/l and averaged a 43.8 ± 2.7 nmol/l (3.4 ± 0.21 mg/100 ml).Micronutrient deficiency causes a disruption of haematopoiesis and the development of anemia in 85% of cows that expressed agociting (75 – 80%) and olgahoney (of 41.7 – 66.7 percent). Anemia, mainly macrocytic and hyperchromic, rarely normochromic.Erythrogramma of cows notes longer left part, compared with animals a safe zone, that indicates on a significant number of «old» age of red blood cells, and stretched the right part that is due to the increased number of more resistant to hemolysis immature «young»erythrocytes.

Soil characteristic and soil iodine content of trans-polar territory of Pur-Taz interfluve of Western Siberia

Cryosols and Gleysols were described which form the basis of soil cover of drained spaces of trans-polar territory of Pur-Taz interfluve (Western Siberia, Russia). Their properties were characterized by a series of physical and chemical indices such as soil texture, field humidity, content of carbon and its group composition, рН values, exchange bases and hydrolytic acidity. The soils under study were named by World Reference Base, 2007. Conformity was considered to concern names of the studied soils with those of soil groups represented in Soil Atlas of the Northern Circumpolar Region, 2010. Iodine content in the profile of soils was under consideration. It was correlated with some physical and chemical indices, and also environmental estimation of iodine content was given for soils of the north.

Iodine content of mother’s milk – Hungarian representative survey, 2006

In Hungary, except for some small area, iodine content of soil, cultivated crops and potable water is low; therefore the iodine intake of Hungarian population is lower than the amount recommended by international organizations. The high iodine intake for pregnant and nursing women is important to ensure the appropriate iodine intake of fetus and nursing babies, as well. The objective of the study was to get a comprehensive picture of iodine content of mother's milk and to make recommendation for the level of iodine supplementation for pregnant and nursing women. Following a country-wide sampling, iodine content of 72 human milk samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Iodine intake in 42 percent of babies is lower than the recommended amount which could remarkably influence the physical and mental development of infants. Iodine supplementation and consumption of food with high iodine content is highly recommended during pregnancy and nursing.

A pilot study on iodine in soils of Greater Kabul and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan

A robust and rapid methodology for the determination of iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in environmental samples is presented. Data were initially obtained for the validation of the analytical measurements, using 17 commercially available soil reference materials. The methodology was then tested on soil and water samples collected in Afghanistan where iodine deficiency and its effects are reportedly prevalent. Sample collections were conducted in Greater Kabul; the iodine in agricultural soils was determined to be in the range of 1.6-4.2 mg/kg and that in water drawn for drinking and irrigation was found to range from 9.9 to 22.7 microg/L. Samples were also collected in a second region, Nangarhar province, which is located to the east of Kabul, where goitres in the local population had been reported. The iodine content in soils and water at this location was 0.5-1.9 mg/kg and 5.4-9.4 microg/L, respectively. The organic content of soils in Kabul was found to be in the range of 1.9-4.2%; in Nangarhar, organic content ranged from 1.7 to 4.5%. All of the Afghan soils were slightly alkaline at pH 7.6-8.2.

Investigation of iodine concentration in salt, water and soil along the coast of Zhejiang, China

We aim to describe the environment iodine concentration in salt, water and soil along Zhejiang Province coast in the China foreland. It will be helpful for us to judge whether this area is insufficient in iodine and universal iodized salt is necessary or not. We collected iodized salt samples, drinking water samples (tap water in the towns, and well water or spring water in the villages), water samples from different sources (ditches, lakes, rivers) and soil samples through random sampling in June, 2005. Salt, water and soil iodine was detected by arsenic-cerium redox method. Statistical analysis was expressed as mean+/-SEM by Windows SPSS 13.0. (1) The iodine concentration in salt was 27.9+/-4.33 mg/kg (n=108). (2) Seventy-five water samples were collected. The water iodine value was 0.6-84.8 microg/L (mean of 11.66 mug/L). The watershed along the Qiantang River has significantly higher iodine content than the water in Lin'an in mountain area (P<0.01). The iodine content and mean iodine content of tap water, well or spring water and natural water sources were 4.30+/-2.43 microg/L (n=34), 23.59+/-27.74 microg/L (n=19) and 12.72+/-10.72 microg/L (n=22) respectively. This indicated that among environmental water sources, the ditch iodine content was the highest with river water iodine being the lowest (P<0.01). (3) Soil iodine value was 0.11-2.93 mg/kg (mean of 1.32 mg/kg). Though there was no statistical difference of soil iodine in different districts (P=0.131), soil iodine content correlated positively with water iodine content. Iodine concentration in salt accords with national policy of adding iodine in salt. Foreland has more iodine in water than mountain area. The data reflected that water and soil iodine in foreland area was not high, which suggests universal iodized salt should be necessary. Environment iodine has relatively close association with pollution.

Geochemistry of iodine in relation to iodine deficiency diseases

Abstract Seawater is the most important reservoir for terrestrial iodine (mean concentration 58 µgl −1 I); this is a major influence on iodine distribution in the secondary environment. Volatilization of iodine from the oceans, possibly as elemental iodine or as an organically-bound species, is the main source of the element in the environment. The distribution of iodine in the secondary environment is, therefore, largely controlled by proximity to the oceans, with rainwater and surface run-off relatively enriched in iodine in near-coastal regions. Soil iodine content is also strongly influenced with coastal soils being much enriched and central continental soils being depleted. Topography has a marked influence with soils in rain shadow areas being relatively depleted in iodine. While iodine input is a major controlling influence on its geographical distribution in soils, the soil’s ability to retain iodine is also an important factor. Organic matter together with iron and aluminium oxides and clays are the important sinks of soil iodine. An additional factor in the distribution of iodine in the secondary environment, and its subsequent availability to the biosphere, relates to its speciation in soils. In acid oxidizing conditions iodine is likely to be present as the I − ion and as such liable to be volatilized as I 2 . In near-neutral or alkaline conditions iodine is likely to be present as the IO 3 − ion which is not volatilized. Soils in limestone areas, with pH values of 7 and above, have thus been found to be much enriched in iodine compared to acidic soils in neighbouring areas. It is suggested that iodine from oceanic sources migrates in a series of ‘steps’ across landmasses by deposition followed by revolatilization. High pH soils and organic-rich soils then act as a migration barrier for iodine. In addition, it is suggested that volatilized iodine is bioavailable and any geochemical barrier to such volatilization deprives the biosphere of a major source. In this context it is interesting to note that several goitre endemias occurred in areas with limestone bedrock.

The goitre-soil-water-diet relationship: case study in Plateau State, Nigeria

The effect of drinking water, soil mineral composition and nutrition on the incidence of goitre in Plateau State, Nigeria, was studied. The study shows that the water used for drinking and cooking in the goitrous areas is low in iodine content and trihalomethanes, but high in mineral content, including calcium, magnesium, nitrate, chloride and total hardness. The water is also high in organic, inorganic and bacterial pollution content. Soil pH in the goitrous area is acidic and mineral composition follows the same pattern indicated from water analysis. Soil iodine content is very low. Diet in the goitrous zone consists mostly of foods with high cyanogenic glycoside and low iodide. The ratios of iodide to thiocyanate in urine excreted by subjects from both goitrous and non-goitrous areas show a strong correlation with goitre endemia. These studies exemplify goitre as having multicausal factors — lack/deficiency of iodine, familial or genetic tendencies, diet, and pollutants which serve as goitrogens.

Endemic goiter in Ohio school children.

Physical examinations of men entering the United States military service in World War I revealed a widely varying incidence of simple goiter in men from different geographic areas. This information was combined with the then current data on iodine content of soil and water to determine that a natural goiter belt extends from the Appalachian Mountains westward through Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana, and Oregon.' In these states the incidence of goiter was markedly higher than in other areas and the iodine content of soil and water